Frame 1
	stop();
Frame 2
	call("clear_Xthings");
	Set("/:nr_in", _);
	stop();
Frame 3
	Question1 = "Traditionally, the Linux kernel has had to reside below what cylinder?";
	Answer1 = "Traditionally, the Linux kernel has had to reside below the 1024th cylinder. Recent versions of LILO and GRUB enable new Linux distributions to be installed anywhere on a hard disk if the BIOS supports this feature.";
	Question2 = "What is the major difference between a workstation and a server?";
	Answer2 = "Individuals use workstations for productivity tasks; servers exchange data with other computers over a network.";
	Question3 = "What can be used to link together multiple programs so that the output of one program becomes the input of another?";
	Answer3 = "Pipes enable you to link together multiple programs. At the command line, the pipe character is |.";
	Question4 = "What command will show you the path of the directory you are currently working in?";
	Answer4 = "The pwd command will show you the path of the directory you are currently in.";
	Question5 = "What command will show you the numeric value currently being subtracted from the default permissions of newly created files?";
	Answer5 = "The umask command will show you the numeric value currently being subtracted from the default permissions of newly created files and directories.";
	Question6 = "What is the purpose of awk?";
	Answer6 = "It is a scripting language that provides complex pattern-matching facilities.";
	Question7 = "What utility can be used to locate files in common binary, documentation, and configuration directories?";
	Answer7 = "The whereis utility locates files in common binary, documentation, and configuration directories.";
	Question8 = "How can PAM be used to help restrict user access?";
	Answer8 = "You can add PAM modules to your configuration that can deny any specified user access to the computer based on the user's location or other characteristics, even if the user enters a valid password.";
	Question9 = "Why is it dangerous to constantly log in as the root user?";
	Answer9 = "Overuse of the root account increases the odds that your root password will be discovered. If root mistypes a command, the consequences can be far more damaging than is the case when an ordinary user does so.";
	Question10 = "What command can be used to execute a single command with alternative permission?";
	Answer10 = "The sudo command can be used to execute a single command with alternative permission.";
	Question11 = "What utility allows you to edit disk quota information?";
	Answer11 = "The edquota utility allows you to edit disk quota information.";
	Question12 = "You want to modify a user's account settings relating to account expiration. What utility should you use?";
	Answer12 = "The chage command allows you to modify account settings relating to account expiration.";
	Question13 = "What character does Linux use to symbolize the root directory?";
	Answer13 = "The root directory is Linux is represented by /.";
	Question14 = "Why would a RAID array be useful and what is it?";
	Answer14 = "A RAID array can be used to increase disk speed, disk reliability, or both. The array uses multiple disks to work around individual disk speed limitations or to store duplicate copies of (or checksums for) data.";
	Question15 = "What programs does Linux use to write to optical media?";
	Answer15 = "Linux uses the mkisofs program to create an ISO-9660 filesystem, which is then burned to the disc by cdrecord.";
	Question16 = "What is the purpose of the nice command?";
	Answer16 = "It allows you to run a program with a specified priority.";
	Question17 = "What utility can you use to send a single packet to a target system, which should reply, confirming the existence of a basic network connection?";
	Answer17 = "The ping utility sends a single packet to a target system and can be used to confirm the existence of a basic network connection.";
	Question18 = "If you are using static routing, what command can you use to add an entry to the routing table?";
	Answer18 = "The route add command is used to add an entry to the routing table.";
	Question19 = "What is the purpose of creating a baseline?";
	Answer19 = "A baseline describes how your system normally performs. If a problem develops, the baseline will help you identify the source and verify that a problem really is (or is not) in the subsystem you suspect it's in.";
	Question20 = "What does the output of the uptime utility show?";
	Answer20 = "The output of the uptime utility shows the time the system has been running, as well as three load averages (for the past minute, the past 5 minutes, and the past 15 minutes).";
	Question21 = "What type of information is typically included in installation log files?";
	Answer21 = "The names of packages installed and error messages";
	Question22 = "How many serial ATA devices can fit on a single serial ATA chain?";
	Answer22 = "Two. (A computer can support multiple chains, though, and most have two on the motherboard.)";
	Question23 = "What command is used to create a filesystem?";
	Answer23 = "mkfs. This command actually calls filesystem-specific creation tools like mkfs.ext2 (aka mke2fs), which you can call directly if you prefer.";
	Question24 = "What program does Linux use to convert PostScript into formats suitable for a wide range of non-PostScript printers?";
	Answer24 = "Ghostscript";
	Question25 = "What are some common solutions to the problem of an unsatisfied dependency when installing a program package?";
	Answer25 = "Force the installation, install/upgrade the required package, install a different version of the target package, or rebuild the target package from source code.";
	Question26 = "What software component determines whether Linux supports a given SCSI host adapter?";
	Answer26 = "The Linux kernel";
	Question27 = "What is the physical location of the first code an x86 CPU executes when it starts up?";
	Answer27 = "In the BIOS, which is stored on a chip on the motherboard";
	Question28 = "What command would you type at a shell prompt to view the contents of the /usr/local/bin directory?";
	Answer28 = "ls /usr/local/bin";
	Question29 = "Why is NFS generally preferable to SMB/CIFS (Samba) for file sharing between two Linux or Unix computers?";
	Answer29 = "NFS supports the ownership, permission, and other Unix-style file features used by Linux, but SMB/CIFS doesn't.";
	Question30 = "How can you identify processes that consume an inordinate amount of CPU time?";
	Answer30 = "The top utility or the ps utility with appropriate switches";
	Question31 = "What must you remember to do after you edit /etc/lilo.conf so that your changes will take effect?";
	Answer31 = "Type lilo to install a new boot loader that reflects your modifications.";
	Question32 = "What program can help identify slow or unreliable routers between you and a target system on the Internet?";
	Answer32 = "traceroute";
	Question33 = "What system associates IP addresses with hostnames?";
	Answer33 = "The Domain Name System (DNS), which is a distributed set of name server computers";
	Question34 = "What's the most common type of local network hardware today?";
	Answer34 = "Ethernet";
	Question35 = "What program displays information on the jobs in a print queue?";
	Answer35 = "lpq";
	Question36 = "On what partition type(s) (primary, extended, or logical) may the Linux root (/) partition reside?";
	Answer36 = "Primary or logical; extended partitions are “placeholders” for one or more logical partitions.";
	Question37 = "What methods are most commonly used to shut down a Linux system?";
	Answer37 = "The shutdown command at a command prompt or a shutdown option at a GUI login prompt. The telinit command can also be used to do this.";
	Question38 = "What types of problems most often generate kernel oops messages?";
	Answer38 = "Hardware malfunctions and kernel bugs";
	Question39 = "What do the Exim and Postfix programs have in common?";
	Answer39 = "They're both SMTP mail servers.";
	Question40 = "When should you set the root password?";
	Answer40 = "During system installation. For distributions that don't give the option at that time, set the root password as soon as possible after installation.";
	Question41 = "After reconfiguring your boot loader or kernel, you reboot but don't see any Linux-generated messages, or even a partial GRUB or LILO prompt. What is the likely cause?";
	Answer41 = "The boot loader isn't installed or the BIOS is configured to try to boot from the wrong partition.";
	Question42 = "What is accomplished by the command chmod a+x scriptfile?";
	Answer42 = "The command adds execute permissions for the owner, group, and world to scriptfile-the file is made executable.";
	Question43 = "The root user types passwd sandra. Assuming that the user sandra exists, what information will root then have to enter?";
	Answer43 = "A new password for sandra, and a repeat of the same password to be sure it was entered correctly. The root user doesn't need to enter the current password.";
	Question44 = "When you configure a system to use a static IP address, what information do you enter manually?";
	Answer44 = "The IP address, the netmask (a.k.a. the network mask or subnet mask), the IP addresses of 1-3 DNS servers, and the gateway (router) address";
	Question45 = "What command can you use to discover how much space is being used by files in a specified directory?";
	Answer45 = "du";
	Question46 = "How can you locate stray files belonging to a user when deleting that user's account?";
	Answer46 = "Use the find command with its -uid parameter, as in find / -uid 504, to find all files owned by the user whose UID is 504.";
	Question47 = "In what two forms does Linux swap space generally come?";
	Answer47 = "A dedicated swap partition or a swap file within a regular filesystem";
	Question48 = "What pull protocols are most commonly used for e-mail retrieval?";
	Answer48 = "Post Office Protocol (POP) and Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)";
	Question49 = "Where do network servers typically record error messages?";
	Answer49 = "In a log file, such as /var/log/messages, or a server-specific log file";
	Question50 = "What OSs can GRUB boot?";
	Answer50 = "Almost any x86 OS, including Linux, BSD-based Unix variants, the GNU HURD, DOS, Windows, OS/2, and BeOS";
	Question51 = "A Linux system is displaying an X desktop, but you want to use a text-based screen to log in as another user. How can you do this?";
	Answer51 = "Press Ctrl+Alt+F1 (or use some other function key numbered from 1 to 6) to get a text-mode login prompt, then log in normally.";
	Question52 = "Which common package management systems include support for dependency tracking?";
	Answer52 = "The Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) and Debian package systems";
	Question53 = "An administrator wants to delete /home/baduser but mistakenly types rm -r / home/baduser as root (note the extra space). What will be the consequence?";
	Answer53 = "This command recursively deletes all the files in the root (/) and home/baduser directories, effectively destroying the entire Linux installation.";
	Question54 = "Which server would you run to allow Linux to function as a file and print server to Windows and OS/2 systems using their native file-sharing protocols?";
	Answer54 = "Samba";
	Question55 = "Where can the GRUB boot loader code be installed?";
	Answer55 = "The hard disk's MBR, a Linux partition's boot sector, or a floppy disk's boot sector. This code relies on files in the /boot partition as well.";
	Question56 = "What function does the fsck program serve?";
	Answer56 = "It checks a filesystem for errors. (fsck actually calls filesystem-specific helper programs, such as e2fsck, which do the bulk of the work.)";
	Question57 = "When a user reports a problem in a vague way, what should you do?";
	Answer57 = "Attempt to obtain more precise information about the problem by querying the user further or by investigating the problem yourself.";
	Question58 = "What user IDs (UIDs) do ordinary user accounts use?";
	Answer58 = "Depending on the distribution, ordinary user accounts receive UIDs starting at 100, 500, or 1000, and higher.";
	Question59 = "What types of manipulations can you perform on a password base to make it more secure?";
	Answer59 = "You can insert random numbers and letters into the base, vary the case of the base, and reverse the order of the base or one of its component words.";
	Question60 = "How do most Linux network servers that require usernames and passwords (such as FTP, Telnet, and SSH servers) verify the user's password?";
	Answer60 = "These servers use the standard Linux account database; users provide the same password for remote access as for local logins.";
	Question61 = "What command would you type in a shell to obtain information on the status of the first Ethernet interface on a Linux computer?";
	Answer61 = "ifconfig eth0";
	Question62 = "How do man pages and HOWTO documents differ?";
	Answer62 = "Man pages are brief summaries describing the function of specific programs, configuration files, and so on. HOWTOs are tutorial documents on topics.";
	Question63 = "What is the most common choice of software to implement as a Web server in Linux?";
	Answer63 = "Apache";
	Question64 = "What type of mouse is ideal for use in Linux?";
	Answer64 = "A three-button mouse; many X programs assume three buttons are available.";
	Question65 = "What tool does Debian provide that can be used to keep your system automatically up-to-date with the latest system updates?";
	Answer65 = "apt-get";
	Question66 = "When is it most appropriate to set the system clock to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC, a.k.a. GMT, Greenwich Mean Time)?";
	Answer66 = "When Linux is the only OS installed on the computer. Most x86 OSs assume the hardware clock is set to local time, but Linux can cope with local time or UTC.";
	Question67 = "Most Linux distributions ship with kernels that include drivers you may or may not need. What must you do to eliminate unnecessary drivers from your kernel?";
	Answer67 = "Reconfigure the kernel and recompile it from source code.";
	Question68 = "What modes does the Vi editor support, and what are they for?";
	Answer68 = "Command mode (to enter internal Vi commands), ex mode (to enter external and file-related commands), and edit (aka insert) mode (to edit text).";
	Question69 = "What will happen if you enter the incorrect gateway (router) address when you are configuring networking?";
	Answer69 = "You'll be able to access systems on your local network, but you won't be able to access systems on other networks or the Internet.";
	Question70 = "Your computer has a large hard disk and you cannot allow extended downtime doing filesystem checks after a power failure. How can you avoid this?";
	Answer70 = "Use a journaling filesystem, such as ReiserFS, ext3fs, XFS, or JFS.";
	Question71 = "Who should have access to password files stored on a floppy disk?";
	Answer71 = "Password files stored on floppy disks pose a security threat themselves. They should be kept under lock and key--ideally in a safe that can be accessed only by system administrators who can ordinarily read the original files.";
	Question72 = "Where is a good place to keep an administrator's logbook?";
	Answer72 = "In a paper notebook near the computer";
	Question73 = "You notice a single failed login for a user in a log file, followed immediately by a successful login for that user. What's the most likely explanation?";
	Answer73 = "The user mistyped or momentarily forgot the password but then typed it correctly.";
	Question74 = "What symbol identifies variables when they're used (but not when they're assigned values) in a bash shell script?";
	Answer74 = "$ (preceding the variable name)";
	Question75 = "On a verify pass of a backup, you discover that /bin/ls, /etc/X11/xorg.conf, and several other files have changed. What does this indicate?";
	Answer75 = "There's probably serious corruption in the backup process-data errors on the tape's bus, a bad tape, a bad disk, or some other problem.";
	Question76 = "What method does the locate command use to find files?";
	Answer76 = "It searches a database that it updates periodically via cron jobs.";
	Question77 = "What type of removable device interface is common on laptop computers but rare on desktops?";
	Answer77 = "PC Card, aka PCMCIA";
	Question78 = "What happens to a process if its parent is killed or exits?";
	Answer78 = "It's adopted by another process (typically init).";
	Question79 = "Why might you create a separate partition for /usr/local?";
	Answer79 = "To protect it from damage in case of a filesystem failure or system upgrade, or because you have two hard disks and need to split some directories to use both disks";
	Question80 = "When you type ifconfig eth0, the output includes the following: HWaddr 00:80:C8:FA:3B:0A. What does this mean?";
	Answer80 = "The network card associated with eth0 has a hardware address of 00:80:C8:FA:3B:0A.";
	Question81 = "What program is used to control a tape drive (to wind a tape past existing backups, erase a tape, and so on)?";
	Answer81 = "mt";
	Question82 = "What devices must be terminated in a SCSI chain?";
	Answer82 = "The devices at the ends of the chain. (One of these may be the SCSI host adapter.)";
	Question83 = "What command is used to submit a print job in Linux?";
	Answer83 = "lpr";
	Question84 = "Where should you install GRUB or LILO if you want to be able to restore its functionality using DOS's FDISK after installing DOS or Windows?";
	Answer84 = "A primary Linux partition's boot sector (not the disk's MBR)";
	Question85 = "What command can you use to quickly test a new X configuration after performing a reconfiguration in text mode?";
	Answer85 = "startx";
	Question86 = "What does the mv command accomplish?";
	Answer86 = "It moves or renames a file or directory.";
	Question87 = "What software can you use to make room for Linux on a disk that already contains DOS or Windows?";
	Answer87 = "Dynamic partition resizing programs like FIPS, GNU Parted, or PartitionMagic";
	Question88 = "What file directs the Linux boot process after the kernel has loaded?";
	Answer88 = "/etc/inittab";
	Question89 = "Can a single user be simultaneously logged in multiple times to a single Linux computer?";
	Answer89 = "Yes. Multiple logins are permitted through the use of virtual terminals, physical terminals on RS-232 serial ports or the like, or through network connections.";
	Question90 = "What major Linux distribution uses binary tarballs for package distribution?";
	Answer90 = "Slackware";
	Question91 = "What are the two most common busses that connect to plug-in cards?";
	Answer91 = "The most common busses that connect to plug-in cards are the PCI bus and the Advanced Graphics Port (AGP) bus.";
	Question92 = "When you're installing from a CD-ROM, what is the primary drawback to a GUI installation routine?";
	Answer92 = "GUI installations occasionally fail to work with some video hardware, particularly on laptop computers.";
	Question93 = "Several people report that the supercrunch program is crashing, but the system is otherwise stable. What is the most probable cause of this problem?";
	Answer93 = "A program error--a bug, systemwide program configuration error, corruption in software files, or the like";
	Question94 = "What happens when you try to run a program that requires a library that's not installed?";
	Answer94 = "The program responds with a message saying that it couldn't find a library file. (It may not be visible if the program is launched in a GUI environment.)";
	Question95 = "While you are troubleshooting a slow ATA hard disk, you decide to try changing the DMA transfer mode. What Linux tool lets you do this?";
	Answer95 = "hdparm, specifically its -X parameter";
	Question96 = "What boot methods are commonly used by Linux installers?";
	Answer96 = "Floppy and CD-ROM are the most common, but some can start from DOS or Windows.";
	Question97 = "How much damage can intruders do if they are given physical access to a computer?";
	Answer97 = "A great deal; with physical access, intruders can bypass login controls, copy data, or destroy the computer.";
	Question98 = "A particular model of sound card is on a Linux distribution's supported hardware list. What are your chances of getting the board to work with this model?";
	Answer98 = "Your chances are good, but not certain; manufacturers sometimes change their designs without changing the model number.";
	Question99 = "What does the /etc/inetd.conf file control?";
	Answer99 = "The inetd server, which launches other servers only when those servers are needed";
	Question100 = "You want to reproduce a computer's configuration on another system. What can you consult to help accomplish this goal?";
	Answer100 = "Your administrative logs (which should record important options and changes to the configuration of the first system) and backups";
	Question101 = "Under what circumstances may an ordinary (non-root) user mount a filesystem?";
	Answer101 = "When the filesystem has an entry in /etc/fstab that includes the user, users, or owner option. (If the option is owner, the user must own the filesystem's device file.)";
	Question102 = "What conditions must be met to use DHCP?";
	Answer102 = "Your network must include a DHCP server, and your computer must have appropriate hardware to connect to the network.";
	Question103 = "What is the principal advantage of selecting packages individually rather than in groups when installing the OS?";
	Answer103 = "Individual package selection lets you select or deselect individual packages, thus saving disk space and possibly improving the system's security.";
	Question104 = "What are the names of two power management protocols common on laptop computers?";
	Answer104 = "Advanced Power Management (APM) and Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)";
	Question105 = "What should you do if your network uses static IP addresses but you don't know the correct one to use for a Linux system?";
	Answer105 = "Ask your network administrator. Do not configure a system with a random IP address.";
	Question106 = "Is the 2.6.9 kernel a development or a stable kernel?";
	Answer106 = "Stable; the second number (6) is even, which denotes a stable kernel series.";
	Question107 = "The user george has left your organization. What security-related actions should you take on any computer on which george had an account?";
	Answer107 = "Delete george's accounts.";
	Question108 = "When should you use shadow passwords?";
	Answer108 = "Almost always; shadow passwords substantially improve local security.";
	Question109 = "Who may change the owner of a file?";
	Answer109 = "The file's current owner or root";
	Question110 = "You've located a new driver for a device that had not previously been supported. This driver is available as a kernel patch. What must you do to use this driver?";
	Answer110 = "Patch and recompile your Linux kernel.";
	Question111 = "What is necessary to give users the choice of using KDE or GNOME?";
	Answer111 = "Install both environments. Users can select which to use at a graphical login or by modifying their X login scripts.";
	Question112 = "What type of Ethernet device, if used at the core of a network, allows computers to communicate with full duplex speeds?";
	Answer112 = "A switch";
	Question113 = "Where can you go to find out if your video card is supported by Linux?";
	Answer113 = "The XFree86, X.org-X11, or commercial X server Web site or documentation. Some video card and video chipset manufacturers also offer X drivers.";
	Question114 = "How do you tell kill what process you want to terminate?";
	Answer114 = "You pass kill the target process's process ID (PID) number.";
	Question115 = "A user reports lost or damaged files on a floppy disk. What user error might you suspect as a cause?";
	Answer115 = "Ejecting the floppy disk without first unmounting it is the most probable user cause, but other problems, including non-user-related errors, are possible.";
	Question116 = "What does the TERM environment variable control?";
	Answer116 = "The types of codes sent to a terminal (either a local or remote login) to control such features as bold text, colors, and cursor positioning";
	Question117 = "A user reports being unable to store files on a Windows partition on a computer that dual-boots between Windows and Linux. How might you correct this problem?";
	Answer117 = "Edit /etc/fstab and add uid=UID, gid=GID, and umask=value parameters to the partition's entry. Then remount the partition with the new options.";
	Question118 = "You want to upgrade the bigserver package on an RPM-based system with a new file called bigserver-4.2.3-3.i386.rpm. What would you type?";
	Answer118 = "rpm -Uvh bigserver-4.2.3-3.i386.rpm. The v and h options may be omitted if you don't want a progress display.";
	Question119 = "What does the modprobe command do?";
	Answer119 = "It loads or removes one or more modules, including the module you specify and any on which it depends.";
	Question120 = "When you create a compressed tarball with a command like tar cvzf tarball.tgz ./, does tar apply compression to the individual files or to the archive as a whole?";
	Answer120 = "To the archive as a whole. This produces greater compression than compressing individual files, but it makes the archive more sensitive to damage.";
	Question121 = "How do you tell Linux to install from a network server?";
	Answer121 = "Boot with a network boot image or select a network installation option, depending on the distribution.";
	Question122 = "What command removes a print job from a print queue?";
	Answer122 = "lprm";
	Question123 = "Why should you test a new or upgraded application on a test system before installing it on a production system?";
	Answer123 = "To verify the program's operation on a disposable system before risking a system on which you or your users rely";
	Question124 = "What advantage does using SSH have over using Telnet for initiating a remote X session?";
	Answer124 = "SSH can tunnel the X session, thus applying encryption to all X data, including the initial username and password and all data sent via X protocols. Telnet cannot do this.";
	Question125 = "In what file is group membership recorded?";
	Answer125 = "/etc/group";
	Question126 = "What command do you use to switch the current runlevel?";
	Answer126 = "telinit";
	Question127 = "Under what circumstances is Telnet a good remote administration tool?";
	Answer127 = "Only within very secure private networks; its lack of encryption makes it very dangerous as a remote administration tool otherwise.";
	Question128 = "How do you create a user cron job?";
	Answer128 = "Use the crontab program.";
	Question129 = "Why might you want to delay creating user accounts until after installation?";
	Answer129 = "Post-installation account-creation tools are usually more flexible than the tools that are provided during installation.";
	Question130 = "You want to determine what speed a serial port is configured to use. What tool can do this?";
	Answer130 = "setserial";
	Question131 = "What are the most important general-purpose log files on most Linux systems?";
	Answer131 = "/var/log/messages, /var/log/syslog, and /var/log/secure. (Not all distributions use all three of these, though.)";
	Question132 = "What three factors does X use to compute the refresh rate you'll see?";
	Answer132 = "The monitor's maximum horizontal refresh rate, the monitor's maximum vertical refresh rate, and the resolution";
	Question133 = "What type of information does the df command return?";
	Answer133 = "The devices and mount points associated with mounted filesystems, those filesystems' sizes, and the used and available space on those filesystems";
	Question134 = "What are the settings for serial ATA disks?";
	Answer134 = "Each serial ATA disk may be a master or a slave. Modern drives have extra options--one to set master status on single-drive chains and another to set the status automatically.";
	Question135 = "Why are SUID root programs rare?";
	Answer135 = "They're a potential security risk because too-powerful programs or bugs could allow unscrupulous users to abuse the program.";
	Question136 = "What are some common sources of emergency disk sets?";
	Answer136 = "Linux's boot/emergency disk, third-party emergency disks, small distributions on Zip or LS-120 disks, distributions that boot from a CD-ROM";
	Question137 = "You want to kill a process by name. What command can you use to do this?";
	Answer137 = "Type killall processname. Alternatively, you can use ps to find the process ID (PID) of the process and use kill.";
	Question138 = "What backup medium is best suited to long-term archival storage, and why?";
	Answer138 = "Optical media like CD-R, because they have very long shelf lives (10-100 years, by most estimates)";
	Question139 = "What tools are most commonly used to install or remove Debian packages?";
	Answer139 = "dselect, dpkg, apt-get, or GUI front ends to these";
	Question140 = "What are likely explanations if fsck begins reporting errors on a regular basis even after clean system shutdowns?";
	Answer140 = "The hard disk or some related hardware component may be going bad, or your kernel may lack fixes for bugs in your ATA controller.";
	Question141 = "What kernel should you use to obtain support for many USB devices?";
	Answer141 = "2.2.18 or later, or 2.4.0 or later";
	Question142 = "What is the function of the tail command?";
	Answer142 = "It displays the last few lines (10 by default) of a file.";
	Question143 = "What types of errors will leave traces in system log files?";
	Answer143 = "Errors related to programs that log errors in system log files, such as many servers, the kernel (and hence some hardware problems), and user login processes.";
	Question144 = "What type of software can block access to any or all network ports on a computer?";
	Answer144 = "A firewall (typically implemented in Linux with ipfwadm, ipchains, or iptables)";
	Question145 = "Which will benefit more from having SCSI hard disks: a typical workstation or a busy mail server?";
	Answer145 = "The mail server will, because this task is very disk intensive, and SCSI disks can provide better speed in some high-usage conditions.";
	Question146 = "What does the cp command accomplish?";
	Answer146 = "It copies one or more files.";
	Question147 = "How can you locate processes that have open files on a filesystem and are, as a result, preventing you from unmounting the filesystem?";
	Answer147 = "lsof displays a list of all open files; you can then pipe lsof's output through grep to search for open files on the filesystem in question.";
	Question148 = "You notice that an important log file is missing from its normal location. What could this be a symptom of?";
	Answer148 = "Intruders often try to cover their tracks by altering or deleting log files. Upon noticing the file missing, you should begin to look for other symptoms of an intrusion.";
	Question149 = "What is the best way to stop a server that was started through a SysV startup script?";
	Answer149 = "Type the startup script's name followed by stop, as in /etc/rc.d/init.d/server stop.";
	Question150 = "What system utility can you use to periodically check the status of a trouble-prone utility that should normally be running at all times?";
	Answer150 = "You can write a script to check and, if necessary, restart the process, and you can call that script in a cron job.";
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	Question1 = "Traditionally, the Linux kernel has had to reside below what cylinder?";
	Answer1 = "Traditionally, the Linux kernel has had to reside below the 1024th cylinder. Recent versions of LILO and GRUB enable new Linux distributions to be installed anywhere on a hard disk if the BIOS supports this feature.";
	Question2 = "What is the major difference between a workstation and a server?";
	Answer2 = "Individuals use workstations for productivity tasks; servers exchange data with other computers over a network.";
	Question3 = "What can be used to link together multiple programs so that the output of one program becomes the input of another?";
	Answer3 = "Pipes enable you to link together multiple programs. At the command line, the pipe character is |.";
	Question4 = "What command will show you the path of the directory you are currently working in?";
	Answer4 = "The pwd command will show you the path of the directory you are currently in.";
	Question5 = "What command will show you the numeric value currently being subtracted from the default permissions of newly created files?";
	Answer5 = "The umask command will show you the numeric value currently being subtracted from the default permissions of newly created files and directories.";
	Question6 = "What is the purpose of awk?";
	Answer6 = "It is a scripting language that provides complex pattern-matching facilities.";
	Question7 = "What utility can be used to locate files in common binary, documentation, and configuration directories?";
	Answer7 = "The whereis utility locates files in common binary, documentation, and configuration directories.";
	Question8 = "How can PAM be used to help restrict user access?";
	Answer8 = "You can add PAM modules to your configuration that can deny any specified user access to the computer based on the user's location or other characteristics, even if the user enters a valid password.";
	Question9 = "Why is it dangerous to constantly log in as the root user?";
	Answer9 = "Overuse of the root account increases the odds that your root password will be discovered. If root mistypes a command, the consequences can be far more damaging than is the case when an ordinary user does so.";
	Question10 = "What command can be used to execute a single command with alternative permission?";
	Answer10 = "The sudo command can be used to execute a single command with alternative permission.";
	Question11 = "What utility allows you to edit disk quota information?";
	Answer11 = "The edquota utility allows you to edit disk quota information.";
	Question12 = "You want to modify a user's account settings relating to account expiration. What utility should you use?";
	Answer12 = "The chage command allows you to modify account settings relating to account expiration.";
	Question13 = "What character does Linux use to symbolize the root directory?";
	Answer13 = "The root directory is Linux is represented by /.";
	Question14 = "Why would a RAID array be useful and what is it?";
	Answer14 = "A RAID array can be used to increase disk speed, disk reliability, or both. The array uses multiple disks to work around individual disk speed limitations or to store duplicate copies of (or checksums for) data.";
	Question15 = "What programs does Linux use to write to optical media?";
	Answer15 = "Linux uses the mkisofs program to create an ISO-9660 filesystem, which is then burned to the disc by cdrecord.";
	Question16 = "What is the purpose of the nice command?";
	Answer16 = "It allows you to run a program with a specified priority.";
	Question17 = "What utility can you use to send a single packet to a target system, which should reply, confirming the existence of a basic network connection?";
	Answer17 = "The ping utility sends a single packet to a target system and can be used to confirm the existence of a basic network connection.";
	Question18 = "If you are using static routing, what command can you use to add an entry to the routing table?";
	Answer18 = "The route add command is used to add an entry to the routing table.";
	Question19 = "What is the purpose of creating a baseline?";
	Answer19 = "A baseline describes how your system normally performs. If a problem develops, the baseline will help you identify the source and verify that a problem really is (or is not) in the subsystem you suspect it's in.";
	Question20 = "What does the output of the uptime utility show?";
	Answer20 = "The output of the uptime utility shows the time the system has been running, as well as three load averages (for the past minute, the past 5 minutes, and the past 15 minutes).";
	Question21 = "What type of information is typically included in installation log files?";
	Answer21 = "The names of packages installed and error messages";
	Question22 = "How many serial ATA devices can fit on a single serial ATA chain?";
	Answer22 = "Two. (A computer can support multiple chains, though, and most have two on the motherboard.)";
	Question23 = "What command is used to create a filesystem?";
	Answer23 = "mkfs. This command actually calls filesystem-specific creation tools like mkfs.ext2 (aka mke2fs), which you can call directly if you prefer.";
	Question24 = "What program does Linux use to convert PostScript into formats suitable for a wide range of non-PostScript printers?";
	Answer24 = "Ghostscript";
	Question25 = "What are some common solutions to the problem of an unsatisfied dependency when installing a program package?";
	Answer25 = "Force the installation, install/upgrade the required package, install a different version of the target package, or rebuild the target package from source code.";
	Question26 = "What software component determines whether Linux supports a given SCSI host adapter?";
	Answer26 = "The Linux kernel";
	Question27 = "What is the physical location of the first code an x86 CPU executes when it starts up?";
	Answer27 = "In the BIOS, which is stored on a chip on the motherboard";
	Question28 = "What command would you type at a shell prompt to view the contents of the /usr/local/bin directory?";
	Answer28 = "ls /usr/local/bin";
	Question29 = "Why is NFS generally preferable to SMB/CIFS (Samba) for file sharing between two Linux or Unix computers?";
	Answer29 = "NFS supports the ownership, permission, and other Unix-style file features used by Linux, but SMB/CIFS doesn't.";
	Question30 = "How can you identify processes that consume an inordinate amount of CPU time?";
	Answer30 = "The top utility or the ps utility with appropriate switches";
	Question31 = "What must you remember to do after you edit /etc/lilo.conf so that your changes will take effect?";
	Answer31 = "Type lilo to install a new boot loader that reflects your modifications.";
	Question32 = "What program can help identify slow or unreliable routers between you and a target system on the Internet?";
	Answer32 = "traceroute";
	Question33 = "What system associates IP addresses with hostnames?";
	Answer33 = "The Domain Name System (DNS), which is a distributed set of name server computers";
	Question34 = "What's the most common type of local network hardware today?";
	Answer34 = "Ethernet";
	Question35 = "What program displays information on the jobs in a print queue?";
	Answer35 = "lpq";
	Question36 = "On what partition type(s) (primary, extended, or logical) may the Linux root (/) partition reside?";
	Answer36 = "Primary or logical; extended partitions are “placeholders” for one or more logical partitions.";
	Question37 = "What methods are most commonly used to shut down a Linux system?";
	Answer37 = "The shutdown command at a command prompt or a shutdown option at a GUI login prompt. The telinit command can also be used to do this.";
	Question38 = "What types of problems most often generate kernel oops messages?";
	Answer38 = "Hardware malfunctions and kernel bugs";
	Question39 = "What do the Exim and Postfix programs have in common?";
	Answer39 = "They're both SMTP mail servers.";
	Question40 = "When should you set the root password?";
	Answer40 = "During system installation. For distributions that don't give the option at that time, set the root password as soon as possible after installation.";
	Question41 = "After reconfiguring your boot loader or kernel, you reboot but don't see any Linux-generated messages, or even a partial GRUB or LILO prompt. What is the likely cause?";
	Answer41 = "The boot loader isn't installed or the BIOS is configured to try to boot from the wrong partition.";
	Question42 = "What is accomplished by the command chmod a+x scriptfile?";
	Answer42 = "The command adds execute permissions for the owner, group, and world to scriptfile-the file is made executable.";
	Question43 = "The root user types passwd sandra. Assuming that the user sandra exists, what information will root then have to enter?";
	Answer43 = "A new password for sandra, and a repeat of the same password to be sure it was entered correctly. The root user doesn't need to enter the current password.";
	Question44 = "When you configure a system to use a static IP address, what information do you enter manually?";
	Answer44 = "The IP address, the netmask (a.k.a. the network mask or subnet mask), the IP addresses of 1-3 DNS servers, and the gateway (router) address";
	Question45 = "What command can you use to discover how much space is being used by files in a specified directory?";
	Answer45 = "du";
	Question46 = "How can you locate stray files belonging to a user when deleting that user's account?";
	Answer46 = "Use the find command with its -uid parameter, as in find / -uid 504, to find all files owned by the user whose UID is 504.";
	Question47 = "In what two forms does Linux swap space generally come?";
	Answer47 = "A dedicated swap partition or a swap file within a regular filesystem";
	Question48 = "What pull protocols are most commonly used for e-mail retrieval?";
	Answer48 = "Post Office Protocol (POP) and Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)";
	Question49 = "Where do network servers typically record error messages?";
	Answer49 = "In a log file, such as /var/log/messages, or a server-specific log file";
	Question50 = "What OSs can GRUB boot?";
	Answer50 = "Almost any x86 OS, including Linux, BSD-based Unix variants, the GNU HURD, DOS, Windows, OS/2, and BeOS";
	Question51 = "A Linux system is displaying an X desktop, but you want to use a text-based screen to log in as another user. How can you do this?";
	Answer51 = "Press Ctrl+Alt+F1 (or use some other function key numbered from 1 to 6) to get a text-mode login prompt, then log in normally.";
	Question52 = "Which common package management systems include support for dependency tracking?";
	Answer52 = "The Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) and Debian package systems";
	Question53 = "An administrator wants to delete /home/baduser but mistakenly types rm -r / home/baduser as root (note the extra space). What will be the consequence?";
	Answer53 = "This command recursively deletes all the files in the root (/) and home/baduser directories, effectively destroying the entire Linux installation.";
	Question54 = "Which server would you run to allow Linux to function as a file and print server to Windows and OS/2 systems using their native file-sharing protocols?";
	Answer54 = "Samba";
	Question55 = "Where can the GRUB boot loader code be installed?";
	Answer55 = "The hard disk's MBR, a Linux partition's boot sector, or a floppy disk's boot sector. This code relies on files in the /boot partition as well.";
	Question56 = "What function does the fsck program serve?";
	Answer56 = "It checks a filesystem for errors. (fsck actually calls filesystem-specific helper programs, such as e2fsck, which do the bulk of the work.)";
	Question57 = "When a user reports a problem in a vague way, what should you do?";
	Answer57 = "Attempt to obtain more precise information about the problem by querying the user further or by investigating the problem yourself.";
	Question58 = "What user IDs (UIDs) do ordinary user accounts use?";
	Answer58 = "Depending on the distribution, ordinary user accounts receive UIDs starting at 100, 500, or 1000, and higher.";
	Question59 = "What types of manipulations can you perform on a password base to make it more secure?";
	Answer59 = "You can insert random numbers and letters into the base, vary the case of the base, and reverse the order of the base or one of its component words.";
	Question60 = "How do most Linux network servers that require usernames and passwords (such as FTP, Telnet, and SSH servers) verify the user's password?";
	Answer60 = "These servers use the standard Linux account database; users provide the same password for remote access as for local logins.";
	Question61 = "What command would you type in a shell to obtain information on the status of the first Ethernet interface on a Linux computer?";
	Answer61 = "ifconfig eth0";
	Question62 = "How do man pages and HOWTO documents differ?";
	Answer62 = "Man pages are brief summaries describing the function of specific programs, configuration files, and so on. HOWTOs are tutorial documents on topics.";
	Question63 = "What is the most common choice of software to implement as a Web server in Linux?";
	Answer63 = "Apache";
	Question64 = "What type of mouse is ideal for use in Linux?";
	Answer64 = "A three-button mouse; many X programs assume three buttons are available.";
	Question65 = "What tool does Debian provide that can be used to keep your system automatically up-to-date with the latest system updates?";
	Answer65 = "apt-get";
	Question66 = "When is it most appropriate to set the system clock to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC, a.k.a. GMT, Greenwich Mean Time)?";
	Answer66 = "When Linux is the only OS installed on the computer. Most x86 OSs assume the hardware clock is set to local time, but Linux can cope with local time or UTC.";
	Question67 = "Most Linux distributions ship with kernels that include drivers you may or may not need. What must you do to eliminate unnecessary drivers from your kernel?";
	Answer67 = "Reconfigure the kernel and recompile it from source code.";
	Question68 = "What modes does the Vi editor support, and what are they for?";
	Answer68 = "Command mode (to enter internal Vi commands), ex mode (to enter external and file-related commands), and edit (aka insert) mode (to edit text).";
	Question69 = "What will happen if you enter the incorrect gateway (router) address when you are configuring networking?";
	Answer69 = "You'll be able to access systems on your local network, but you won't be able to access systems on other networks or the Internet.";
	Question70 = "Your computer has a large hard disk and you cannot allow extended downtime doing filesystem checks after a power failure. How can you avoid this?";
	Answer70 = "Use a journaling filesystem, such as ReiserFS, ext3fs, XFS, or JFS.";
	Question71 = "Who should have access to password files stored on a floppy disk?";
	Answer71 = "Password files stored on floppy disks pose a security threat themselves. They should be kept under lock and key--ideally in a safe that can be accessed only by system administrators who can ordinarily read the original files.";
	Question72 = "Where is a good place to keep an administrator's logbook?";
	Answer72 = "In a paper notebook near the computer";
	Question73 = "You notice a single failed login for a user in a log file, followed immediately by a successful login for that user. What's the most likely explanation?";
	Answer73 = "The user mistyped or momentarily forgot the password but then typed it correctly.";
	Question74 = "What symbol identifies variables when they're used (but not when they're assigned values) in a bash shell script?";
	Answer74 = "$ (preceding the variable name)";
	Question75 = "On a verify pass of a backup, you discover that /bin/ls, /etc/X11/xorg.conf, and several other files have changed. What does this indicate?";
	Answer75 = "There's probably serious corruption in the backup process-data errors on the tape's bus, a bad tape, a bad disk, or some other problem.";
	Question76 = "What method does the locate command use to find files?";
	Answer76 = "It searches a database that it updates periodically via cron jobs.";
	Question77 = "What type of removable device interface is common on laptop computers but rare on desktops?";
	Answer77 = "PC Card, aka PCMCIA";
	Question78 = "What happens to a process if its parent is killed or exits?";
	Answer78 = "It's adopted by another process (typically init).";
	Question79 = "Why might you create a separate partition for /usr/local?";
	Answer79 = "To protect it from damage in case of a filesystem failure or system upgrade, or because you have two hard disks and need to split some directories to use both disks";
	Question80 = "When you type ifconfig eth0, the output includes the following: HWaddr 00:80:C8:FA:3B:0A. What does this mean?";
	Answer80 = "The network card associated with eth0 has a hardware address of 00:80:C8:FA:3B:0A.";
	Question81 = "What program is used to control a tape drive (to wind a tape past existing backups, erase a tape, and so on)?";
	Answer81 = "mt";
	Question82 = "What devices must be terminated in a SCSI chain?";
	Answer82 = "The devices at the ends of the chain. (One of these may be the SCSI host adapter.)";
	Question83 = "What command is used to submit a print job in Linux?";
	Answer83 = "lpr";
	Question84 = "Where should you install GRUB or LILO if you want to be able to restore its functionality using DOS's FDISK after installing DOS or Windows?";
	Answer84 = "A primary Linux partition's boot sector (not the disk's MBR)";
	Question85 = "What command can you use to quickly test a new X configuration after performing a reconfiguration in text mode?";
	Answer85 = "startx";
	Question86 = "What does the mv command accomplish?";
	Answer86 = "It moves or renames a file or directory.";
	Question87 = "What software can you use to make room for Linux on a disk that already contains DOS or Windows?";
	Answer87 = "Dynamic partition resizing programs like FIPS, GNU Parted, or PartitionMagic";
	Question88 = "What file directs the Linux boot process after the kernel has loaded?";
	Answer88 = "/etc/inittab";
	Question89 = "Can a single user be simultaneously logged in multiple times to a single Linux computer?";
	Answer89 = "Yes. Multiple logins are permitted through the use of virtual terminals, physical terminals on RS-232 serial ports or the like, or through network connections.";
	Question90 = "What major Linux distribution uses binary tarballs for package distribution?";
	Answer90 = "Slackware";
	Question91 = "What are the two most common busses that connect to plug-in cards?";
	Answer91 = "The most common busses that connect to plug-in cards are the PCI bus and the Advanced Graphics Port (AGP) bus.";
	Question92 = "When you're installing from a CD-ROM, what is the primary drawback to a GUI installation routine?";
	Answer92 = "GUI installations occasionally fail to work with some video hardware, particularly on laptop computers.";
	Question93 = "Several people report that the supercrunch program is crashing, but the system is otherwise stable. What is the most probable cause of this problem?";
	Answer93 = "A program error--a bug, systemwide program configuration error, corruption in software files, or the like";
	Question94 = "What happens when you try to run a program that requires a library that's not installed?";
	Answer94 = "The program responds with a message saying that it couldn't find a library file. (It may not be visible if the program is launched in a GUI environment.)";
	Question95 = "While you are troubleshooting a slow ATA hard disk, you decide to try changing the DMA transfer mode. What Linux tool lets you do this?";
	Answer95 = "hdparm, specifically its -X parameter";
	Question96 = "What boot methods are commonly used by Linux installers?";
	Answer96 = "Floppy and CD-ROM are the most common, but some can start from DOS or Windows.";
	Question97 = "How much damage can intruders do if they are given physical access to a computer?";
	Answer97 = "A great deal; with physical access, intruders can bypass login controls, copy data, or destroy the computer.";
	Question98 = "A particular model of sound card is on a Linux distribution's supported hardware list. What are your chances of getting the board to work with this model?";
	Answer98 = "Your chances are good, but not certain; manufacturers sometimes change their designs without changing the model number.";
	Question99 = "What does the /etc/inetd.conf file control?";
	Answer99 = "The inetd server, which launches other servers only when those servers are needed";
	Question100 = "You want to reproduce a computer's configuration on another system. What can you consult to help accomplish this goal?";
	Answer100 = "Your administrative logs (which should record important options and changes to the configuration of the first system) and backups";
	Question101 = "Under what circumstances may an ordinary (non-root) user mount a filesystem?";
	Answer101 = "When the filesystem has an entry in /etc/fstab that includes the user, users, or owner option. (If the option is owner, the user must own the filesystem's device file.)";
	Question102 = "What conditions must be met to use DHCP?";
	Answer102 = "Your network must include a DHCP server, and your computer must have appropriate hardware to connect to the network.";
	Question103 = "What is the principal advantage of selecting packages individually rather than in groups when installing the OS?";
	Answer103 = "Individual package selection lets you select or deselect individual packages, thus saving disk space and possibly improving the system's security.";
	Question104 = "What are the names of two power management protocols common on laptop computers?";
	Answer104 = "Advanced Power Management (APM) and Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)";
	Question105 = "What should you do if your network uses static IP addresses but you don't know the correct one to use for a Linux system?";
	Answer105 = "Ask your network administrator. Do not configure a system with a random IP address.";
	Question106 = "Is the 2.6.9 kernel a development or a stable kernel?";
	Answer106 = "Stable; the second number (6) is even, which denotes a stable kernel series.";
	Question107 = "The user george has left your organization. What security-related actions should you take on any computer on which george had an account?";
	Answer107 = "Delete george's accounts.";
	Question108 = "When should you use shadow passwords?";
	Answer108 = "Almost always; shadow passwords substantially improve local security.";
	Question109 = "Who may change the owner of a file?";
	Answer109 = "The file's current owner or root";
	Question110 = "You've located a new driver for a device that had not previously been supported. This driver is available as a kernel patch. What must you do to use this driver?";
	Answer110 = "Patch and recompile your Linux kernel.";
	Question111 = "What is necessary to give users the choice of using KDE or GNOME?";
	Answer111 = "Install both environments. Users can select which to use at a graphical login or by modifying their X login scripts.";
	Question112 = "What type of Ethernet device, if used at the core of a network, allows computers to communicate with full duplex speeds?";
	Answer112 = "A switch";
	Question113 = "Where can you go to find out if your video card is supported by Linux?";
	Answer113 = "The XFree86, X.org-X11, or commercial X server Web site or documentation. Some video card and video chipset manufacturers also offer X drivers.";
	Question114 = "How do you tell kill what process you want to terminate?";
	Answer114 = "You pass kill the target process's process ID (PID) number.";
	Question115 = "A user reports lost or damaged files on a floppy disk. What user error might you suspect as a cause?";
	Answer115 = "Ejecting the floppy disk without first unmounting it is the most probable user cause, but other problems, including non-user-related errors, are possible.";
	Question116 = "What does the TERM environment variable control?";
	Answer116 = "The types of codes sent to a terminal (either a local or remote login) to control such features as bold text, colors, and cursor positioning";
	Question117 = "A user reports being unable to store files on a Windows partition on a computer that dual-boots between Windows and Linux. How might you correct this problem?";
	Answer117 = "Edit /etc/fstab and add uid=UID, gid=GID, and umask=value parameters to the partition's entry. Then remount the partition with the new options.";
	Question118 = "You want to upgrade the bigserver package on an RPM-based system with a new file called bigserver-4.2.3-3.i386.rpm. What would you type?";
	Answer118 = "rpm -Uvh bigserver-4.2.3-3.i386.rpm. The v and h options may be omitted if you don't want a progress display.";
	Question119 = "What does the modprobe command do?";
	Answer119 = "It loads or removes one or more modules, including the module you specify and any on which it depends.";
	Question120 = "When you create a compressed tarball with a command like tar cvzf tarball.tgz ./, does tar apply compression to the individual files or to the archive as a whole?";
	Answer120 = "To the archive as a whole. This produces greater compression than compressing individual files, but it makes the archive more sensitive to damage.";
	Question121 = "How do you tell Linux to install from a network server?";
	Answer121 = "Boot with a network boot image or select a network installation option, depending on the distribution.";
	Question122 = "What command removes a print job from a print queue?";
	Answer122 = "lprm";
	Question123 = "Why should you test a new or upgraded application on a test system before installing it on a production system?";
	Answer123 = "To verify the program's operation on a disposable system before risking a system on which you or your users rely";
	Question124 = "What advantage does using SSH have over using Telnet for initiating a remote X session?";
	Answer124 = "SSH can tunnel the X session, thus applying encryption to all X data, including the initial username and password and all data sent via X protocols. Telnet cannot do this.";
	Question125 = "In what file is group membership recorded?";
	Answer125 = "/etc/group";
	Question126 = "What command do you use to switch the current runlevel?";
	Answer126 = "telinit";
	Question127 = "Under what circumstances is Telnet a good remote administration tool?";
	Answer127 = "Only within very secure private networks; its lack of encryption makes it very dangerous as a remote administration tool otherwise.";
	Question128 = "How do you create a user cron job?";
	Answer128 = "Use the crontab program.";
	Question129 = "Why might you want to delay creating user accounts until after installation?";
	Answer129 = "Post-installation account-creation tools are usually more flexible than the tools that are provided during installation.";
	Question130 = "You want to determine what speed a serial port is configured to use. What tool can do this?";
	Answer130 = "setserial";
	Question131 = "What are the most important general-purpose log files on most Linux systems?";
	Answer131 = "/var/log/messages, /var/log/syslog, and /var/log/secure. (Not all distributions use all three of these, though.)";
	Question132 = "What three factors does X use to compute the refresh rate you'll see?";
	Answer132 = "The monitor's maximum horizontal refresh rate, the monitor's maximum vertical refresh rate, and the resolution";
	Question133 = "What type of information does the df command return?";
	Answer133 = "The devices and mount points associated with mounted filesystems, those filesystems' sizes, and the used and available space on those filesystems";
	Question134 = "What are the settings for serial ATA disks?";
	Answer134 = "Each serial ATA disk may be a master or a slave. Modern drives have extra options--one to set master status on single-drive chains and another to set the status automatically.";
	Question135 = "Why are SUID root programs rare?";
	Answer135 = "They're a potential security risk because too-powerful programs or bugs could allow unscrupulous users to abuse the program.";
	Question136 = "What are some common sources of emergency disk sets?";
	Answer136 = "Linux's boot/emergency disk, third-party emergency disks, small distributions on Zip or LS-120 disks, distributions that boot from a CD-ROM";
	Question137 = "You want to kill a process by name. What command can you use to do this?";
	Answer137 = "Type killall processname. Alternatively, you can use ps to find the process ID (PID) of the process and use kill.";
	Question138 = "What backup medium is best suited to long-term archival storage, and why?";
	Answer138 = "Optical media like CD-R, because they have very long shelf lives (10-100 years, by most estimates)";
	Question139 = "What tools are most commonly used to install or remove Debian packages?";
	Answer139 = "dselect, dpkg, apt-get, or GUI front ends to these";
	Question140 = "What are likely explanations if fsck begins reporting errors on a regular basis even after clean system shutdowns?";
	Answer140 = "The hard disk or some related hardware component may be going bad, or your kernel may lack fixes for bugs in your ATA controller.";
	Question141 = "What kernel should you use to obtain support for many USB devices?";
	Answer141 = "2.2.18 or later, or 2.4.0 or later";
	Question142 = "What is the function of the tail command?";
	Answer142 = "It displays the last few lines (10 by default) of a file.";
	Question143 = "What types of errors will leave traces in system log files?";
	Answer143 = "Errors related to programs that log errors in system log files, such as many servers, the kernel (and hence some hardware problems), and user login processes.";
	Question144 = "What type of software can block access to any or all network ports on a computer?";
	Answer144 = "A firewall (typically implemented in Linux with ipfwadm, ipchains, or iptables)";
	Question145 = "Which will benefit more from having SCSI hard disks: a typical workstation or a busy mail server?";
	Answer145 = "The mail server will, because this task is very disk intensive, and SCSI disks can provide better speed in some high-usage conditions.";
	Question146 = "What does the cp command accomplish?";
	Answer146 = "It copies one or more files.";
	Question147 = "How can you locate processes that have open files on a filesystem and are, as a result, preventing you from unmounting the filesystem?";
	Answer147 = "lsof displays a list of all open files; you can then pipe lsof's output through grep to search for open files on the filesystem in question.";
	Question148 = "You notice that an important log file is missing from its normal location. What could this be a symptom of?";
	Answer148 = "Intruders often try to cover their tracks by altering or deleting log files. Upon noticing the file missing, you should begin to look for other symptoms of an intrusion.";
	Question149 = "What is the best way to stop a server that was started through a SysV startup script?";
	Answer149 = "Type the startup script's name followed by stop, as in /etc/rc.d/init.d/server stop.";
	Question150 = "What system utility can you use to periodically check the status of a trouble-prone utility that should normally be running at all times?";
	Answer150 = "You can write a script to check and, if necessary, restart the process, and you can call that script in a cron job.";
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	Question1 = "Traditionally, the Linux kernel has had to reside below what cylinder?";
	Answer1 = "Traditionally, the Linux kernel has had to reside below the 1024th cylinder. Recent versions of LILO and GRUB enable new Linux distributions to be installed anywhere on a hard disk if the BIOS supports this feature.";
	Question2 = "What is the major difference between a workstation and a server?";
	Answer2 = "Individuals use workstations for productivity tasks; servers exchange data with other computers over a network.";
	Question3 = "What can be used to link together multiple programs so that the output of one program becomes the input of another?";
	Answer3 = "Pipes enable you to link together multiple programs. At the command line, the pipe character is |.";
	Question4 = "What command will show you the path of the directory you are currently working in?";
	Answer4 = "The pwd command will show you the path of the directory you are currently in.";
	Question5 = "What command will show you the numeric value currently being subtracted from the default permissions of newly created files?";
	Answer5 = "The umask command will show you the numeric value currently being subtracted from the default permissions of newly created files and directories.";
	Question6 = "What is the purpose of awk?";
	Answer6 = "It is a scripting language that provides complex pattern-matching facilities.";
	Question7 = "What utility can be used to locate files in common binary, documentation, and configuration directories?";
	Answer7 = "The whereis utility locates files in common binary, documentation, and configuration directories.";
	Question8 = "How can PAM be used to help restrict user access?";
	Answer8 = "You can add PAM modules to your configuration that can deny any specified user access to the computer based on the user's location or other characteristics, even if the user enters a valid password.";
	Question9 = "Why is it dangerous to constantly log in as the root user?";
	Answer9 = "Overuse of the root account increases the odds that your root password will be discovered. If root mistypes a command, the consequences can be far more damaging than is the case when an ordinary user does so.";
	Question10 = "What command can be used to execute a single command with alternative permission?";
	Answer10 = "The sudo command can be used to execute a single command with alternative permission.";
	Question11 = "What utility allows you to edit disk quota information?";
	Answer11 = "The edquota utility allows you to edit disk quota information.";
	Question12 = "You want to modify a user's account settings relating to account expiration. What utility should you use?";
	Answer12 = "The chage command allows you to modify account settings relating to account expiration.";
	Question13 = "What character does Linux use to symbolize the root directory?";
	Answer13 = "The root directory is Linux is represented by /.";
	Question14 = "Why would a RAID array be useful and what is it?";
	Answer14 = "A RAID array can be used to increase disk speed, disk reliability, or both. The array uses multiple disks to work around individual disk speed limitations or to store duplicate copies of (or checksums for) data.";
	Question15 = "What programs does Linux use to write to optical media?";
	Answer15 = "Linux uses the mkisofs program to create an ISO-9660 filesystem, which is then burned to the disc by cdrecord.";
	Question16 = "What is the purpose of the nice command?";
	Answer16 = "It allows you to run a program with a specified priority.";
	Question17 = "What utility can you use to send a single packet to a target system, which should reply, confirming the existence of a basic network connection?";
	Answer17 = "The ping utility sends a single packet to a target system and can be used to confirm the existence of a basic network connection.";
	Question18 = "If you are using static routing, what command can you use to add an entry to the routing table?";
	Answer18 = "The route add command is used to add an entry to the routing table.";
	Question19 = "What is the purpose of creating a baseline?";
	Answer19 = "A baseline describes how your system normally performs. If a problem develops, the baseline will help you identify the source and verify that a problem really is (or is not) in the subsystem you suspect it's in.";
	Question20 = "What does the output of the uptime utility show?";
	Answer20 = "The output of the uptime utility shows the time the system has been running, as well as three load averages (for the past minute, the past 5 minutes, and the past 15 minutes).";
	Question21 = "What type of information is typically included in installation log files?";
	Answer21 = "The names of packages installed and error messages";
	Question22 = "How many serial ATA devices can fit on a single serial ATA chain?";
	Answer22 = "Two. (A computer can support multiple chains, though, and most have two on the motherboard.)";
	Question23 = "What command is used to create a filesystem?";
	Answer23 = "mkfs. This command actually calls filesystem-specific creation tools like mkfs.ext2 (aka mke2fs), which you can call directly if you prefer.";
	Question24 = "What program does Linux use to convert PostScript into formats suitable for a wide range of non-PostScript printers?";
	Answer24 = "Ghostscript";
	Question25 = "What are some common solutions to the problem of an unsatisfied dependency when installing a program package?";
	Answer25 = "Force the installation, install/upgrade the required package, install a different version of the target package, or rebuild the target package from source code.";
	Question26 = "What software component determines whether Linux supports a given SCSI host adapter?";
	Answer26 = "The Linux kernel";
	Question27 = "What is the physical location of the first code an x86 CPU executes when it starts up?";
	Answer27 = "In the BIOS, which is stored on a chip on the motherboard";
	Question28 = "What command would you type at a shell prompt to view the contents of the /usr/local/bin directory?";
	Answer28 = "ls /usr/local/bin";
	Question29 = "Why is NFS generally preferable to SMB/CIFS (Samba) for file sharing between two Linux or Unix computers?";
	Answer29 = "NFS supports the ownership, permission, and other Unix-style file features used by Linux, but SMB/CIFS doesn't.";
	Question30 = "How can you identify processes that consume an inordinate amount of CPU time?";
	Answer30 = "The top utility or the ps utility with appropriate switches";
	Question31 = "What must you remember to do after you edit /etc/lilo.conf so that your changes will take effect?";
	Answer31 = "Type lilo to install a new boot loader that reflects your modifications.";
	Question32 = "What program can help identify slow or unreliable routers between you and a target system on the Internet?";
	Answer32 = "traceroute";
	Question33 = "What system associates IP addresses with hostnames?";
	Answer33 = "The Domain Name System (DNS), which is a distributed set of name server computers";
	Question34 = "What's the most common type of local network hardware today?";
	Answer34 = "Ethernet";
	Question35 = "What program displays information on the jobs in a print queue?";
	Answer35 = "lpq";
	Question36 = "On what partition type(s) (primary, extended, or logical) may the Linux root (/) partition reside?";
	Answer36 = "Primary or logical; extended partitions are “placeholders” for one or more logical partitions.";
	Question37 = "What methods are most commonly used to shut down a Linux system?";
	Answer37 = "The shutdown command at a command prompt or a shutdown option at a GUI login prompt. The telinit command can also be used to do this.";
	Question38 = "What types of problems most often generate kernel oops messages?";
	Answer38 = "Hardware malfunctions and kernel bugs";
	Question39 = "What do the Exim and Postfix programs have in common?";
	Answer39 = "They're both SMTP mail servers.";
	Question40 = "When should you set the root password?";
	Answer40 = "During system installation. For distributions that don't give the option at that time, set the root password as soon as possible after installation.";
	Question41 = "After reconfiguring your boot loader or kernel, you reboot but don't see any Linux-generated messages, or even a partial GRUB or LILO prompt. What is the likely cause?";
	Answer41 = "The boot loader isn't installed or the BIOS is configured to try to boot from the wrong partition.";
	Question42 = "What is accomplished by the command chmod a+x scriptfile?";
	Answer42 = "The command adds execute permissions for the owner, group, and world to scriptfile-the file is made executable.";
	Question43 = "The root user types passwd sandra. Assuming that the user sandra exists, what information will root then have to enter?";
	Answer43 = "A new password for sandra, and a repeat of the same password to be sure it was entered correctly. The root user doesn't need to enter the current password.";
	Question44 = "When you configure a system to use a static IP address, what information do you enter manually?";
	Answer44 = "The IP address, the netmask (a.k.a. the network mask or subnet mask), the IP addresses of 1-3 DNS servers, and the gateway (router) address";
	Question45 = "What command can you use to discover how much space is being used by files in a specified directory?";
	Answer45 = "du";
	Question46 = "How can you locate stray files belonging to a user when deleting that user's account?";
	Answer46 = "Use the find command with its -uid parameter, as in find / -uid 504, to find all files owned by the user whose UID is 504.";
	Question47 = "In what two forms does Linux swap space generally come?";
	Answer47 = "A dedicated swap partition or a swap file within a regular filesystem";
	Question48 = "What pull protocols are most commonly used for e-mail retrieval?";
	Answer48 = "Post Office Protocol (POP) and Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)";
	Question49 = "Where do network servers typically record error messages?";
	Answer49 = "In a log file, such as /var/log/messages, or a server-specific log file";
	Question50 = "What OSs can GRUB boot?";
	Answer50 = "Almost any x86 OS, including Linux, BSD-based Unix variants, the GNU HURD, DOS, Windows, OS/2, and BeOS";
	Question51 = "A Linux system is displaying an X desktop, but you want to use a text-based screen to log in as another user. How can you do this?";
	Answer51 = "Press Ctrl+Alt+F1 (or use some other function key numbered from 1 to 6) to get a text-mode login prompt, then log in normally.";
	Question52 = "Which common package management systems include support for dependency tracking?";
	Answer52 = "The Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) and Debian package systems";
	Question53 = "An administrator wants to delete /home/baduser but mistakenly types rm -r / home/baduser as root (note the extra space). What will be the consequence?";
	Answer53 = "This command recursively deletes all the files in the root (/) and home/baduser directories, effectively destroying the entire Linux installation.";
	Question54 = "Which server would you run to allow Linux to function as a file and print server to Windows and OS/2 systems using their native file-sharing protocols?";
	Answer54 = "Samba";
	Question55 = "Where can the GRUB boot loader code be installed?";
	Answer55 = "The hard disk's MBR, a Linux partition's boot sector, or a floppy disk's boot sector. This code relies on files in the /boot partition as well.";
	Question56 = "What function does the fsck program serve?";
	Answer56 = "It checks a filesystem for errors. (fsck actually calls filesystem-specific helper programs, such as e2fsck, which do the bulk of the work.)";
	Question57 = "When a user reports a problem in a vague way, what should you do?";
	Answer57 = "Attempt to obtain more precise information about the problem by querying the user further or by investigating the problem yourself.";
	Question58 = "What user IDs (UIDs) do ordinary user accounts use?";
	Answer58 = "Depending on the distribution, ordinary user accounts receive UIDs starting at 100, 500, or 1000, and higher.";
	Question59 = "What types of manipulations can you perform on a password base to make it more secure?";
	Answer59 = "You can insert random numbers and letters into the base, vary the case of the base, and reverse the order of the base or one of its component words.";
	Question60 = "How do most Linux network servers that require usernames and passwords (such as FTP, Telnet, and SSH servers) verify the user's password?";
	Answer60 = "These servers use the standard Linux account database; users provide the same password for remote access as for local logins.";
	Question61 = "What command would you type in a shell to obtain information on the status of the first Ethernet interface on a Linux computer?";
	Answer61 = "ifconfig eth0";
	Question62 = "How do man pages and HOWTO documents differ?";
	Answer62 = "Man pages are brief summaries describing the function of specific programs, configuration files, and so on. HOWTOs are tutorial documents on topics.";
	Question63 = "What is the most common choice of software to implement as a Web server in Linux?";
	Answer63 = "Apache";
	Question64 = "What type of mouse is ideal for use in Linux?";
	Answer64 = "A three-button mouse; many X programs assume three buttons are available.";
	Question65 = "What tool does Debian provide that can be used to keep your system automatically up-to-date with the latest system updates?";
	Answer65 = "apt-get";
	Question66 = "When is it most appropriate to set the system clock to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC, a.k.a. GMT, Greenwich Mean Time)?";
	Answer66 = "When Linux is the only OS installed on the computer. Most x86 OSs assume the hardware clock is set to local time, but Linux can cope with local time or UTC.";
	Question67 = "Most Linux distributions ship with kernels that include drivers you may or may not need. What must you do to eliminate unnecessary drivers from your kernel?";
	Answer67 = "Reconfigure the kernel and recompile it from source code.";
	Question68 = "What modes does the Vi editor support, and what are they for?";
	Answer68 = "Command mode (to enter internal Vi commands), ex mode (to enter external and file-related commands), and edit (aka insert) mode (to edit text).";
	Question69 = "What will happen if you enter the incorrect gateway (router) address when you are configuring networking?";
	Answer69 = "You'll be able to access systems on your local network, but you won't be able to access systems on other networks or the Internet.";
	Question70 = "Your computer has a large hard disk and you cannot allow extended downtime doing filesystem checks after a power failure. How can you avoid this?";
	Answer70 = "Use a journaling filesystem, such as ReiserFS, ext3fs, XFS, or JFS.";
	Question71 = "Who should have access to password files stored on a floppy disk?";
	Answer71 = "Password files stored on floppy disks pose a security threat themselves. They should be kept under lock and key--ideally in a safe that can be accessed only by system administrators who can ordinarily read the original files.";
	Question72 = "Where is a good place to keep an administrator's logbook?";
	Answer72 = "In a paper notebook near the computer";
	Question73 = "You notice a single failed login for a user in a log file, followed immediately by a successful login for that user. What's the most likely explanation?";
	Answer73 = "The user mistyped or momentarily forgot the password but then typed it correctly.";
	Question74 = "What symbol identifies variables when they're used (but not when they're assigned values) in a bash shell script?";
	Answer74 = "$ (preceding the variable name)";
	Question75 = "On a verify pass of a backup, you discover that /bin/ls, /etc/X11/xorg.conf, and several other files have changed. What does this indicate?";
	Answer75 = "There's probably serious corruption in the backup process-data errors on the tape's bus, a bad tape, a bad disk, or some other problem.";
	Question76 = "What method does the locate command use to find files?";
	Answer76 = "It searches a database that it updates periodically via cron jobs.";
	Question77 = "What type of removable device interface is common on laptop computers but rare on desktops?";
	Answer77 = "PC Card, aka PCMCIA";
	Question78 = "What happens to a process if its parent is killed or exits?";
	Answer78 = "It's adopted by another process (typically init).";
	Question79 = "Why might you create a separate partition for /usr/local?";
	Answer79 = "To protect it from damage in case of a filesystem failure or system upgrade, or because you have two hard disks and need to split some directories to use both disks";
	Question80 = "When you type ifconfig eth0, the output includes the following: HWaddr 00:80:C8:FA:3B:0A. What does this mean?";
	Answer80 = "The network card associated with eth0 has a hardware address of 00:80:C8:FA:3B:0A.";
	Question81 = "What program is used to control a tape drive (to wind a tape past existing backups, erase a tape, and so on)?";
	Answer81 = "mt";
	Question82 = "What devices must be terminated in a SCSI chain?";
	Answer82 = "The devices at the ends of the chain. (One of these may be the SCSI host adapter.)";
	Question83 = "What command is used to submit a print job in Linux?";
	Answer83 = "lpr";
	Question84 = "Where should you install GRUB or LILO if you want to be able to restore its functionality using DOS's FDISK after installing DOS or Windows?";
	Answer84 = "A primary Linux partition's boot sector (not the disk's MBR)";
	Question85 = "What command can you use to quickly test a new X configuration after performing a reconfiguration in text mode?";
	Answer85 = "startx";
	Question86 = "What does the mv command accomplish?";
	Answer86 = "It moves or renames a file or directory.";
	Question87 = "What software can you use to make room for Linux on a disk that already contains DOS or Windows?";
	Answer87 = "Dynamic partition resizing programs like FIPS, GNU Parted, or PartitionMagic";
	Question88 = "What file directs the Linux boot process after the kernel has loaded?";
	Answer88 = "/etc/inittab";
	Question89 = "Can a single user be simultaneously logged in multiple times to a single Linux computer?";
	Answer89 = "Yes. Multiple logins are permitted through the use of virtual terminals, physical terminals on RS-232 serial ports or the like, or through network connections.";
	Question90 = "What major Linux distribution uses binary tarballs for package distribution?";
	Answer90 = "Slackware";
	Question91 = "What are the two most common busses that connect to plug-in cards?";
	Answer91 = "The most common busses that connect to plug-in cards are the PCI bus and the Advanced Graphics Port (AGP) bus.";
	Question92 = "When you're installing from a CD-ROM, what is the primary drawback to a GUI installation routine?";
	Answer92 = "GUI installations occasionally fail to work with some video hardware, particularly on laptop computers.";
	Question93 = "Several people report that the supercrunch program is crashing, but the system is otherwise stable. What is the most probable cause of this problem?";
	Answer93 = "A program error--a bug, systemwide program configuration error, corruption in software files, or the like";
	Question94 = "What happens when you try to run a program that requires a library that's not installed?";
	Answer94 = "The program responds with a message saying that it couldn't find a library file. (It may not be visible if the program is launched in a GUI environment.)";
	Question95 = "While you are troubleshooting a slow ATA hard disk, you decide to try changing the DMA transfer mode. What Linux tool lets you do this?";
	Answer95 = "hdparm, specifically its -X parameter";
	Question96 = "What boot methods are commonly used by Linux installers?";
	Answer96 = "Floppy and CD-ROM are the most common, but some can start from DOS or Windows.";
	Question97 = "How much damage can intruders do if they are given physical access to a computer?";
	Answer97 = "A great deal; with physical access, intruders can bypass login controls, copy data, or destroy the computer.";
	Question98 = "A particular model of sound card is on a Linux distribution's supported hardware list. What are your chances of getting the board to work with this model?";
	Answer98 = "Your chances are good, but not certain; manufacturers sometimes change their designs without changing the model number.";
	Question99 = "What does the /etc/inetd.conf file control?";
	Answer99 = "The inetd server, which launches other servers only when those servers are needed";
	Question100 = "You want to reproduce a computer's configuration on another system. What can you consult to help accomplish this goal?";
	Answer100 = "Your administrative logs (which should record important options and changes to the configuration of the first system) and backups";
	Question101 = "Under what circumstances may an ordinary (non-root) user mount a filesystem?";
	Answer101 = "When the filesystem has an entry in /etc/fstab that includes the user, users, or owner option. (If the option is owner, the user must own the filesystem's device file.)";
	Question102 = "What conditions must be met to use DHCP?";
	Answer102 = "Your network must include a DHCP server, and your computer must have appropriate hardware to connect to the network.";
	Question103 = "What is the principal advantage of selecting packages individually rather than in groups when installing the OS?";
	Answer103 = "Individual package selection lets you select or deselect individual packages, thus saving disk space and possibly improving the system's security.";
	Question104 = "What are the names of two power management protocols common on laptop computers?";
	Answer104 = "Advanced Power Management (APM) and Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)";
	Question105 = "What should you do if your network uses static IP addresses but you don't know the correct one to use for a Linux system?";
	Answer105 = "Ask your network administrator. Do not configure a system with a random IP address.";
	Question106 = "Is the 2.6.9 kernel a development or a stable kernel?";
	Answer106 = "Stable; the second number (6) is even, which denotes a stable kernel series.";
	Question107 = "The user george has left your organization. What security-related actions should you take on any computer on which george had an account?";
	Answer107 = "Delete george's accounts.";
	Question108 = "When should you use shadow passwords?";
	Answer108 = "Almost always; shadow passwords substantially improve local security.";
	Question109 = "Who may change the owner of a file?";
	Answer109 = "The file's current owner or root";
	Question110 = "You've located a new driver for a device that had not previously been supported. This driver is available as a kernel patch. What must you do to use this driver?";
	Answer110 = "Patch and recompile your Linux kernel.";
	Question111 = "What is necessary to give users the choice of using KDE or GNOME?";
	Answer111 = "Install both environments. Users can select which to use at a graphical login or by modifying their X login scripts.";
	Question112 = "What type of Ethernet device, if used at the core of a network, allows computers to communicate with full duplex speeds?";
	Answer112 = "A switch";
	Question113 = "Where can you go to find out if your video card is supported by Linux?";
	Answer113 = "The XFree86, X.org-X11, or commercial X server Web site or documentation. Some video card and video chipset manufacturers also offer X drivers.";
	Question114 = "How do you tell kill what process you want to terminate?";
	Answer114 = "You pass kill the target process's process ID (PID) number.";
	Question115 = "A user reports lost or damaged files on a floppy disk. What user error might you suspect as a cause?";
	Answer115 = "Ejecting the floppy disk without first unmounting it is the most probable user cause, but other problems, including non-user-related errors, are possible.";
	Question116 = "What does the TERM environment variable control?";
	Answer116 = "The types of codes sent to a terminal (either a local or remote login) to control such features as bold text, colors, and cursor positioning";
	Question117 = "A user reports being unable to store files on a Windows partition on a computer that dual-boots between Windows and Linux. How might you correct this problem?";
	Answer117 = "Edit /etc/fstab and add uid=UID, gid=GID, and umask=value parameters to the partition's entry. Then remount the partition with the new options.";
	Question118 = "You want to upgrade the bigserver package on an RPM-based system with a new file called bigserver-4.2.3-3.i386.rpm. What would you type?";
	Answer118 = "rpm -Uvh bigserver-4.2.3-3.i386.rpm. The v and h options may be omitted if you don't want a progress display.";
	Question119 = "What does the modprobe command do?";
	Answer119 = "It loads or removes one or more modules, including the module you specify and any on which it depends.";
	Question120 = "When you create a compressed tarball with a command like tar cvzf tarball.tgz ./, does tar apply compression to the individual files or to the archive as a whole?";
	Answer120 = "To the archive as a whole. This produces greater compression than compressing individual files, but it makes the archive more sensitive to damage.";
	Question121 = "How do you tell Linux to install from a network server?";
	Answer121 = "Boot with a network boot image or select a network installation option, depending on the distribution.";
	Question122 = "What command removes a print job from a print queue?";
	Answer122 = "lprm";
	Question123 = "Why should you test a new or upgraded application on a test system before installing it on a production system?";
	Answer123 = "To verify the program's operation on a disposable system before risking a system on which you or your users rely";
	Question124 = "What advantage does using SSH have over using Telnet for initiating a remote X session?";
	Answer124 = "SSH can tunnel the X session, thus applying encryption to all X data, including the initial username and password and all data sent via X protocols. Telnet cannot do this.";
	Question125 = "In what file is group membership recorded?";
	Answer125 = "/etc/group";
	Question126 = "What command do you use to switch the current runlevel?";
	Answer126 = "telinit";
	Question127 = "Under what circumstances is Telnet a good remote administration tool?";
	Answer127 = "Only within very secure private networks; its lack of encryption makes it very dangerous as a remote administration tool otherwise.";
	Question128 = "How do you create a user cron job?";
	Answer128 = "Use the crontab program.";
	Question129 = "Why might you want to delay creating user accounts until after installation?";
	Answer129 = "Post-installation account-creation tools are usually more flexible than the tools that are provided during installation.";
	Question130 = "You want to determine what speed a serial port is configured to use. What tool can do this?";
	Answer130 = "setserial";
	Question131 = "What are the most important general-purpose log files on most Linux systems?";
	Answer131 = "/var/log/messages, /var/log/syslog, and /var/log/secure. (Not all distributions use all three of these, though.)";
	Question132 = "What three factors does X use to compute the refresh rate you'll see?";
	Answer132 = "The monitor's maximum horizontal refresh rate, the monitor's maximum vertical refresh rate, and the resolution";
	Question133 = "What type of information does the df command return?";
	Answer133 = "The devices and mount points associated with mounted filesystems, those filesystems' sizes, and the used and available space on those filesystems";
	Question134 = "What are the settings for serial ATA disks?";
	Answer134 = "Each serial ATA disk may be a master or a slave. Modern drives have extra options--one to set master status on single-drive chains and another to set the status automatically.";
	Question135 = "Why are SUID root programs rare?";
	Answer135 = "They're a potential security risk because too-powerful programs or bugs could allow unscrupulous users to abuse the program.";
	Question136 = "What are some common sources of emergency disk sets?";
	Answer136 = "Linux's boot/emergency disk, third-party emergency disks, small distributions on Zip or LS-120 disks, distributions that boot from a CD-ROM";
	Question137 = "You want to kill a process by name. What command can you use to do this?";
	Answer137 = "Type killall processname. Alternatively, you can use ps to find the process ID (PID) of the process and use kill.";
	Question138 = "What backup medium is best suited to long-term archival storage, and why?";
	Answer138 = "Optical media like CD-R, because they have very long shelf lives (10-100 years, by most estimates)";
	Question139 = "What tools are most commonly used to install or remove Debian packages?";
	Answer139 = "dselect, dpkg, apt-get, or GUI front ends to these";
	Question140 = "What are likely explanations if fsck begins reporting errors on a regular basis even after clean system shutdowns?";
	Answer140 = "The hard disk or some related hardware component may be going bad, or your kernel may lack fixes for bugs in your ATA controller.";
	Question141 = "What kernel should you use to obtain support for many USB devices?";
	Answer141 = "2.2.18 or later, or 2.4.0 or later";
	Question142 = "What is the function of the tail command?";
	Answer142 = "It displays the last few lines (10 by default) of a file.";
	Question143 = "What types of errors will leave traces in system log files?";
	Answer143 = "Errors related to programs that log errors in system log files, such as many servers, the kernel (and hence some hardware problems), and user login processes.";
	Question144 = "What type of software can block access to any or all network ports on a computer?";
	Answer144 = "A firewall (typically implemented in Linux with ipfwadm, ipchains, or iptables)";
	Question145 = "Which will benefit more from having SCSI hard disks: a typical workstation or a busy mail server?";
	Answer145 = "The mail server will, because this task is very disk intensive, and SCSI disks can provide better speed in some high-usage conditions.";
	Question146 = "What does the cp command accomplish?";
	Answer146 = "It copies one or more files.";
	Question147 = "How can you locate processes that have open files on a filesystem and are, as a result, preventing you from unmounting the filesystem?";
	Answer147 = "lsof displays a list of all open files; you can then pipe lsof's output through grep to search for open files on the filesystem in question.";
	Question148 = "You notice that an important log file is missing from its normal location. What could this be a symptom of?";
	Answer148 = "Intruders often try to cover their tracks by altering or deleting log files. Upon noticing the file missing, you should begin to look for other symptoms of an intrusion.";
	Question149 = "What is the best way to stop a server that was started through a SysV startup script?";
	Answer149 = "Type the startup script's name followed by stop, as in /etc/rc.d/init.d/server stop.";
	Question150 = "What system utility can you use to periodically check the status of a trouble-prone utility that should normally be running at all times?";
	Answer150 = "You can write a script to check and, if necessary, restart the process, and you can call that script in a cron job.";
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	Question1 = "Traditionally, the Linux kernel has had to reside below what cylinder?";
	Answer1 = "Traditionally, the Linux kernel has had to reside below the 1024th cylinder. Recent versions of LILO and GRUB enable new Linux distributions to be installed anywhere on a hard disk if the BIOS supports this feature.";
	Question2 = "What is the major difference between a workstation and a server?";
	Answer2 = "Individuals use workstations for productivity tasks; servers exchange data with other computers over a network.";
	Question3 = "What can be used to link together multiple programs so that the output of one program becomes the input of another?";
	Answer3 = "Pipes enable you to link together multiple programs. At the command line, the pipe character is |.";
	Question4 = "What command will show you the path of the directory you are currently working in?";
	Answer4 = "The pwd command will show you the path of the directory you are currently in.";
	Question5 = "What command will show you the numeric value currently being subtracted from the default permissions of newly created files?";
	Answer5 = "The umask command will show you the numeric value currently being subtracted from the default permissions of newly created files and directories.";
	Question6 = "What is the purpose of awk?";
	Answer6 = "It is a scripting language that provides complex pattern-matching facilities.";
	Question7 = "What utility can be used to locate files in common binary, documentation, and configuration directories?";
	Answer7 = "The whereis utility locates files in common binary, documentation, and configuration directories.";
	Question8 = "How can PAM be used to help restrict user access?";
	Answer8 = "You can add PAM modules to your configuration that can deny any specified user access to the computer based on the user's location or other characteristics, even if the user enters a valid password.";
	Question9 = "Why is it dangerous to constantly log in as the root user?";
	Answer9 = "Overuse of the root account increases the odds that your root password will be discovered. If root mistypes a command, the consequences can be far more damaging than is the case when an ordinary user does so.";
	Question10 = "What command can be used to execute a single command with alternative permission?";
	Answer10 = "The sudo command can be used to execute a single command with alternative permission.";
	Question11 = "What utility allows you to edit disk quota information?";
	Answer11 = "The edquota utility allows you to edit disk quota information.";
	Question12 = "You want to modify a user's account settings relating to account expiration. What utility should you use?";
	Answer12 = "The chage command allows you to modify account settings relating to account expiration.";
	Question13 = "What character does Linux use to symbolize the root directory?";
	Answer13 = "The root directory is Linux is represented by /.";
	Question14 = "Why would a RAID array be useful and what is it?";
	Answer14 = "A RAID array can be used to increase disk speed, disk reliability, or both. The array uses multiple disks to work around individual disk speed limitations or to store duplicate copies of (or checksums for) data.";
	Question15 = "What programs does Linux use to write to optical media?";
	Answer15 = "Linux uses the mkisofs program to create an ISO-9660 filesystem, which is then burned to the disc by cdrecord.";
	Question16 = "What is the purpose of the nice command?";
	Answer16 = "It allows you to run a program with a specified priority.";
	Question17 = "What utility can you use to send a single packet to a target system, which should reply, confirming the existence of a basic network connection?";
	Answer17 = "The ping utility sends a single packet to a target system and can be used to confirm the existence of a basic network connection.";
	Question18 = "If you are using static routing, what command can you use to add an entry to the routing table?";
	Answer18 = "The route add command is used to add an entry to the routing table.";
	Question19 = "What is the purpose of creating a baseline?";
	Answer19 = "A baseline describes how your system normally performs. If a problem develops, the baseline will help you identify the source and verify that a problem really is (or is not) in the subsystem you suspect it's in.";
	Question20 = "What does the output of the uptime utility show?";
	Answer20 = "The output of the uptime utility shows the time the system has been running, as well as three load averages (for the past minute, the past 5 minutes, and the past 15 minutes).";
	Question21 = "What type of information is typically included in installation log files?";
	Answer21 = "The names of packages installed and error messages";
	Question22 = "How many serial ATA devices can fit on a single serial ATA chain?";
	Answer22 = "Two. (A computer can support multiple chains, though, and most have two on the motherboard.)";
	Question23 = "What command is used to create a filesystem?";
	Answer23 = "mkfs. This command actually calls filesystem-specific creation tools like mkfs.ext2 (aka mke2fs), which you can call directly if you prefer.";
	Question24 = "What program does Linux use to convert PostScript into formats suitable for a wide range of non-PostScript printers?";
	Answer24 = "Ghostscript";
	Question25 = "What are some common solutions to the problem of an unsatisfied dependency when installing a program package?";
	Answer25 = "Force the installation, install/upgrade the required package, install a different version of the target package, or rebuild the target package from source code.";
	Question26 = "What software component determines whether Linux supports a given SCSI host adapter?";
	Answer26 = "The Linux kernel";
	Question27 = "What is the physical location of the first code an x86 CPU executes when it starts up?";
	Answer27 = "In the BIOS, which is stored on a chip on the motherboard";
	Question28 = "What command would you type at a shell prompt to view the contents of the /usr/local/bin directory?";
	Answer28 = "ls /usr/local/bin";
	Question29 = "Why is NFS generally preferable to SMB/CIFS (Samba) for file sharing between two Linux or Unix computers?";
	Answer29 = "NFS supports the ownership, permission, and other Unix-style file features used by Linux, but SMB/CIFS doesn't.";
	Question30 = "How can you identify processes that consume an inordinate amount of CPU time?";
	Answer30 = "The top utility or the ps utility with appropriate switches";
	Question31 = "What must you remember to do after you edit /etc/lilo.conf so that your changes will take effect?";
	Answer31 = "Type lilo to install a new boot loader that reflects your modifications.";
	Question32 = "What program can help identify slow or unreliable routers between you and a target system on the Internet?";
	Answer32 = "traceroute";
	Question33 = "What system associates IP addresses with hostnames?";
	Answer33 = "The Domain Name System (DNS), which is a distributed set of name server computers";
	Question34 = "What's the most common type of local network hardware today?";
	Answer34 = "Ethernet";
	Question35 = "What program displays information on the jobs in a print queue?";
	Answer35 = "lpq";
	Question36 = "On what partition type(s) (primary, extended, or logical) may the Linux root (/) partition reside?";
	Answer36 = "Primary or logical; extended partitions are “placeholders” for one or more logical partitions.";
	Question37 = "What methods are most commonly used to shut down a Linux system?";
	Answer37 = "The shutdown command at a command prompt or a shutdown option at a GUI login prompt. The telinit command can also be used to do this.";
	Question38 = "What types of problems most often generate kernel oops messages?";
	Answer38 = "Hardware malfunctions and kernel bugs";
	Question39 = "What do the Exim and Postfix programs have in common?";
	Answer39 = "They're both SMTP mail servers.";
	Question40 = "When should you set the root password?";
	Answer40 = "During system installation. For distributions that don't give the option at that time, set the root password as soon as possible after installation.";
	Question41 = "After reconfiguring your boot loader or kernel, you reboot but don't see any Linux-generated messages, or even a partial GRUB or LILO prompt. What is the likely cause?";
	Answer41 = "The boot loader isn't installed or the BIOS is configured to try to boot from the wrong partition.";
	Question42 = "What is accomplished by the command chmod a+x scriptfile?";
	Answer42 = "The command adds execute permissions for the owner, group, and world to scriptfile-the file is made executable.";
	Question43 = "The root user types passwd sandra. Assuming that the user sandra exists, what information will root then have to enter?";
	Answer43 = "A new password for sandra, and a repeat of the same password to be sure it was entered correctly. The root user doesn't need to enter the current password.";
	Question44 = "When you configure a system to use a static IP address, what information do you enter manually?";
	Answer44 = "The IP address, the netmask (a.k.a. the network mask or subnet mask), the IP addresses of 1-3 DNS servers, and the gateway (router) address";
	Question45 = "What command can you use to discover how much space is being used by files in a specified directory?";
	Answer45 = "du";
	Question46 = "How can you locate stray files belonging to a user when deleting that user's account?";
	Answer46 = "Use the find command with its -uid parameter, as in find / -uid 504, to find all files owned by the user whose UID is 504.";
	Question47 = "In what two forms does Linux swap space generally come?";
	Answer47 = "A dedicated swap partition or a swap file within a regular filesystem";
	Question48 = "What pull protocols are most commonly used for e-mail retrieval?";
	Answer48 = "Post Office Protocol (POP) and Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)";
	Question49 = "Where do network servers typically record error messages?";
	Answer49 = "In a log file, such as /var/log/messages, or a server-specific log file";
	Question50 = "What OSs can GRUB boot?";
	Answer50 = "Almost any x86 OS, including Linux, BSD-based Unix variants, the GNU HURD, DOS, Windows, OS/2, and BeOS";
	Question51 = "A Linux system is displaying an X desktop, but you want to use a text-based screen to log in as another user. How can you do this?";
	Answer51 = "Press Ctrl+Alt+F1 (or use some other function key numbered from 1 to 6) to get a text-mode login prompt, then log in normally.";
	Question52 = "Which common package management systems include support for dependency tracking?";
	Answer52 = "The Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) and Debian package systems";
	Question53 = "An administrator wants to delete /home/baduser but mistakenly types rm -r / home/baduser as root (note the extra space). What will be the consequence?";
	Answer53 = "This command recursively deletes all the files in the root (/) and home/baduser directories, effectively destroying the entire Linux installation.";
	Question54 = "Which server would you run to allow Linux to function as a file and print server to Windows and OS/2 systems using their native file-sharing protocols?";
	Answer54 = "Samba";
	Question55 = "Where can the GRUB boot loader code be installed?";
	Answer55 = "The hard disk's MBR, a Linux partition's boot sector, or a floppy disk's boot sector. This code relies on files in the /boot partition as well.";
	Question56 = "What function does the fsck program serve?";
	Answer56 = "It checks a filesystem for errors. (fsck actually calls filesystem-specific helper programs, such as e2fsck, which do the bulk of the work.)";
	Question57 = "When a user reports a problem in a vague way, what should you do?";
	Answer57 = "Attempt to obtain more precise information about the problem by querying the user further or by investigating the problem yourself.";
	Question58 = "What user IDs (UIDs) do ordinary user accounts use?";
	Answer58 = "Depending on the distribution, ordinary user accounts receive UIDs starting at 100, 500, or 1000, and higher.";
	Question59 = "What types of manipulations can you perform on a password base to make it more secure?";
	Answer59 = "You can insert random numbers and letters into the base, vary the case of the base, and reverse the order of the base or one of its component words.";
	Question60 = "How do most Linux network servers that require usernames and passwords (such as FTP, Telnet, and SSH servers) verify the user's password?";
	Answer60 = "These servers use the standard Linux account database; users provide the same password for remote access as for local logins.";
	Question61 = "What command would you type in a shell to obtain information on the status of the first Ethernet interface on a Linux computer?";
	Answer61 = "ifconfig eth0";
	Question62 = "How do man pages and HOWTO documents differ?";
	Answer62 = "Man pages are brief summaries describing the function of specific programs, configuration files, and so on. HOWTOs are tutorial documents on topics.";
	Question63 = "What is the most common choice of software to implement as a Web server in Linux?";
	Answer63 = "Apache";
	Question64 = "What type of mouse is ideal for use in Linux?";
	Answer64 = "A three-button mouse; many X programs assume three buttons are available.";
	Question65 = "What tool does Debian provide that can be used to keep your system automatically up-to-date with the latest system updates?";
	Answer65 = "apt-get";
	Question66 = "When is it most appropriate to set the system clock to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC, a.k.a. GMT, Greenwich Mean Time)?";
	Answer66 = "When Linux is the only OS installed on the computer. Most x86 OSs assume the hardware clock is set to local time, but Linux can cope with local time or UTC.";
	Question67 = "Most Linux distributions ship with kernels that include drivers you may or may not need. What must you do to eliminate unnecessary drivers from your kernel?";
	Answer67 = "Reconfigure the kernel and recompile it from source code.";
	Question68 = "What modes does the Vi editor support, and what are they for?";
	Answer68 = "Command mode (to enter internal Vi commands), ex mode (to enter external and file-related commands), and edit (aka insert) mode (to edit text).";
	Question69 = "What will happen if you enter the incorrect gateway (router) address when you are configuring networking?";
	Answer69 = "You'll be able to access systems on your local network, but you won't be able to access systems on other networks or the Internet.";
	Question70 = "Your computer has a large hard disk and you cannot allow extended downtime doing filesystem checks after a power failure. How can you avoid this?";
	Answer70 = "Use a journaling filesystem, such as ReiserFS, ext3fs, XFS, or JFS.";
	Question71 = "Who should have access to password files stored on a floppy disk?";
	Answer71 = "Password files stored on floppy disks pose a security threat themselves. They should be kept under lock and key--ideally in a safe that can be accessed only by system administrators who can ordinarily read the original files.";
	Question72 = "Where is a good place to keep an administrator's logbook?";
	Answer72 = "In a paper notebook near the computer";
	Question73 = "You notice a single failed login for a user in a log file, followed immediately by a successful login for that user. What's the most likely explanation?";
	Answer73 = "The user mistyped or momentarily forgot the password but then typed it correctly.";
	Question74 = "What symbol identifies variables when they're used (but not when they're assigned values) in a bash shell script?";
	Answer74 = "$ (preceding the variable name)";
	Question75 = "On a verify pass of a backup, you discover that /bin/ls, /etc/X11/xorg.conf, and several other files have changed. What does this indicate?";
	Answer75 = "There's probably serious corruption in the backup process-data errors on the tape's bus, a bad tape, a bad disk, or some other problem.";
	Question76 = "What method does the locate command use to find files?";
	Answer76 = "It searches a database that it updates periodically via cron jobs.";
	Question77 = "What type of removable device interface is common on laptop computers but rare on desktops?";
	Answer77 = "PC Card, aka PCMCIA";
	Question78 = "What happens to a process if its parent is killed or exits?";
	Answer78 = "It's adopted by another process (typically init).";
	Question79 = "Why might you create a separate partition for /usr/local?";
	Answer79 = "To protect it from damage in case of a filesystem failure or system upgrade, or because you have two hard disks and need to split some directories to use both disks";
	Question80 = "When you type ifconfig eth0, the output includes the following: HWaddr 00:80:C8:FA:3B:0A. What does this mean?";
	Answer80 = "The network card associated with eth0 has a hardware address of 00:80:C8:FA:3B:0A.";
	Question81 = "What program is used to control a tape drive (to wind a tape past existing backups, erase a tape, and so on)?";
	Answer81 = "mt";
	Question82 = "What devices must be terminated in a SCSI chain?";
	Answer82 = "The devices at the ends of the chain. (One of these may be the SCSI host adapter.)";
	Question83 = "What command is used to submit a print job in Linux?";
	Answer83 = "lpr";
	Question84 = "Where should you install GRUB or LILO if you want to be able to restore its functionality using DOS's FDISK after installing DOS or Windows?";
	Answer84 = "A primary Linux partition's boot sector (not the disk's MBR)";
	Question85 = "What command can you use to quickly test a new X configuration after performing a reconfiguration in text mode?";
	Answer85 = "startx";
	Question86 = "What does the mv command accomplish?";
	Answer86 = "It moves or renames a file or directory.";
	Question87 = "What software can you use to make room for Linux on a disk that already contains DOS or Windows?";
	Answer87 = "Dynamic partition resizing programs like FIPS, GNU Parted, or PartitionMagic";
	Question88 = "What file directs the Linux boot process after the kernel has loaded?";
	Answer88 = "/etc/inittab";
	Question89 = "Can a single user be simultaneously logged in multiple times to a single Linux computer?";
	Answer89 = "Yes. Multiple logins are permitted through the use of virtual terminals, physical terminals on RS-232 serial ports or the like, or through network connections.";
	Question90 = "What major Linux distribution uses binary tarballs for package distribution?";
	Answer90 = "Slackware";
	Question91 = "What are the two most common busses that connect to plug-in cards?";
	Answer91 = "The most common busses that connect to plug-in cards are the PCI bus and the Advanced Graphics Port (AGP) bus.";
	Question92 = "When you're installing from a CD-ROM, what is the primary drawback to a GUI installation routine?";
	Answer92 = "GUI installations occasionally fail to work with some video hardware, particularly on laptop computers.";
	Question93 = "Several people report that the supercrunch program is crashing, but the system is otherwise stable. What is the most probable cause of this problem?";
	Answer93 = "A program error--a bug, systemwide program configuration error, corruption in software files, or the like";
	Question94 = "What happens when you try to run a program that requires a library that's not installed?";
	Answer94 = "The program responds with a message saying that it couldn't find a library file. (It may not be visible if the program is launched in a GUI environment.)";
	Question95 = "While you are troubleshooting a slow ATA hard disk, you decide to try changing the DMA transfer mode. What Linux tool lets you do this?";
	Answer95 = "hdparm, specifically its -X parameter";
	Question96 = "What boot methods are commonly used by Linux installers?";
	Answer96 = "Floppy and CD-ROM are the most common, but some can start from DOS or Windows.";
	Question97 = "How much damage can intruders do if they are given physical access to a computer?";
	Answer97 = "A great deal; with physical access, intruders can bypass login controls, copy data, or destroy the computer.";
	Question98 = "A particular model of sound card is on a Linux distribution's supported hardware list. What are your chances of getting the board to work with this model?";
	Answer98 = "Your chances are good, but not certain; manufacturers sometimes change their designs without changing the model number.";
	Question99 = "What does the /etc/inetd.conf file control?";
	Answer99 = "The inetd server, which launches other servers only when those servers are needed";
	Question100 = "You want to reproduce a computer's configuration on another system. What can you consult to help accomplish this goal?";
	Answer100 = "Your administrative logs (which should record important options and changes to the configuration of the first system) and backups";
	Question101 = "Under what circumstances may an ordinary (non-root) user mount a filesystem?";
	Answer101 = "When the filesystem has an entry in /etc/fstab that includes the user, users, or owner option. (If the option is owner, the user must own the filesystem's device file.)";
	Question102 = "What conditions must be met to use DHCP?";
	Answer102 = "Your network must include a DHCP server, and your computer must have appropriate hardware to connect to the network.";
	Question103 = "What is the principal advantage of selecting packages individually rather than in groups when installing the OS?";
	Answer103 = "Individual package selection lets you select or deselect individual packages, thus saving disk space and possibly improving the system's security.";
	Question104 = "What are the names of two power management protocols common on laptop computers?";
	Answer104 = "Advanced Power Management (APM) and Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)";
	Question105 = "What should you do if your network uses static IP addresses but you don't know the correct one to use for a Linux system?";
	Answer105 = "Ask your network administrator. Do not configure a system with a random IP address.";
	Question106 = "Is the 2.6.9 kernel a development or a stable kernel?";
	Answer106 = "Stable; the second number (6) is even, which denotes a stable kernel series.";
	Question107 = "The user george has left your organization. What security-related actions should you take on any computer on which george had an account?";
	Answer107 = "Delete george's accounts.";
	Question108 = "When should you use shadow passwords?";
	Answer108 = "Almost always; shadow passwords substantially improve local security.";
	Question109 = "Who may change the owner of a file?";
	Answer109 = "The file's current owner or root";
	Question110 = "You've located a new driver for a device that had not previously been supported. This driver is available as a kernel patch. What must you do to use this driver?";
	Answer110 = "Patch and recompile your Linux kernel.";
	Question111 = "What is necessary to give users the choice of using KDE or GNOME?";
	Answer111 = "Install both environments. Users can select which to use at a graphical login or by modifying their X login scripts.";
	Question112 = "What type of Ethernet device, if used at the core of a network, allows computers to communicate with full duplex speeds?";
	Answer112 = "A switch";
	Question113 = "Where can you go to find out if your video card is supported by Linux?";
	Answer113 = "The XFree86, X.org-X11, or commercial X server Web site or documentation. Some video card and video chipset manufacturers also offer X drivers.";
	Question114 = "How do you tell kill what process you want to terminate?";
	Answer114 = "You pass kill the target process's process ID (PID) number.";
	Question115 = "A user reports lost or damaged files on a floppy disk. What user error might you suspect as a cause?";
	Answer115 = "Ejecting the floppy disk without first unmounting it is the most probable user cause, but other problems, including non-user-related errors, are possible.";
	Question116 = "What does the TERM environment variable control?";
	Answer116 = "The types of codes sent to a terminal (either a local or remote login) to control such features as bold text, colors, and cursor positioning";
	Question117 = "A user reports being unable to store files on a Windows partition on a computer that dual-boots between Windows and Linux. How might you correct this problem?";
	Answer117 = "Edit /etc/fstab and add uid=UID, gid=GID, and umask=value parameters to the partition's entry. Then remount the partition with the new options.";
	Question118 = "You want to upgrade the bigserver package on an RPM-based system with a new file called bigserver-4.2.3-3.i386.rpm. What would you type?";
	Answer118 = "rpm -Uvh bigserver-4.2.3-3.i386.rpm. The v and h options may be omitted if you don't want a progress display.";
	Question119 = "What does the modprobe command do?";
	Answer119 = "It loads or removes one or more modules, including the module you specify and any on which it depends.";
	Question120 = "When you create a compressed tarball with a command like tar cvzf tarball.tgz ./, does tar apply compression to the individual files or to the archive as a whole?";
	Answer120 = "To the archive as a whole. This produces greater compression than compressing individual files, but it makes the archive more sensitive to damage.";
	Question121 = "How do you tell Linux to install from a network server?";
	Answer121 = "Boot with a network boot image or select a network installation option, depending on the distribution.";
	Question122 = "What command removes a print job from a print queue?";
	Answer122 = "lprm";
	Question123 = "Why should you test a new or upgraded application on a test system before installing it on a production system?";
	Answer123 = "To verify the program's operation on a disposable system before risking a system on which you or your users rely";
	Question124 = "What advantage does using SSH have over using Telnet for initiating a remote X session?";
	Answer124 = "SSH can tunnel the X session, thus applying encryption to all X data, including the initial username and password and all data sent via X protocols. Telnet cannot do this.";
	Question125 = "In what file is group membership recorded?";
	Answer125 = "/etc/group";
	Question126 = "What command do you use to switch the current runlevel?";
	Answer126 = "telinit";
	Question127 = "Under what circumstances is Telnet a good remote administration tool?";
	Answer127 = "Only within very secure private networks; its lack of encryption makes it very dangerous as a remote administration tool otherwise.";
	Question128 = "How do you create a user cron job?";
	Answer128 = "Use the crontab program.";
	Question129 = "Why might you want to delay creating user accounts until after installation?";
	Answer129 = "Post-installation account-creation tools are usually more flexible than the tools that are provided during installation.";
	Question130 = "You want to determine what speed a serial port is configured to use. What tool can do this?";
	Answer130 = "setserial";
	Question131 = "What are the most important general-purpose log files on most Linux systems?";
	Answer131 = "/var/log/messages, /var/log/syslog, and /var/log/secure. (Not all distributions use all three of these, though.)";
	Question132 = "What three factors does X use to compute the refresh rate you'll see?";
	Answer132 = "The monitor's maximum horizontal refresh rate, the monitor's maximum vertical refresh rate, and the resolution";
	Question133 = "What type of information does the df command return?";
	Answer133 = "The devices and mount points associated with mounted filesystems, those filesystems' sizes, and the used and available space on those filesystems";
	Question134 = "What are the settings for serial ATA disks?";
	Answer134 = "Each serial ATA disk may be a master or a slave. Modern drives have extra options--one to set master status on single-drive chains and another to set the status automatically.";
	Question135 = "Why are SUID root programs rare?";
	Answer135 = "They're a potential security risk because too-powerful programs or bugs could allow unscrupulous users to abuse the program.";
	Question136 = "What are some common sources of emergency disk sets?";
	Answer136 = "Linux's boot/emergency disk, third-party emergency disks, small distributions on Zip or LS-120 disks, distributions that boot from a CD-ROM";
	Question137 = "You want to kill a process by name. What command can you use to do this?";
	Answer137 = "Type killall processname. Alternatively, you can use ps to find the process ID (PID) of the process and use kill.";
	Question138 = "What backup medium is best suited to long-term archival storage, and why?";
	Answer138 = "Optical media like CD-R, because they have very long shelf lives (10-100 years, by most estimates)";
	Question139 = "What tools are most commonly used to install or remove Debian packages?";
	Answer139 = "dselect, dpkg, apt-get, or GUI front ends to these";
	Question140 = "What are likely explanations if fsck begins reporting errors on a regular basis even after clean system shutdowns?";
	Answer140 = "The hard disk or some related hardware component may be going bad, or your kernel may lack fixes for bugs in your ATA controller.";
	Question141 = "What kernel should you use to obtain support for many USB devices?";
	Answer141 = "2.2.18 or later, or 2.4.0 or later";
	Question142 = "What is the function of the tail command?";
	Answer142 = "It displays the last few lines (10 by default) of a file.";
	Question143 = "What types of errors will leave traces in system log files?";
	Answer143 = "Errors related to programs that log errors in system log files, such as many servers, the kernel (and hence some hardware problems), and user login processes.";
	Question144 = "What type of software can block access to any or all network ports on a computer?";
	Answer144 = "A firewall (typically implemented in Linux with ipfwadm, ipchains, or iptables)";
	Question145 = "Which will benefit more from having SCSI hard disks: a typical workstation or a busy mail server?";
	Answer145 = "The mail server will, because this task is very disk intensive, and SCSI disks can provide better speed in some high-usage conditions.";
	Question146 = "What does the cp command accomplish?";
	Answer146 = "It copies one or more files.";
	Question147 = "How can you locate processes that have open files on a filesystem and are, as a result, preventing you from unmounting the filesystem?";
	Answer147 = "lsof displays a list of all open files; you can then pipe lsof's output through grep to search for open files on the filesystem in question.";
	Question148 = "You notice that an important log file is missing from its normal location. What could this be a symptom of?";
	Answer148 = "Intruders often try to cover their tracks by altering or deleting log files. Upon noticing the file missing, you should begin to look for other symptoms of an intrusion.";
	Question149 = "What is the best way to stop a server that was started through a SysV startup script?";
	Answer149 = "Type the startup script's name followed by stop, as in /etc/rc.d/init.d/server stop.";
	Question150 = "What system utility can you use to periodically check the status of a trouble-prone utility that should normally be running at all times?";
	Answer150 = "You can write a script to check and, if necessary, restart the process, and you can call that script in a cron job.";
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	Question1 = "Traditionally, the Linux kernel has had to reside below what cylinder?";
	Answer1 = "Traditionally, the Linux kernel has had to reside below the 1024th cylinder. Recent versions of LILO and GRUB enable new Linux distributions to be installed anywhere on a hard disk if the BIOS supports this feature.";
	Question2 = "What is the major difference between a workstation and a server?";
	Answer2 = "Individuals use workstations for productivity tasks; servers exchange data with other computers over a network.";
	Question3 = "What can be used to link together multiple programs so that the output of one program becomes the input of another?";
	Answer3 = "Pipes enable you to link together multiple programs. At the command line, the pipe character is |.";
	Question4 = "What command will show you the path of the directory you are currently working in?";
	Answer4 = "The pwd command will show you the path of the directory you are currently in.";
	Question5 = "What command will show you the numeric value currently being subtracted from the default permissions of newly created files?";
	Answer5 = "The umask command will show you the numeric value currently being subtracted from the default permissions of newly created files and directories.";
	Question6 = "What is the purpose of awk?";
	Answer6 = "It is a scripting language that provides complex pattern-matching facilities.";
	Question7 = "What utility can be used to locate files in common binary, documentation, and configuration directories?";
	Answer7 = "The whereis utility locates files in common binary, documentation, and configuration directories.";
	Question8 = "How can PAM be used to help restrict user access?";
	Answer8 = "You can add PAM modules to your configuration that can deny any specified user access to the computer based on the user's location or other characteristics, even if the user enters a valid password.";
	Question9 = "Why is it dangerous to constantly log in as the root user?";
	Answer9 = "Overuse of the root account increases the odds that your root password will be discovered. If root mistypes a command, the consequences can be far more damaging than is the case when an ordinary user does so.";
	Question10 = "What command can be used to execute a single command with alternative permission?";
	Answer10 = "The sudo command can be used to execute a single command with alternative permission.";
	Question11 = "What utility allows you to edit disk quota information?";
	Answer11 = "The edquota utility allows you to edit disk quota information.";
	Question12 = "You want to modify a user's account settings relating to account expiration. What utility should you use?";
	Answer12 = "The chage command allows you to modify account settings relating to account expiration.";
	Question13 = "What character does Linux use to symbolize the root directory?";
	Answer13 = "The root directory is Linux is represented by /.";
	Question14 = "Why would a RAID array be useful and what is it?";
	Answer14 = "A RAID array can be used to increase disk speed, disk reliability, or both. The array uses multiple disks to work around individual disk speed limitations or to store duplicate copies of (or checksums for) data.";
	Question15 = "What programs does Linux use to write to optical media?";
	Answer15 = "Linux uses the mkisofs program to create an ISO-9660 filesystem, which is then burned to the disc by cdrecord.";
	Question16 = "What is the purpose of the nice command?";
	Answer16 = "It allows you to run a program with a specified priority.";
	Question17 = "What utility can you use to send a single packet to a target system, which should reply, confirming the existence of a basic network connection?";
	Answer17 = "The ping utility sends a single packet to a target system and can be used to confirm the existence of a basic network connection.";
	Question18 = "If you are using static routing, what command can you use to add an entry to the routing table?";
	Answer18 = "The route add command is used to add an entry to the routing table.";
	Question19 = "What is the purpose of creating a baseline?";
	Answer19 = "A baseline describes how your system normally performs. If a problem develops, the baseline will help you identify the source and verify that a problem really is (or is not) in the subsystem you suspect it's in.";
	Question20 = "What does the output of the uptime utility show?";
	Answer20 = "The output of the uptime utility shows the time the system has been running, as well as three load averages (for the past minute, the past 5 minutes, and the past 15 minutes).";
	Question21 = "What type of information is typically included in installation log files?";
	Answer21 = "The names of packages installed and error messages";
	Question22 = "How many serial ATA devices can fit on a single serial ATA chain?";
	Answer22 = "Two. (A computer can support multiple chains, though, and most have two on the motherboard.)";
	Question23 = "What command is used to create a filesystem?";
	Answer23 = "mkfs. This command actually calls filesystem-specific creation tools like mkfs.ext2 (aka mke2fs), which you can call directly if you prefer.";
	Question24 = "What program does Linux use to convert PostScript into formats suitable for a wide range of non-PostScript printers?";
	Answer24 = "Ghostscript";
	Question25 = "What are some common solutions to the problem of an unsatisfied dependency when installing a program package?";
	Answer25 = "Force the installation, install/upgrade the required package, install a different version of the target package, or rebuild the target package from source code.";
	Question26 = "What software component determines whether Linux supports a given SCSI host adapter?";
	Answer26 = "The Linux kernel";
	Question27 = "What is the physical location of the first code an x86 CPU executes when it starts up?";
	Answer27 = "In the BIOS, which is stored on a chip on the motherboard";
	Question28 = "What command would you type at a shell prompt to view the contents of the /usr/local/bin directory?";
	Answer28 = "ls /usr/local/bin";
	Question29 = "Why is NFS generally preferable to SMB/CIFS (Samba) for file sharing between two Linux or Unix computers?";
	Answer29 = "NFS supports the ownership, permission, and other Unix-style file features used by Linux, but SMB/CIFS doesn't.";
	Question30 = "How can you identify processes that consume an inordinate amount of CPU time?";
	Answer30 = "The top utility or the ps utility with appropriate switches";
	Question31 = "What must you remember to do after you edit /etc/lilo.conf so that your changes will take effect?";
	Answer31 = "Type lilo to install a new boot loader that reflects your modifications.";
	Question32 = "What program can help identify slow or unreliable routers between you and a target system on the Internet?";
	Answer32 = "traceroute";
	Question33 = "What system associates IP addresses with hostnames?";
	Answer33 = "The Domain Name System (DNS), which is a distributed set of name server computers";
	Question34 = "What's the most common type of local network hardware today?";
	Answer34 = "Ethernet";
	Question35 = "What program displays information on the jobs in a print queue?";
	Answer35 = "lpq";
	Question36 = "On what partition type(s) (primary, extended, or logical) may the Linux root (/) partition reside?";
	Answer36 = "Primary or logical; extended partitions are “placeholders” for one or more logical partitions.";
	Question37 = "What methods are most commonly used to shut down a Linux system?";
	Answer37 = "The shutdown command at a command prompt or a shutdown option at a GUI login prompt. The telinit command can also be used to do this.";
	Question38 = "What types of problems most often generate kernel oops messages?";
	Answer38 = "Hardware malfunctions and kernel bugs";
	Question39 = "What do the Exim and Postfix programs have in common?";
	Answer39 = "They're both SMTP mail servers.";
	Question40 = "When should you set the root password?";
	Answer40 = "During system installation. For distributions that don't give the option at that time, set the root password as soon as possible after installation.";
	Question41 = "After reconfiguring your boot loader or kernel, you reboot but don't see any Linux-generated messages, or even a partial GRUB or LILO prompt. What is the likely cause?";
	Answer41 = "The boot loader isn't installed or the BIOS is configured to try to boot from the wrong partition.";
	Question42 = "What is accomplished by the command chmod a+x scriptfile?";
	Answer42 = "The command adds execute permissions for the owner, group, and world to scriptfile-the file is made executable.";
	Question43 = "The root user types passwd sandra. Assuming that the user sandra exists, what information will root then have to enter?";
	Answer43 = "A new password for sandra, and a repeat of the same password to be sure it was entered correctly. The root user doesn't need to enter the current password.";
	Question44 = "When you configure a system to use a static IP address, what information do you enter manually?";
	Answer44 = "The IP address, the netmask (a.k.a. the network mask or subnet mask), the IP addresses of 1-3 DNS servers, and the gateway (router) address";
	Question45 = "What command can you use to discover how much space is being used by files in a specified directory?";
	Answer45 = "du";
	Question46 = "How can you locate stray files belonging to a user when deleting that user's account?";
	Answer46 = "Use the find command with its -uid parameter, as in find / -uid 504, to find all files owned by the user whose UID is 504.";
	Question47 = "In what two forms does Linux swap space generally come?";
	Answer47 = "A dedicated swap partition or a swap file within a regular filesystem";
	Question48 = "What pull protocols are most commonly used for e-mail retrieval?";
	Answer48 = "Post Office Protocol (POP) and Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)";
	Question49 = "Where do network servers typically record error messages?";
	Answer49 = "In a log file, such as /var/log/messages, or a server-specific log file";
	Question50 = "What OSs can GRUB boot?";
	Answer50 = "Almost any x86 OS, including Linux, BSD-based Unix variants, the GNU HURD, DOS, Windows, OS/2, and BeOS";
	Question51 = "A Linux system is displaying an X desktop, but you want to use a text-based screen to log in as another user. How can you do this?";
	Answer51 = "Press Ctrl+Alt+F1 (or use some other function key numbered from 1 to 6) to get a text-mode login prompt, then log in normally.";
	Question52 = "Which common package management systems include support for dependency tracking?";
	Answer52 = "The Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) and Debian package systems";
	Question53 = "An administrator wants to delete /home/baduser but mistakenly types rm -r / home/baduser as root (note the extra space). What will be the consequence?";
	Answer53 = "This command recursively deletes all the files in the root (/) and home/baduser directories, effectively destroying the entire Linux installation.";
	Question54 = "Which server would you run to allow Linux to function as a file and print server to Windows and OS/2 systems using their native file-sharing protocols?";
	Answer54 = "Samba";
	Question55 = "Where can the GRUB boot loader code be installed?";
	Answer55 = "The hard disk's MBR, a Linux partition's boot sector, or a floppy disk's boot sector. This code relies on files in the /boot partition as well.";
	Question56 = "What function does the fsck program serve?";
	Answer56 = "It checks a filesystem for errors. (fsck actually calls filesystem-specific helper programs, such as e2fsck, which do the bulk of the work.)";
	Question57 = "When a user reports a problem in a vague way, what should you do?";
	Answer57 = "Attempt to obtain more precise information about the problem by querying the user further or by investigating the problem yourself.";
	Question58 = "What user IDs (UIDs) do ordinary user accounts use?";
	Answer58 = "Depending on the distribution, ordinary user accounts receive UIDs starting at 100, 500, or 1000, and higher.";
	Question59 = "What types of manipulations can you perform on a password base to make it more secure?";
	Answer59 = "You can insert random numbers and letters into the base, vary the case of the base, and reverse the order of the base or one of its component words.";
	Question60 = "How do most Linux network servers that require usernames and passwords (such as FTP, Telnet, and SSH servers) verify the user's password?";
	Answer60 = "These servers use the standard Linux account database; users provide the same password for remote access as for local logins.";
	Question61 = "What command would you type in a shell to obtain information on the status of the first Ethernet interface on a Linux computer?";
	Answer61 = "ifconfig eth0";
	Question62 = "How do man pages and HOWTO documents differ?";
	Answer62 = "Man pages are brief summaries describing the function of specific programs, configuration files, and so on. HOWTOs are tutorial documents on topics.";
	Question63 = "What is the most common choice of software to implement as a Web server in Linux?";
	Answer63 = "Apache";
	Question64 = "What type of mouse is ideal for use in Linux?";
	Answer64 = "A three-button mouse; many X programs assume three buttons are available.";
	Question65 = "What tool does Debian provide that can be used to keep your system automatically up-to-date with the latest system updates?";
	Answer65 = "apt-get";
	Question66 = "When is it most appropriate to set the system clock to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC, a.k.a. GMT, Greenwich Mean Time)?";
	Answer66 = "When Linux is the only OS installed on the computer. Most x86 OSs assume the hardware clock is set to local time, but Linux can cope with local time or UTC.";
	Question67 = "Most Linux distributions ship with kernels that include drivers you may or may not need. What must you do to eliminate unnecessary drivers from your kernel?";
	Answer67 = "Reconfigure the kernel and recompile it from source code.";
	Question68 = "What modes does the Vi editor support, and what are they for?";
	Answer68 = "Command mode (to enter internal Vi commands), ex mode (to enter external and file-related commands), and edit (aka insert) mode (to edit text).";
	Question69 = "What will happen if you enter the incorrect gateway (router) address when you are configuring networking?";
	Answer69 = "You'll be able to access systems on your local network, but you won't be able to access systems on other networks or the Internet.";
	Question70 = "Your computer has a large hard disk and you cannot allow extended downtime doing filesystem checks after a power failure. How can you avoid this?";
	Answer70 = "Use a journaling filesystem, such as ReiserFS, ext3fs, XFS, or JFS.";
	Question71 = "Who should have access to password files stored on a floppy disk?";
	Answer71 = "Password files stored on floppy disks pose a security threat themselves. They should be kept under lock and key--ideally in a safe that can be accessed only by system administrators who can ordinarily read the original files.";
	Question72 = "Where is a good place to keep an administrator's logbook?";
	Answer72 = "In a paper notebook near the computer";
	Question73 = "You notice a single failed login for a user in a log file, followed immediately by a successful login for that user. What's the most likely explanation?";
	Answer73 = "The user mistyped or momentarily forgot the password but then typed it correctly.";
	Question74 = "What symbol identifies variables when they're used (but not when they're assigned values) in a bash shell script?";
	Answer74 = "$ (preceding the variable name)";
	Question75 = "On a verify pass of a backup, you discover that /bin/ls, /etc/X11/xorg.conf, and several other files have changed. What does this indicate?";
	Answer75 = "There's probably serious corruption in the backup process-data errors on the tape's bus, a bad tape, a bad disk, or some other problem.";
	Question76 = "What method does the locate command use to find files?";
	Answer76 = "It searches a database that it updates periodically via cron jobs.";
	Question77 = "What type of removable device interface is common on laptop computers but rare on desktops?";
	Answer77 = "PC Card, aka PCMCIA";
	Question78 = "What happens to a process if its parent is killed or exits?";
	Answer78 = "It's adopted by another process (typically init).";
	Question79 = "Why might you create a separate partition for /usr/local?";
	Answer79 = "To protect it from damage in case of a filesystem failure or system upgrade, or because you have two hard disks and need to split some directories to use both disks";
	Question80 = "When you type ifconfig eth0, the output includes the following: HWaddr 00:80:C8:FA:3B:0A. What does this mean?";
	Answer80 = "The network card associated with eth0 has a hardware address of 00:80:C8:FA:3B:0A.";
	Question81 = "What program is used to control a tape drive (to wind a tape past existing backups, erase a tape, and so on)?";
	Answer81 = "mt";
	Question82 = "What devices must be terminated in a SCSI chain?";
	Answer82 = "The devices at the ends of the chain. (One of these may be the SCSI host adapter.)";
	Question83 = "What command is used to submit a print job in Linux?";
	Answer83 = "lpr";
	Question84 = "Where should you install GRUB or LILO if you want to be able to restore its functionality using DOS's FDISK after installing DOS or Windows?";
	Answer84 = "A primary Linux partition's boot sector (not the disk's MBR)";
	Question85 = "What command can you use to quickly test a new X configuration after performing a reconfiguration in text mode?";
	Answer85 = "startx";
	Question86 = "What does the mv command accomplish?";
	Answer86 = "It moves or renames a file or directory.";
	Question87 = "What software can you use to make room for Linux on a disk that already contains DOS or Windows?";
	Answer87 = "Dynamic partition resizing programs like FIPS, GNU Parted, or PartitionMagic";
	Question88 = "What file directs the Linux boot process after the kernel has loaded?";
	Answer88 = "/etc/inittab";
	Question89 = "Can a single user be simultaneously logged in multiple times to a single Linux computer?";
	Answer89 = "Yes. Multiple logins are permitted through the use of virtual terminals, physical terminals on RS-232 serial ports or the like, or through network connections.";
	Question90 = "What major Linux distribution uses binary tarballs for package distribution?";
	Answer90 = "Slackware";
	Question91 = "What are the two most common busses that connect to plug-in cards?";
	Answer91 = "The most common busses that connect to plug-in cards are the PCI bus and the Advanced Graphics Port (AGP) bus.";
	Question92 = "When you're installing from a CD-ROM, what is the primary drawback to a GUI installation routine?";
	Answer92 = "GUI installations occasionally fail to work with some video hardware, particularly on laptop computers.";
	Question93 = "Several people report that the supercrunch program is crashing, but the system is otherwise stable. What is the most probable cause of this problem?";
	Answer93 = "A program error--a bug, systemwide program configuration error, corruption in software files, or the like";
	Question94 = "What happens when you try to run a program that requires a library that's not installed?";
	Answer94 = "The program responds with a message saying that it couldn't find a library file. (It may not be visible if the program is launched in a GUI environment.)";
	Question95 = "While you are troubleshooting a slow ATA hard disk, you decide to try changing the DMA transfer mode. What Linux tool lets you do this?";
	Answer95 = "hdparm, specifically its -X parameter";
	Question96 = "What boot methods are commonly used by Linux installers?";
	Answer96 = "Floppy and CD-ROM are the most common, but some can start from DOS or Windows.";
	Question97 = "How much damage can intruders do if they are given physical access to a computer?";
	Answer97 = "A great deal; with physical access, intruders can bypass login controls, copy data, or destroy the computer.";
	Question98 = "A particular model of sound card is on a Linux distribution's supported hardware list. What are your chances of getting the board to work with this model?";
	Answer98 = "Your chances are good, but not certain; manufacturers sometimes change their designs without changing the model number.";
	Question99 = "What does the /etc/inetd.conf file control?";
	Answer99 = "The inetd server, which launches other servers only when those servers are needed";
	Question100 = "You want to reproduce a computer's configuration on another system. What can you consult to help accomplish this goal?";
	Answer100 = "Your administrative logs (which should record important options and changes to the configuration of the first system) and backups";
	Question101 = "Under what circumstances may an ordinary (non-root) user mount a filesystem?";
	Answer101 = "When the filesystem has an entry in /etc/fstab that includes the user, users, or owner option. (If the option is owner, the user must own the filesystem's device file.)";
	Question102 = "What conditions must be met to use DHCP?";
	Answer102 = "Your network must include a DHCP server, and your computer must have appropriate hardware to connect to the network.";
	Question103 = "What is the principal advantage of selecting packages individually rather than in groups when installing the OS?";
	Answer103 = "Individual package selection lets you select or deselect individual packages, thus saving disk space and possibly improving the system's security.";
	Question104 = "What are the names of two power management protocols common on laptop computers?";
	Answer104 = "Advanced Power Management (APM) and Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)";
	Question105 = "What should you do if your network uses static IP addresses but you don't know the correct one to use for a Linux system?";
	Answer105 = "Ask your network administrator. Do not configure a system with a random IP address.";
	Question106 = "Is the 2.6.9 kernel a development or a stable kernel?";
	Answer106 = "Stable; the second number (6) is even, which denotes a stable kernel series.";
	Question107 = "The user george has left your organization. What security-related actions should you take on any computer on which george had an account?";
	Answer107 = "Delete george's accounts.";
	Question108 = "When should you use shadow passwords?";
	Answer108 = "Almost always; shadow passwords substantially improve local security.";
	Question109 = "Who may change the owner of a file?";
	Answer109 = "The file's current owner or root";
	Question110 = "You've located a new driver for a device that had not previously been supported. This driver is available as a kernel patch. What must you do to use this driver?";
	Answer110 = "Patch and recompile your Linux kernel.";
	Question111 = "What is necessary to give users the choice of using KDE or GNOME?";
	Answer111 = "Install both environments. Users can select which to use at a graphical login or by modifying their X login scripts.";
	Question112 = "What type of Ethernet device, if used at the core of a network, allows computers to communicate with full duplex speeds?";
	Answer112 = "A switch";
	Question113 = "Where can you go to find out if your video card is supported by Linux?";
	Answer113 = "The XFree86, X.org-X11, or commercial X server Web site or documentation. Some video card and video chipset manufacturers also offer X drivers.";
	Question114 = "How do you tell kill what process you want to terminate?";
	Answer114 = "You pass kill the target process's process ID (PID) number.";
	Question115 = "A user reports lost or damaged files on a floppy disk. What user error might you suspect as a cause?";
	Answer115 = "Ejecting the floppy disk without first unmounting it is the most probable user cause, but other problems, including non-user-related errors, are possible.";
	Question116 = "What does the TERM environment variable control?";
	Answer116 = "The types of codes sent to a terminal (either a local or remote login) to control such features as bold text, colors, and cursor positioning";
	Question117 = "A user reports being unable to store files on a Windows partition on a computer that dual-boots between Windows and Linux. How might you correct this problem?";
	Answer117 = "Edit /etc/fstab and add uid=UID, gid=GID, and umask=value parameters to the partition's entry. Then remount the partition with the new options.";
	Question118 = "You want to upgrade the bigserver package on an RPM-based system with a new file called bigserver-4.2.3-3.i386.rpm. What would you type?";
	Answer118 = "rpm -Uvh bigserver-4.2.3-3.i386.rpm. The v and h options may be omitted if you don't want a progress display.";
	Question119 = "What does the modprobe command do?";
	Answer119 = "It loads or removes one or more modules, including the module you specify and any on which it depends.";
	Question120 = "When you create a compressed tarball with a command like tar cvzf tarball.tgz ./, does tar apply compression to the individual files or to the archive as a whole?";
	Answer120 = "To the archive as a whole. This produces greater compression than compressing individual files, but it makes the archive more sensitive to damage.";
	Question121 = "How do you tell Linux to install from a network server?";
	Answer121 = "Boot with a network boot image or select a network installation option, depending on the distribution.";
	Question122 = "What command removes a print job from a print queue?";
	Answer122 = "lprm";
	Question123 = "Why should you test a new or upgraded application on a test system before installing it on a production system?";
	Answer123 = "To verify the program's operation on a disposable system before risking a system on which you or your users rely";
	Question124 = "What advantage does using SSH have over using Telnet for initiating a remote X session?";
	Answer124 = "SSH can tunnel the X session, thus applying encryption to all X data, including the initial username and password and all data sent via X protocols. Telnet cannot do this.";
	Question125 = "In what file is group membership recorded?";
	Answer125 = "/etc/group";
	Question126 = "What command do you use to switch the current runlevel?";
	Answer126 = "telinit";
	Question127 = "Under what circumstances is Telnet a good remote administration tool?";
	Answer127 = "Only within very secure private networks; its lack of encryption makes it very dangerous as a remote administration tool otherwise.";
	Question128 = "How do you create a user cron job?";
	Answer128 = "Use the crontab program.";
	Question129 = "Why might you want to delay creating user accounts until after installation?";
	Answer129 = "Post-installation account-creation tools are usually more flexible than the tools that are provided during installation.";
	Question130 = "You want to determine what speed a serial port is configured to use. What tool can do this?";
	Answer130 = "setserial";
	Question131 = "What are the most important general-purpose log files on most Linux systems?";
	Answer131 = "/var/log/messages, /var/log/syslog, and /var/log/secure. (Not all distributions use all three of these, though.)";
	Question132 = "What three factors does X use to compute the refresh rate you'll see?";
	Answer132 = "The monitor's maximum horizontal refresh rate, the monitor's maximum vertical refresh rate, and the resolution";
	Question133 = "What type of information does the df command return?";
	Answer133 = "The devices and mount points associated with mounted filesystems, those filesystems' sizes, and the used and available space on those filesystems";
	Question134 = "What are the settings for serial ATA disks?";
	Answer134 = "Each serial ATA disk may be a master or a slave. Modern drives have extra options--one to set master status on single-drive chains and another to set the status automatically.";
	Question135 = "Why are SUID root programs rare?";
	Answer135 = "They're a potential security risk because too-powerful programs or bugs could allow unscrupulous users to abuse the program.";
	Question136 = "What are some common sources of emergency disk sets?";
	Answer136 = "Linux's boot/emergency disk, third-party emergency disks, small distributions on Zip or LS-120 disks, distributions that boot from a CD-ROM";
	Question137 = "You want to kill a process by name. What command can you use to do this?";
	Answer137 = "Type killall processname. Alternatively, you can use ps to find the process ID (PID) of the process and use kill.";
	Question138 = "What backup medium is best suited to long-term archival storage, and why?";
	Answer138 = "Optical media like CD-R, because they have very long shelf lives (10-100 years, by most estimates)";
	Question139 = "What tools are most commonly used to install or remove Debian packages?";
	Answer139 = "dselect, dpkg, apt-get, or GUI front ends to these";
	Question140 = "What are likely explanations if fsck begins reporting errors on a regular basis even after clean system shutdowns?";
	Answer140 = "The hard disk or some related hardware component may be going bad, or your kernel may lack fixes for bugs in your ATA controller.";
	Question141 = "What kernel should you use to obtain support for many USB devices?";
	Answer141 = "2.2.18 or later, or 2.4.0 or later";
	Question142 = "What is the function of the tail command?";
	Answer142 = "It displays the last few lines (10 by default) of a file.";
	Question143 = "What types of errors will leave traces in system log files?";
	Answer143 = "Errors related to programs that log errors in system log files, such as many servers, the kernel (and hence some hardware problems), and user login processes.";
	Question144 = "What type of software can block access to any or all network ports on a computer?";
	Answer144 = "A firewall (typically implemented in Linux with ipfwadm, ipchains, or iptables)";
	Question145 = "Which will benefit more from having SCSI hard disks: a typical workstation or a busy mail server?";
	Answer145 = "The mail server will, because this task is very disk intensive, and SCSI disks can provide better speed in some high-usage conditions.";
	Question146 = "What does the cp command accomplish?";
	Answer146 = "It copies one or more files.";
	Question147 = "How can you locate processes that have open files on a filesystem and are, as a result, preventing you from unmounting the filesystem?";
	Answer147 = "lsof displays a list of all open files; you can then pipe lsof's output through grep to search for open files on the filesystem in question.";
	Question148 = "You notice that an important log file is missing from its normal location. What could this be a symptom of?";
	Answer148 = "Intruders often try to cover their tracks by altering or deleting log files. Upon noticing the file missing, you should begin to look for other symptoms of an intrusion.";
	Question149 = "What is the best way to stop a server that was started through a SysV startup script?";
	Answer149 = "Type the startup script's name followed by stop, as in /etc/rc.d/init.d/server stop.";
	Question150 = "What system utility can you use to periodically check the status of a trouble-prone utility that should normally be running at all times?";
	Answer150 = "You can write a script to check and, if necessary, restart the process, and you can call that script in a cron job.";
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	Question1 = "Traditionally, the Linux kernel has had to reside below what cylinder?";
	Answer1 = "Traditionally, the Linux kernel has had to reside below the 1024th cylinder. Recent versions of LILO and GRUB enable new Linux distributions to be installed anywhere on a hard disk if the BIOS supports this feature.";
	Question2 = "What is the major difference between a workstation and a server?";
	Answer2 = "Individuals use workstations for productivity tasks; servers exchange data with other computers over a network.";
	Question3 = "What can be used to link together multiple programs so that the output of one program becomes the input of another?";
	Answer3 = "Pipes enable you to link together multiple programs. At the command line, the pipe character is |.";
	Question4 = "What command will show you the path of the directory you are currently working in?";
	Answer4 = "The pwd command will show you the path of the directory you are currently in.";
	Question5 = "What command will show you the numeric value currently being subtracted from the default permissions of newly created files?";
	Answer5 = "The umask command will show you the numeric value currently being subtracted from the default permissions of newly created files and directories.";
	Question6 = "What is the purpose of awk?";
	Answer6 = "It is a scripting language that provides complex pattern-matching facilities.";
	Question7 = "What utility can be used to locate files in common binary, documentation, and configuration directories?";
	Answer7 = "The whereis utility locates files in common binary, documentation, and configuration directories.";
	Question8 = "How can PAM be used to help restrict user access?";
	Answer8 = "You can add PAM modules to your configuration that can deny any specified user access to the computer based on the user's location or other characteristics, even if the user enters a valid password.";
	Question9 = "Why is it dangerous to constantly log in as the root user?";
	Answer9 = "Overuse of the root account increases the odds that your root password will be discovered. If root mistypes a command, the consequences can be far more damaging than is the case when an ordinary user does so.";
	Question10 = "What command can be used to execute a single command with alternative permission?";
	Answer10 = "The sudo command can be used to execute a single command with alternative permission.";
	Question11 = "What utility allows you to edit disk quota information?";
	Answer11 = "The edquota utility allows you to edit disk quota information.";
	Question12 = "You want to modify a user's account settings relating to account expiration. What utility should you use?";
	Answer12 = "The chage command allows you to modify account settings relating to account expiration.";
	Question13 = "What character does Linux use to symbolize the root directory?";
	Answer13 = "The root directory is Linux is represented by /.";
	Question14 = "Why would a RAID array be useful and what is it?";
	Answer14 = "A RAID array can be used to increase disk speed, disk reliability, or both. The array uses multiple disks to work around individual disk speed limitations or to store duplicate copies of (or checksums for) data.";
	Question15 = "What programs does Linux use to write to optical media?";
	Answer15 = "Linux uses the mkisofs program to create an ISO-9660 filesystem, which is then burned to the disc by cdrecord.";
	Question16 = "What is the purpose of the nice command?";
	Answer16 = "It allows you to run a program with a specified priority.";
	Question17 = "What utility can you use to send a single packet to a target system, which should reply, confirming the existence of a basic network connection?";
	Answer17 = "The ping utility sends a single packet to a target system and can be used to confirm the existence of a basic network connection.";
	Question18 = "If you are using static routing, what command can you use to add an entry to the routing table?";
	Answer18 = "The route add command is used to add an entry to the routing table.";
	Question19 = "What is the purpose of creating a baseline?";
	Answer19 = "A baseline describes how your system normally performs. If a problem develops, the baseline will help you identify the source and verify that a problem really is (or is not) in the subsystem you suspect it's in.";
	Question20 = "What does the output of the uptime utility show?";
	Answer20 = "The output of the uptime utility shows the time the system has been running, as well as three load averages (for the past minute, the past 5 minutes, and the past 15 minutes).";
	Question21 = "What type of information is typically included in installation log files?";
	Answer21 = "The names of packages installed and error messages";
	Question22 = "How many serial ATA devices can fit on a single serial ATA chain?";
	Answer22 = "Two. (A computer can support multiple chains, though, and most have two on the motherboard.)";
	Question23 = "What command is used to create a filesystem?";
	Answer23 = "mkfs. This command actually calls filesystem-specific creation tools like mkfs.ext2 (aka mke2fs), which you can call directly if you prefer.";
	Question24 = "What program does Linux use to convert PostScript into formats suitable for a wide range of non-PostScript printers?";
	Answer24 = "Ghostscript";
	Question25 = "What are some common solutions to the problem of an unsatisfied dependency when installing a program package?";
	Answer25 = "Force the installation, install/upgrade the required package, install a different version of the target package, or rebuild the target package from source code.";
	Question26 = "What software component determines whether Linux supports a given SCSI host adapter?";
	Answer26 = "The Linux kernel";
	Question27 = "What is the physical location of the first code an x86 CPU executes when it starts up?";
	Answer27 = "In the BIOS, which is stored on a chip on the motherboard";
	Question28 = "What command would you type at a shell prompt to view the contents of the /usr/local/bin directory?";
	Answer28 = "ls /usr/local/bin";
	Question29 = "Why is NFS generally preferable to SMB/CIFS (Samba) for file sharing between two Linux or Unix computers?";
	Answer29 = "NFS supports the ownership, permission, and other Unix-style file features used by Linux, but SMB/CIFS doesn't.";
	Question30 = "How can you identify processes that consume an inordinate amount of CPU time?";
	Answer30 = "The top utility or the ps utility with appropriate switches";
	Question31 = "What must you remember to do after you edit /etc/lilo.conf so that your changes will take effect?";
	Answer31 = "Type lilo to install a new boot loader that reflects your modifications.";
	Question32 = "What program can help identify slow or unreliable routers between you and a target system on the Internet?";
	Answer32 = "traceroute";
	Question33 = "What system associates IP addresses with hostnames?";
	Answer33 = "The Domain Name System (DNS), which is a distributed set of name server computers";
	Question34 = "What's the most common type of local network hardware today?";
	Answer34 = "Ethernet";
	Question35 = "What program displays information on the jobs in a print queue?";
	Answer35 = "lpq";
	Question36 = "On what partition type(s) (primary, extended, or logical) may the Linux root (/) partition reside?";
	Answer36 = "Primary or logical; extended partitions are “placeholders” for one or more logical partitions.";
	Question37 = "What methods are most commonly used to shut down a Linux system?";
	Answer37 = "The shutdown command at a command prompt or a shutdown option at a GUI login prompt. The telinit command can also be used to do this.";
	Question38 = "What types of problems most often generate kernel oops messages?";
	Answer38 = "Hardware malfunctions and kernel bugs";
	Question39 = "What do the Exim and Postfix programs have in common?";
	Answer39 = "They're both SMTP mail servers.";
	Question40 = "When should you set the root password?";
	Answer40 = "During system installation. For distributions that don't give the option at that time, set the root password as soon as possible after installation.";
	Question41 = "After reconfiguring your boot loader or kernel, you reboot but don't see any Linux-generated messages, or even a partial GRUB or LILO prompt. What is the likely cause?";
	Answer41 = "The boot loader isn't installed or the BIOS is configured to try to boot from the wrong partition.";
	Question42 = "What is accomplished by the command chmod a+x scriptfile?";
	Answer42 = "The command adds execute permissions for the owner, group, and world to scriptfile-the file is made executable.";
	Question43 = "The root user types passwd sandra. Assuming that the user sandra exists, what information will root then have to enter?";
	Answer43 = "A new password for sandra, and a repeat of the same password to be sure it was entered correctly. The root user doesn't need to enter the current password.";
	Question44 = "When you configure a system to use a static IP address, what information do you enter manually?";
	Answer44 = "The IP address, the netmask (a.k.a. the network mask or subnet mask), the IP addresses of 1-3 DNS servers, and the gateway (router) address";
	Question45 = "What command can you use to discover how much space is being used by files in a specified directory?";
	Answer45 = "du";
	Question46 = "How can you locate stray files belonging to a user when deleting that user's account?";
	Answer46 = "Use the find command with its -uid parameter, as in find / -uid 504, to find all files owned by the user whose UID is 504.";
	Question47 = "In what two forms does Linux swap space generally come?";
	Answer47 = "A dedicated swap partition or a swap file within a regular filesystem";
	Question48 = "What pull protocols are most commonly used for e-mail retrieval?";
	Answer48 = "Post Office Protocol (POP) and Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)";
	Question49 = "Where do network servers typically record error messages?";
	Answer49 = "In a log file, such as /var/log/messages, or a server-specific log file";
	Question50 = "What OSs can GRUB boot?";
	Answer50 = "Almost any x86 OS, including Linux, BSD-based Unix variants, the GNU HURD, DOS, Windows, OS/2, and BeOS";
	Question51 = "A Linux system is displaying an X desktop, but you want to use a text-based screen to log in as another user. How can you do this?";
	Answer51 = "Press Ctrl+Alt+F1 (or use some other function key numbered from 1 to 6) to get a text-mode login prompt, then log in normally.";
	Question52 = "Which common package management systems include support for dependency tracking?";
	Answer52 = "The Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) and Debian package systems";
	Question53 = "An administrator wants to delete /home/baduser but mistakenly types rm -r / home/baduser as root (note the extra space). What will be the consequence?";
	Answer53 = "This command recursively deletes all the files in the root (/) and home/baduser directories, effectively destroying the entire Linux installation.";
	Question54 = "Which server would you run to allow Linux to function as a file and print server to Windows and OS/2 systems using their native file-sharing protocols?";
	Answer54 = "Samba";
	Question55 = "Where can the GRUB boot loader code be installed?";
	Answer55 = "The hard disk's MBR, a Linux partition's boot sector, or a floppy disk's boot sector. This code relies on files in the /boot partition as well.";
	Question56 = "What function does the fsck program serve?";
	Answer56 = "It checks a filesystem for errors. (fsck actually calls filesystem-specific helper programs, such as e2fsck, which do the bulk of the work.)";
	Question57 = "When a user reports a problem in a vague way, what should you do?";
	Answer57 = "Attempt to obtain more precise information about the problem by querying the user further or by investigating the problem yourself.";
	Question58 = "What user IDs (UIDs) do ordinary user accounts use?";
	Answer58 = "Depending on the distribution, ordinary user accounts receive UIDs starting at 100, 500, or 1000, and higher.";
	Question59 = "What types of manipulations can you perform on a password base to make it more secure?";
	Answer59 = "You can insert random numbers and letters into the base, vary the case of the base, and reverse the order of the base or one of its component words.";
	Question60 = "How do most Linux network servers that require usernames and passwords (such as FTP, Telnet, and SSH servers) verify the user's password?";
	Answer60 = "These servers use the standard Linux account database; users provide the same password for remote access as for local logins.";
	Question61 = "What command would you type in a shell to obtain information on the status of the first Ethernet interface on a Linux computer?";
	Answer61 = "ifconfig eth0";
	Question62 = "How do man pages and HOWTO documents differ?";
	Answer62 = "Man pages are brief summaries describing the function of specific programs, configuration files, and so on. HOWTOs are tutorial documents on topics.";
	Question63 = "What is the most common choice of software to implement as a Web server in Linux?";
	Answer63 = "Apache";
	Question64 = "What type of mouse is ideal for use in Linux?";
	Answer64 = "A three-button mouse; many X programs assume three buttons are available.";
	Question65 = "What tool does Debian provide that can be used to keep your system automatically up-to-date with the latest system updates?";
	Answer65 = "apt-get";
	Question66 = "When is it most appropriate to set the system clock to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC, a.k.a. GMT, Greenwich Mean Time)?";
	Answer66 = "When Linux is the only OS installed on the computer. Most x86 OSs assume the hardware clock is set to local time, but Linux can cope with local time or UTC.";
	Question67 = "Most Linux distributions ship with kernels that include drivers you may or may not need. What must you do to eliminate unnecessary drivers from your kernel?";
	Answer67 = "Reconfigure the kernel and recompile it from source code.";
	Question68 = "What modes does the Vi editor support, and what are they for?";
	Answer68 = "Command mode (to enter internal Vi commands), ex mode (to enter external and file-related commands), and edit (aka insert) mode (to edit text).";
	Question69 = "What will happen if you enter the incorrect gateway (router) address when you are configuring networking?";
	Answer69 = "You'll be able to access systems on your local network, but you won't be able to access systems on other networks or the Internet.";
	Question70 = "Your computer has a large hard disk and you cannot allow extended downtime doing filesystem checks after a power failure. How can you avoid this?";
	Answer70 = "Use a journaling filesystem, such as ReiserFS, ext3fs, XFS, or JFS.";
	Question71 = "Who should have access to password files stored on a floppy disk?";
	Answer71 = "Password files stored on floppy disks pose a security threat themselves. They should be kept under lock and key--ideally in a safe that can be accessed only by system administrators who can ordinarily read the original files.";
	Question72 = "Where is a good place to keep an administrator's logbook?";
	Answer72 = "In a paper notebook near the computer";
	Question73 = "You notice a single failed login for a user in a log file, followed immediately by a successful login for that user. What's the most likely explanation?";
	Answer73 = "The user mistyped or momentarily forgot the password but then typed it correctly.";
	Question74 = "What symbol identifies variables when they're used (but not when they're assigned values) in a bash shell script?";
	Answer74 = "$ (preceding the variable name)";
	Question75 = "On a verify pass of a backup, you discover that /bin/ls, /etc/X11/xorg.conf, and several other files have changed. What does this indicate?";
	Answer75 = "There's probably serious corruption in the backup process-data errors on the tape's bus, a bad tape, a bad disk, or some other problem.";
	Question76 = "What method does the locate command use to find files?";
	Answer76 = "It searches a database that it updates periodically via cron jobs.";
	Question77 = "What type of removable device interface is common on laptop computers but rare on desktops?";
	Answer77 = "PC Card, aka PCMCIA";
	Question78 = "What happens to a process if its parent is killed or exits?";
	Answer78 = "It's adopted by another process (typically init).";
	Question79 = "Why might you create a separate partition for /usr/local?";
	Answer79 = "To protect it from damage in case of a filesystem failure or system upgrade, or because you have two hard disks and need to split some directories to use both disks";
	Question80 = "When you type ifconfig eth0, the output includes the following: HWaddr 00:80:C8:FA:3B:0A. What does this mean?";
	Answer80 = "The network card associated with eth0 has a hardware address of 00:80:C8:FA:3B:0A.";
	Question81 = "What program is used to control a tape drive (to wind a tape past existing backups, erase a tape, and so on)?";
	Answer81 = "mt";
	Question82 = "What devices must be terminated in a SCSI chain?";
	Answer82 = "The devices at the ends of the chain. (One of these may be the SCSI host adapter.)";
	Question83 = "What command is used to submit a print job in Linux?";
	Answer83 = "lpr";
	Question84 = "Where should you install GRUB or LILO if you want to be able to restore its functionality using DOS's FDISK after installing DOS or Windows?";
	Answer84 = "A primary Linux partition's boot sector (not the disk's MBR)";
	Question85 = "What command can you use to quickly test a new X configuration after performing a reconfiguration in text mode?";
	Answer85 = "startx";
	Question86 = "What does the mv command accomplish?";
	Answer86 = "It moves or renames a file or directory.";
	Question87 = "What software can you use to make room for Linux on a disk that already contains DOS or Windows?";
	Answer87 = "Dynamic partition resizing programs like FIPS, GNU Parted, or PartitionMagic";
	Question88 = "What file directs the Linux boot process after the kernel has loaded?";
	Answer88 = "/etc/inittab";
	Question89 = "Can a single user be simultaneously logged in multiple times to a single Linux computer?";
	Answer89 = "Yes. Multiple logins are permitted through the use of virtual terminals, physical terminals on RS-232 serial ports or the like, or through network connections.";
	Question90 = "What major Linux distribution uses binary tarballs for package distribution?";
	Answer90 = "Slackware";
	Question91 = "What are the two most common busses that connect to plug-in cards?";
	Answer91 = "The most common busses that connect to plug-in cards are the PCI bus and the Advanced Graphics Port (AGP) bus.";
	Question92 = "When you're installing from a CD-ROM, what is the primary drawback to a GUI installation routine?";
	Answer92 = "GUI installations occasionally fail to work with some video hardware, particularly on laptop computers.";
	Question93 = "Several people report that the supercrunch program is crashing, but the system is otherwise stable. What is the most probable cause of this problem?";
	Answer93 = "A program error--a bug, systemwide program configuration error, corruption in software files, or the like";
	Question94 = "What happens when you try to run a program that requires a library that's not installed?";
	Answer94 = "The program responds with a message saying that it couldn't find a library file. (It may not be visible if the program is launched in a GUI environment.)";
	Question95 = "While you are troubleshooting a slow ATA hard disk, you decide to try changing the DMA transfer mode. What Linux tool lets you do this?";
	Answer95 = "hdparm, specifically its -X parameter";
	Question96 = "What boot methods are commonly used by Linux installers?";
	Answer96 = "Floppy and CD-ROM are the most common, but some can start from DOS or Windows.";
	Question97 = "How much damage can intruders do if they are given physical access to a computer?";
	Answer97 = "A great deal; with physical access, intruders can bypass login controls, copy data, or destroy the computer.";
	Question98 = "A particular model of sound card is on a Linux distribution's supported hardware list. What are your chances of getting the board to work with this model?";
	Answer98 = "Your chances are good, but not certain; manufacturers sometimes change their designs without changing the model number.";
	Question99 = "What does the /etc/inetd.conf file control?";
	Answer99 = "The inetd server, which launches other servers only when those servers are needed";
	Question100 = "You want to reproduce a computer's configuration on another system. What can you consult to help accomplish this goal?";
	Answer100 = "Your administrative logs (which should record important options and changes to the configuration of the first system) and backups";
	Question101 = "Under what circumstances may an ordinary (non-root) user mount a filesystem?";
	Answer101 = "When the filesystem has an entry in /etc/fstab that includes the user, users, or owner option. (If the option is owner, the user must own the filesystem's device file.)";
	Question102 = "What conditions must be met to use DHCP?";
	Answer102 = "Your network must include a DHCP server, and your computer must have appropriate hardware to connect to the network.";
	Question103 = "What is the principal advantage of selecting packages individually rather than in groups when installing the OS?";
	Answer103 = "Individual package selection lets you select or deselect individual packages, thus saving disk space and possibly improving the system's security.";
	Question104 = "What are the names of two power management protocols common on laptop computers?";
	Answer104 = "Advanced Power Management (APM) and Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)";
	Question105 = "What should you do if your network uses static IP addresses but you don't know the correct one to use for a Linux system?";
	Answer105 = "Ask your network administrator. Do not configure a system with a random IP address.";
	Question106 = "Is the 2.6.9 kernel a development or a stable kernel?";
	Answer106 = "Stable; the second number (6) is even, which denotes a stable kernel series.";
	Question107 = "The user george has left your organization. What security-related actions should you take on any computer on which george had an account?";
	Answer107 = "Delete george's accounts.";
	Question108 = "When should you use shadow passwords?";
	Answer108 = "Almost always; shadow passwords substantially improve local security.";
	Question109 = "Who may change the owner of a file?";
	Answer109 = "The file's current owner or root";
	Question110 = "You've located a new driver for a device that had not previously been supported. This driver is available as a kernel patch. What must you do to use this driver?";
	Answer110 = "Patch and recompile your Linux kernel.";
	Question111 = "What is necessary to give users the choice of using KDE or GNOME?";
	Answer111 = "Install both environments. Users can select which to use at a graphical login or by modifying their X login scripts.";
	Question112 = "What type of Ethernet device, if used at the core of a network, allows computers to communicate with full duplex speeds?";
	Answer112 = "A switch";
	Question113 = "Where can you go to find out if your video card is supported by Linux?";
	Answer113 = "The XFree86, X.org-X11, or commercial X server Web site or documentation. Some video card and video chipset manufacturers also offer X drivers.";
	Question114 = "How do you tell kill what process you want to terminate?";
	Answer114 = "You pass kill the target process's process ID (PID) number.";
	Question115 = "A user reports lost or damaged files on a floppy disk. What user error might you suspect as a cause?";
	Answer115 = "Ejecting the floppy disk without first unmounting it is the most probable user cause, but other problems, including non-user-related errors, are possible.";
	Question116 = "What does the TERM environment variable control?";
	Answer116 = "The types of codes sent to a terminal (either a local or remote login) to control such features as bold text, colors, and cursor positioning";
	Question117 = "A user reports being unable to store files on a Windows partition on a computer that dual-boots between Windows and Linux. How might you correct this problem?";
	Answer117 = "Edit /etc/fstab and add uid=UID, gid=GID, and umask=value parameters to the partition's entry. Then remount the partition with the new options.";
	Question118 = "You want to upgrade the bigserver package on an RPM-based system with a new file called bigserver-4.2.3-3.i386.rpm. What would you type?";
	Answer118 = "rpm -Uvh bigserver-4.2.3-3.i386.rpm. The v and h options may be omitted if you don't want a progress display.";
	Question119 = "What does the modprobe command do?";
	Answer119 = "It loads or removes one or more modules, including the module you specify and any on which it depends.";
	Question120 = "When you create a compressed tarball with a command like tar cvzf tarball.tgz ./, does tar apply compression to the individual files or to the archive as a whole?";
	Answer120 = "To the archive as a whole. This produces greater compression than compressing individual files, but it makes the archive more sensitive to damage.";
	Question121 = "How do you tell Linux to install from a network server?";
	Answer121 = "Boot with a network boot image or select a network installation option, depending on the distribution.";
	Question122 = "What command removes a print job from a print queue?";
	Answer122 = "lprm";
	Question123 = "Why should you test a new or upgraded application on a test system before installing it on a production system?";
	Answer123 = "To verify the program's operation on a disposable system before risking a system on which you or your users rely";
	Question124 = "What advantage does using SSH have over using Telnet for initiating a remote X session?";
	Answer124 = "SSH can tunnel the X session, thus applying encryption to all X data, including the initial username and password and all data sent via X protocols. Telnet cannot do this.";
	Question125 = "In what file is group membership recorded?";
	Answer125 = "/etc/group";
	Question126 = "What command do you use to switch the current runlevel?";
	Answer126 = "telinit";
	Question127 = "Under what circumstances is Telnet a good remote administration tool?";
	Answer127 = "Only within very secure private networks; its lack of encryption makes it very dangerous as a remote administration tool otherwise.";
	Question128 = "How do you create a user cron job?";
	Answer128 = "Use the crontab program.";
	Question129 = "Why might you want to delay creating user accounts until after installation?";
	Answer129 = "Post-installation account-creation tools are usually more flexible than the tools that are provided during installation.";
	Question130 = "You want to determine what speed a serial port is configured to use. What tool can do this?";
	Answer130 = "setserial";
	Question131 = "What are the most important general-purpose log files on most Linux systems?";
	Answer131 = "/var/log/messages, /var/log/syslog, and /var/log/secure. (Not all distributions use all three of these, though.)";
	Question132 = "What three factors does X use to compute the refresh rate you'll see?";
	Answer132 = "The monitor's maximum horizontal refresh rate, the monitor's maximum vertical refresh rate, and the resolution";
	Question133 = "What type of information does the df command return?";
	Answer133 = "The devices and mount points associated with mounted filesystems, those filesystems' sizes, and the used and available space on those filesystems";
	Question134 = "What are the settings for serial ATA disks?";
	Answer134 = "Each serial ATA disk may be a master or a slave. Modern drives have extra options--one to set master status on single-drive chains and another to set the status automatically.";
	Question135 = "Why are SUID root programs rare?";
	Answer135 = "They're a potential security risk because too-powerful programs or bugs could allow unscrupulous users to abuse the program.";
	Question136 = "What are some common sources of emergency disk sets?";
	Answer136 = "Linux's boot/emergency disk, third-party emergency disks, small distributions on Zip or LS-120 disks, distributions that boot from a CD-ROM";
	Question137 = "You want to kill a process by name. What command can you use to do this?";
	Answer137 = "Type killall processname. Alternatively, you can use ps to find the process ID (PID) of the process and use kill.";
	Question138 = "What backup medium is best suited to long-term archival storage, and why?";
	Answer138 = "Optical media like CD-R, because they have very long shelf lives (10-100 years, by most estimates)";
	Question139 = "What tools are most commonly used to install or remove Debian packages?";
	Answer139 = "dselect, dpkg, apt-get, or GUI front ends to these";
	Question140 = "What are likely explanations if fsck begins reporting errors on a regular basis even after clean system shutdowns?";
	Answer140 = "The hard disk or some related hardware component may be going bad, or your kernel may lack fixes for bugs in your ATA controller.";
	Question141 = "What kernel should you use to obtain support for many USB devices?";
	Answer141 = "2.2.18 or later, or 2.4.0 or later";
	Question142 = "What is the function of the tail command?";
	Answer142 = "It displays the last few lines (10 by default) of a file.";
	Question143 = "What types of errors will leave traces in system log files?";
	Answer143 = "Errors related to programs that log errors in system log files, such as many servers, the kernel (and hence some hardware problems), and user login processes.";
	Question144 = "What type of software can block access to any or all network ports on a computer?";
	Answer144 = "A firewall (typically implemented in Linux with ipfwadm, ipchains, or iptables)";
	Question145 = "Which will benefit more from having SCSI hard disks: a typical workstation or a busy mail server?";
	Answer145 = "The mail server will, because this task is very disk intensive, and SCSI disks can provide better speed in some high-usage conditions.";
	Question146 = "What does the cp command accomplish?";
	Answer146 = "It copies one or more files.";
	Question147 = "How can you locate processes that have open files on a filesystem and are, as a result, preventing you from unmounting the filesystem?";
	Answer147 = "lsof displays a list of all open files; you can then pipe lsof's output through grep to search for open files on the filesystem in question.";
	Question148 = "You notice that an important log file is missing from its normal location. What could this be a symptom of?";
	Answer148 = "Intruders often try to cover their tracks by altering or deleting log files. Upon noticing the file missing, you should begin to look for other symptoms of an intrusion.";
	Question149 = "What is the best way to stop a server that was started through a SysV startup script?";
	Answer149 = "Type the startup script's name followed by stop, as in /etc/rc.d/init.d/server stop.";
	Question150 = "What system utility can you use to periodically check the status of a trouble-prone utility that should normally be running at all times?";
	Answer150 = "You can write a script to check and, if necessary, restart the process, and you can call that script in a cron job.";
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	Question1 = "Traditionally, the Linux kernel has had to reside below what cylinder?";
	Answer1 = "Traditionally, the Linux kernel has had to reside below the 1024th cylinder. Recent versions of LILO and GRUB enable new Linux distributions to be installed anywhere on a hard disk if the BIOS supports this feature.";
	Question2 = "What is the major difference between a workstation and a server?";
	Answer2 = "Individuals use workstations for productivity tasks; servers exchange data with other computers over a network.";
	Question3 = "What can be used to link together multiple programs so that the output of one program becomes the input of another?";
	Answer3 = "Pipes enable you to link together multiple programs. At the command line, the pipe character is |.";
	Question4 = "What command will show you the path of the directory you are currently working in?";
	Answer4 = "The pwd command will show you the path of the directory you are currently in.";
	Question5 = "What command will show you the numeric value currently being subtracted from the default permissions of newly created files?";
	Answer5 = "The umask command will show you the numeric value currently being subtracted from the default permissions of newly created files and directories.";
	Question6 = "What is the purpose of awk?";
	Answer6 = "It is a scripting language that provides complex pattern-matching facilities.";
	Question7 = "What utility can be used to locate files in common binary, documentation, and configuration directories?";
	Answer7 = "The whereis utility locates files in common binary, documentation, and configuration directories.";
	Question8 = "How can PAM be used to help restrict user access?";
	Answer8 = "You can add PAM modules to your configuration that can deny any specified user access to the computer based on the user's location or other characteristics, even if the user enters a valid password.";
	Question9 = "Why is it dangerous to constantly log in as the root user?";
	Answer9 = "Overuse of the root account increases the odds that your root password will be discovered. If root mistypes a command, the consequences can be far more damaging than is the case when an ordinary user does so.";
	Question10 = "What command can be used to execute a single command with alternative permission?";
	Answer10 = "The sudo command can be used to execute a single command with alternative permission.";
	Question11 = "What utility allows you to edit disk quota information?";
	Answer11 = "The edquota utility allows you to edit disk quota information.";
	Question12 = "You want to modify a user's account settings relating to account expiration. What utility should you use?";
	Answer12 = "The chage command allows you to modify account settings relating to account expiration.";
	Question13 = "What character does Linux use to symbolize the root directory?";
	Answer13 = "The root directory is Linux is represented by /.";
	Question14 = "Why would a RAID array be useful and what is it?";
	Answer14 = "A RAID array can be used to increase disk speed, disk reliability, or both. The array uses multiple disks to work around individual disk speed limitations or to store duplicate copies of (or checksums for) data.";
	Question15 = "What programs does Linux use to write to optical media?";
	Answer15 = "Linux uses the mkisofs program to create an ISO-9660 filesystem, which is then burned to the disc by cdrecord.";
	Question16 = "What is the purpose of the nice command?";
	Answer16 = "It allows you to run a program with a specified priority.";
	Question17 = "What utility can you use to send a single packet to a target system, which should reply, confirming the existence of a basic network connection?";
	Answer17 = "The ping utility sends a single packet to a target system and can be used to confirm the existence of a basic network connection.";
	Question18 = "If you are using static routing, what command can you use to add an entry to the routing table?";
	Answer18 = "The route add command is used to add an entry to the routing table.";
	Question19 = "What is the purpose of creating a baseline?";
	Answer19 = "A baseline describes how your system normally performs. If a problem develops, the baseline will help you identify the source and verify that a problem really is (or is not) in the subsystem you suspect it's in.";
	Question20 = "What does the output of the uptime utility show?";
	Answer20 = "The output of the uptime utility shows the time the system has been running, as well as three load averages (for the past minute, the past 5 minutes, and the past 15 minutes).";
	Question21 = "What type of information is typically included in installation log files?";
	Answer21 = "The names of packages installed and error messages";
	Question22 = "How many serial ATA devices can fit on a single serial ATA chain?";
	Answer22 = "Two. (A computer can support multiple chains, though, and most have two on the motherboard.)";
	Question23 = "What command is used to create a filesystem?";
	Answer23 = "mkfs. This command actually calls filesystem-specific creation tools like mkfs.ext2 (aka mke2fs), which you can call directly if you prefer.";
	Question24 = "What program does Linux use to convert PostScript into formats suitable for a wide range of non-PostScript printers?";
	Answer24 = "Ghostscript";
	Question25 = "What are some common solutions to the problem of an unsatisfied dependency when installing a program package?";
	Answer25 = "Force the installation, install/upgrade the required package, install a different version of the target package, or rebuild the target package from source code.";
	Question26 = "What software component determines whether Linux supports a given SCSI host adapter?";
	Answer26 = "The Linux kernel";
	Question27 = "What is the physical location of the first code an x86 CPU executes when it starts up?";
	Answer27 = "In the BIOS, which is stored on a chip on the motherboard";
	Question28 = "What command would you type at a shell prompt to view the contents of the /usr/local/bin directory?";
	Answer28 = "ls /usr/local/bin";
	Question29 = "Why is NFS generally preferable to SMB/CIFS (Samba) for file sharing between two Linux or Unix computers?";
	Answer29 = "NFS supports the ownership, permission, and other Unix-style file features used by Linux, but SMB/CIFS doesn't.";
	Question30 = "How can you identify processes that consume an inordinate amount of CPU time?";
	Answer30 = "The top utility or the ps utility with appropriate switches";
	Question31 = "What must you remember to do after you edit /etc/lilo.conf so that your changes will take effect?";
	Answer31 = "Type lilo to install a new boot loader that reflects your modifications.";
	Question32 = "What program can help identify slow or unreliable routers between you and a target system on the Internet?";
	Answer32 = "traceroute";
	Question33 = "What system associates IP addresses with hostnames?";
	Answer33 = "The Domain Name System (DNS), which is a distributed set of name server computers";
	Question34 = "What's the most common type of local network hardware today?";
	Answer34 = "Ethernet";
	Question35 = "What program displays information on the jobs in a print queue?";
	Answer35 = "lpq";
	Question36 = "On what partition type(s) (primary, extended, or logical) may the Linux root (/) partition reside?";
	Answer36 = "Primary or logical; extended partitions are “placeholders” for one or more logical partitions.";
	Question37 = "What methods are most commonly used to shut down a Linux system?";
	Answer37 = "The shutdown command at a command prompt or a shutdown option at a GUI login prompt. The telinit command can also be used to do this.";
	Question38 = "What types of problems most often generate kernel oops messages?";
	Answer38 = "Hardware malfunctions and kernel bugs";
	Question39 = "What do the Exim and Postfix programs have in common?";
	Answer39 = "They're both SMTP mail servers.";
	Question40 = "When should you set the root password?";
	Answer40 = "During system installation. For distributions that don't give the option at that time, set the root password as soon as possible after installation.";
	Question41 = "After reconfiguring your boot loader or kernel, you reboot but don't see any Linux-generated messages, or even a partial GRUB or LILO prompt. What is the likely cause?";
	Answer41 = "The boot loader isn't installed or the BIOS is configured to try to boot from the wrong partition.";
	Question42 = "What is accomplished by the command chmod a+x scriptfile?";
	Answer42 = "The command adds execute permissions for the owner, group, and world to scriptfile-the file is made executable.";
	Question43 = "The root user types passwd sandra. Assuming that the user sandra exists, what information will root then have to enter?";
	Answer43 = "A new password for sandra, and a repeat of the same password to be sure it was entered correctly. The root user doesn't need to enter the current password.";
	Question44 = "When you configure a system to use a static IP address, what information do you enter manually?";
	Answer44 = "The IP address, the netmask (a.k.a. the network mask or subnet mask), the IP addresses of 1-3 DNS servers, and the gateway (router) address";
	Question45 = "What command can you use to discover how much space is being used by files in a specified directory?";
	Answer45 = "du";
	Question46 = "How can you locate stray files belonging to a user when deleting that user's account?";
	Answer46 = "Use the find command with its -uid parameter, as in find / -uid 504, to find all files owned by the user whose UID is 504.";
	Question47 = "In what two forms does Linux swap space generally come?";
	Answer47 = "A dedicated swap partition or a swap file within a regular filesystem";
	Question48 = "What pull protocols are most commonly used for e-mail retrieval?";
	Answer48 = "Post Office Protocol (POP) and Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)";
	Question49 = "Where do network servers typically record error messages?";
	Answer49 = "In a log file, such as /var/log/messages, or a server-specific log file";
	Question50 = "What OSs can GRUB boot?";
	Answer50 = "Almost any x86 OS, including Linux, BSD-based Unix variants, the GNU HURD, DOS, Windows, OS/2, and BeOS";
	Question51 = "A Linux system is displaying an X desktop, but you want to use a text-based screen to log in as another user. How can you do this?";
	Answer51 = "Press Ctrl+Alt+F1 (or use some other function key numbered from 1 to 6) to get a text-mode login prompt, then log in normally.";
	Question52 = "Which common package management systems include support for dependency tracking?";
	Answer52 = "The Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) and Debian package systems";
	Question53 = "An administrator wants to delete /home/baduser but mistakenly types rm -r / home/baduser as root (note the extra space). What will be the consequence?";
	Answer53 = "This command recursively deletes all the files in the root (/) and home/baduser directories, effectively destroying the entire Linux installation.";
	Question54 = "Which server would you run to allow Linux to function as a file and print server to Windows and OS/2 systems using their native file-sharing protocols?";
	Answer54 = "Samba";
	Question55 = "Where can the GRUB boot loader code be installed?";
	Answer55 = "The hard disk's MBR, a Linux partition's boot sector, or a floppy disk's boot sector. This code relies on files in the /boot partition as well.";
	Question56 = "What function does the fsck program serve?";
	Answer56 = "It checks a filesystem for errors. (fsck actually calls filesystem-specific helper programs, such as e2fsck, which do the bulk of the work.)";
	Question57 = "When a user reports a problem in a vague way, what should you do?";
	Answer57 = "Attempt to obtain more precise information about the problem by querying the user further or by investigating the problem yourself.";
	Question58 = "What user IDs (UIDs) do ordinary user accounts use?";
	Answer58 = "Depending on the distribution, ordinary user accounts receive UIDs starting at 100, 500, or 1000, and higher.";
	Question59 = "What types of manipulations can you perform on a password base to make it more secure?";
	Answer59 = "You can insert random numbers and letters into the base, vary the case of the base, and reverse the order of the base or one of its component words.";
	Question60 = "How do most Linux network servers that require usernames and passwords (such as FTP, Telnet, and SSH servers) verify the user's password?";
	Answer60 = "These servers use the standard Linux account database; users provide the same password for remote access as for local logins.";
	Question61 = "What command would you type in a shell to obtain information on the status of the first Ethernet interface on a Linux computer?";
	Answer61 = "ifconfig eth0";
	Question62 = "How do man pages and HOWTO documents differ?";
	Answer62 = "Man pages are brief summaries describing the function of specific programs, configuration files, and so on. HOWTOs are tutorial documents on topics.";
	Question63 = "What is the most common choice of software to implement as a Web server in Linux?";
	Answer63 = "Apache";
	Question64 = "What type of mouse is ideal for use in Linux?";
	Answer64 = "A three-button mouse; many X programs assume three buttons are available.";
	Question65 = "What tool does Debian provide that can be used to keep your system automatically up-to-date with the latest system updates?";
	Answer65 = "apt-get";
	Question66 = "When is it most appropriate to set the system clock to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC, a.k.a. GMT, Greenwich Mean Time)?";
	Answer66 = "When Linux is the only OS installed on the computer. Most x86 OSs assume the hardware clock is set to local time, but Linux can cope with local time or UTC.";
	Question67 = "Most Linux distributions ship with kernels that include drivers you may or may not need. What must you do to eliminate unnecessary drivers from your kernel?";
	Answer67 = "Reconfigure the kernel and recompile it from source code.";
	Question68 = "What modes does the Vi editor support, and what are they for?";
	Answer68 = "Command mode (to enter internal Vi commands), ex mode (to enter external and file-related commands), and edit (aka insert) mode (to edit text).";
	Question69 = "What will happen if you enter the incorrect gateway (router) address when you are configuring networking?";
	Answer69 = "You'll be able to access systems on your local network, but you won't be able to access systems on other networks or the Internet.";
	Question70 = "Your computer has a large hard disk and you cannot allow extended downtime doing filesystem checks after a power failure. How can you avoid this?";
	Answer70 = "Use a journaling filesystem, such as ReiserFS, ext3fs, XFS, or JFS.";
	Question71 = "Who should have access to password files stored on a floppy disk?";
	Answer71 = "Password files stored on floppy disks pose a security threat themselves. They should be kept under lock and key--ideally in a safe that can be accessed only by system administrators who can ordinarily read the original files.";
	Question72 = "Where is a good place to keep an administrator's logbook?";
	Answer72 = "In a paper notebook near the computer";
	Question73 = "You notice a single failed login for a user in a log file, followed immediately by a successful login for that user. What's the most likely explanation?";
	Answer73 = "The user mistyped or momentarily forgot the password but then typed it correctly.";
	Question74 = "What symbol identifies variables when they're used (but not when they're assigned values) in a bash shell script?";
	Answer74 = "$ (preceding the variable name)";
	Question75 = "On a verify pass of a backup, you discover that /bin/ls, /etc/X11/xorg.conf, and several other files have changed. What does this indicate?";
	Answer75 = "There's probably serious corruption in the backup process-data errors on the tape's bus, a bad tape, a bad disk, or some other problem.";
	Question76 = "What method does the locate command use to find files?";
	Answer76 = "It searches a database that it updates periodically via cron jobs.";
	Question77 = "What type of removable device interface is common on laptop computers but rare on desktops?";
	Answer77 = "PC Card, aka PCMCIA";
	Question78 = "What happens to a process if its parent is killed or exits?";
	Answer78 = "It's adopted by another process (typically init).";
	Question79 = "Why might you create a separate partition for /usr/local?";
	Answer79 = "To protect it from damage in case of a filesystem failure or system upgrade, or because you have two hard disks and need to split some directories to use both disks";
	Question80 = "When you type ifconfig eth0, the output includes the following: HWaddr 00:80:C8:FA:3B:0A. What does this mean?";
	Answer80 = "The network card associated with eth0 has a hardware address of 00:80:C8:FA:3B:0A.";
	Question81 = "What program is used to control a tape drive (to wind a tape past existing backups, erase a tape, and so on)?";
	Answer81 = "mt";
	Question82 = "What devices must be terminated in a SCSI chain?";
	Answer82 = "The devices at the ends of the chain. (One of these may be the SCSI host adapter.)";
	Question83 = "What command is used to submit a print job in Linux?";
	Answer83 = "lpr";
	Question84 = "Where should you install GRUB or LILO if you want to be able to restore its functionality using DOS's FDISK after installing DOS or Windows?";
	Answer84 = "A primary Linux partition's boot sector (not the disk's MBR)";
	Question85 = "What command can you use to quickly test a new X configuration after performing a reconfiguration in text mode?";
	Answer85 = "startx";
	Question86 = "What does the mv command accomplish?";
	Answer86 = "It moves or renames a file or directory.";
	Question87 = "What software can you use to make room for Linux on a disk that already contains DOS or Windows?";
	Answer87 = "Dynamic partition resizing programs like FIPS, GNU Parted, or PartitionMagic";
	Question88 = "What file directs the Linux boot process after the kernel has loaded?";
	Answer88 = "/etc/inittab";
	Question89 = "Can a single user be simultaneously logged in multiple times to a single Linux computer?";
	Answer89 = "Yes. Multiple logins are permitted through the use of virtual terminals, physical terminals on RS-232 serial ports or the like, or through network connections.";
	Question90 = "What major Linux distribution uses binary tarballs for package distribution?";
	Answer90 = "Slackware";
	Question91 = "What are the two most common busses that connect to plug-in cards?";
	Answer91 = "The most common busses that connect to plug-in cards are the PCI bus and the Advanced Graphics Port (AGP) bus.";
	Question92 = "When you're installing from a CD-ROM, what is the primary drawback to a GUI installation routine?";
	Answer92 = "GUI installations occasionally fail to work with some video hardware, particularly on laptop computers.";
	Question93 = "Several people report that the supercrunch program is crashing, but the system is otherwise stable. What is the most probable cause of this problem?";
	Answer93 = "A program error--a bug, systemwide program configuration error, corruption in software files, or the like";
	Question94 = "What happens when you try to run a program that requires a library that's not installed?";
	Answer94 = "The program responds with a message saying that it couldn't find a library file. (It may not be visible if the program is launched in a GUI environment.)";
	Question95 = "While you are troubleshooting a slow ATA hard disk, you decide to try changing the DMA transfer mode. What Linux tool lets you do this?";
	Answer95 = "hdparm, specifically its -X parameter";
	Question96 = "What boot methods are commonly used by Linux installers?";
	Answer96 = "Floppy and CD-ROM are the most common, but some can start from DOS or Windows.";
	Question97 = "How much damage can intruders do if they are given physical access to a computer?";
	Answer97 = "A great deal; with physical access, intruders can bypass login controls, copy data, or destroy the computer.";
	Question98 = "A particular model of sound card is on a Linux distribution's supported hardware list. What are your chances of getting the board to work with this model?";
	Answer98 = "Your chances are good, but not certain; manufacturers sometimes change their designs without changing the model number.";
	Question99 = "What does the /etc/inetd.conf file control?";
	Answer99 = "The inetd server, which launches other servers only when those servers are needed";
	Question100 = "You want to reproduce a computer's configuration on another system. What can you consult to help accomplish this goal?";
	Answer100 = "Your administrative logs (which should record important options and changes to the configuration of the first system) and backups";
	Question101 = "Under what circumstances may an ordinary (non-root) user mount a filesystem?";
	Answer101 = "When the filesystem has an entry in /etc/fstab that includes the user, users, or owner option. (If the option is owner, the user must own the filesystem's device file.)";
	Question102 = "What conditions must be met to use DHCP?";
	Answer102 = "Your network must include a DHCP server, and your computer must have appropriate hardware to connect to the network.";
	Question103 = "What is the principal advantage of selecting packages individually rather than in groups when installing the OS?";
	Answer103 = "Individual package selection lets you select or deselect individual packages, thus saving disk space and possibly improving the system's security.";
	Question104 = "What are the names of two power management protocols common on laptop computers?";
	Answer104 = "Advanced Power Management (APM) and Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)";
	Question105 = "What should you do if your network uses static IP addresses but you don't know the correct one to use for a Linux system?";
	Answer105 = "Ask your network administrator. Do not configure a system with a random IP address.";
	Question106 = "Is the 2.6.9 kernel a development or a stable kernel?";
	Answer106 = "Stable; the second number (6) is even, which denotes a stable kernel series.";
	Question107 = "The user george has left your organization. What security-related actions should you take on any computer on which george had an account?";
	Answer107 = "Delete george's accounts.";
	Question108 = "When should you use shadow passwords?";
	Answer108 = "Almost always; shadow passwords substantially improve local security.";
	Question109 = "Who may change the owner of a file?";
	Answer109 = "The file's current owner or root";
	Question110 = "You've located a new driver for a device that had not previously been supported. This driver is available as a kernel patch. What must you do to use this driver?";
	Answer110 = "Patch and recompile your Linux kernel.";
	Question111 = "What is necessary to give users the choice of using KDE or GNOME?";
	Answer111 = "Install both environments. Users can select which to use at a graphical login or by modifying their X login scripts.";
	Question112 = "What type of Ethernet device, if used at the core of a network, allows computers to communicate with full duplex speeds?";
	Answer112 = "A switch";
	Question113 = "Where can you go to find out if your video card is supported by Linux?";
	Answer113 = "The XFree86, X.org-X11, or commercial X server Web site or documentation. Some video card and video chipset manufacturers also offer X drivers.";
	Question114 = "How do you tell kill what process you want to terminate?";
	Answer114 = "You pass kill the target process's process ID (PID) number.";
	Question115 = "A user reports lost or damaged files on a floppy disk. What user error might you suspect as a cause?";
	Answer115 = "Ejecting the floppy disk without first unmounting it is the most probable user cause, but other problems, including non-user-related errors, are possible.";
	Question116 = "What does the TERM environment variable control?";
	Answer116 = "The types of codes sent to a terminal (either a local or remote login) to control such features as bold text, colors, and cursor positioning";
	Question117 = "A user reports being unable to store files on a Windows partition on a computer that dual-boots between Windows and Linux. How might you correct this problem?";
	Answer117 = "Edit /etc/fstab and add uid=UID, gid=GID, and umask=value parameters to the partition's entry. Then remount the partition with the new options.";
	Question118 = "You want to upgrade the bigserver package on an RPM-based system with a new file called bigserver-4.2.3-3.i386.rpm. What would you type?";
	Answer118 = "rpm -Uvh bigserver-4.2.3-3.i386.rpm. The v and h options may be omitted if you don't want a progress display.";
	Question119 = "What does the modprobe command do?";
	Answer119 = "It loads or removes one or more modules, including the module you specify and any on which it depends.";
	Question120 = "When you create a compressed tarball with a command like tar cvzf tarball.tgz ./, does tar apply compression to the individual files or to the archive as a whole?";
	Answer120 = "To the archive as a whole. This produces greater compression than compressing individual files, but it makes the archive more sensitive to damage.";
	Question121 = "How do you tell Linux to install from a network server?";
	Answer121 = "Boot with a network boot image or select a network installation option, depending on the distribution.";
	Question122 = "What command removes a print job from a print queue?";
	Answer122 = "lprm";
	Question123 = "Why should you test a new or upgraded application on a test system before installing it on a production system?";
	Answer123 = "To verify the program's operation on a disposable system before risking a system on which you or your users rely";
	Question124 = "What advantage does using SSH have over using Telnet for initiating a remote X session?";
	Answer124 = "SSH can tunnel the X session, thus applying encryption to all X data, including the initial username and password and all data sent via X protocols. Telnet cannot do this.";
	Question125 = "In what file is group membership recorded?";
	Answer125 = "/etc/group";
	Question126 = "What command do you use to switch the current runlevel?";
	Answer126 = "telinit";
	Question127 = "Under what circumstances is Telnet a good remote administration tool?";
	Answer127 = "Only within very secure private networks; its lack of encryption makes it very dangerous as a remote administration tool otherwise.";
	Question128 = "How do you create a user cron job?";
	Answer128 = "Use the crontab program.";
	Question129 = "Why might you want to delay creating user accounts until after installation?";
	Answer129 = "Post-installation account-creation tools are usually more flexible than the tools that are provided during installation.";
	Question130 = "You want to determine what speed a serial port is configured to use. What tool can do this?";
	Answer130 = "setserial";
	Question131 = "What are the most important general-purpose log files on most Linux systems?";
	Answer131 = "/var/log/messages, /var/log/syslog, and /var/log/secure. (Not all distributions use all three of these, though.)";
	Question132 = "What three factors does X use to compute the refresh rate you'll see?";
	Answer132 = "The monitor's maximum horizontal refresh rate, the monitor's maximum vertical refresh rate, and the resolution";
	Question133 = "What type of information does the df command return?";
	Answer133 = "The devices and mount points associated with mounted filesystems, those filesystems' sizes, and the used and available space on those filesystems";
	Question134 = "What are the settings for serial ATA disks?";
	Answer134 = "Each serial ATA disk may be a master or a slave. Modern drives have extra options--one to set master status on single-drive chains and another to set the status automatically.";
	Question135 = "Why are SUID root programs rare?";
	Answer135 = "They're a potential security risk because too-powerful programs or bugs could allow unscrupulous users to abuse the program.";
	Question136 = "What are some common sources of emergency disk sets?";
	Answer136 = "Linux's boot/emergency disk, third-party emergency disks, small distributions on Zip or LS-120 disks, distributions that boot from a CD-ROM";
	Question137 = "You want to kill a process by name. What command can you use to do this?";
	Answer137 = "Type killall processname. Alternatively, you can use ps to find the process ID (PID) of the process and use kill.";
	Question138 = "What backup medium is best suited to long-term archival storage, and why?";
	Answer138 = "Optical media like CD-R, because they have very long shelf lives (10-100 years, by most estimates)";
	Question139 = "What tools are most commonly used to install or remove Debian packages?";
	Answer139 = "dselect, dpkg, apt-get, or GUI front ends to these";
	Question140 = "What are likely explanations if fsck begins reporting errors on a regular basis even after clean system shutdowns?";
	Answer140 = "The hard disk or some related hardware component may be going bad, or your kernel may lack fixes for bugs in your ATA controller.";
	Question141 = "What kernel should you use to obtain support for many USB devices?";
	Answer141 = "2.2.18 or later, or 2.4.0 or later";
	Question142 = "What is the function of the tail command?";
	Answer142 = "It displays the last few lines (10 by default) of a file.";
	Question143 = "What types of errors will leave traces in system log files?";
	Answer143 = "Errors related to programs that log errors in system log files, such as many servers, the kernel (and hence some hardware problems), and user login processes.";
	Question144 = "What type of software can block access to any or all network ports on a computer?";
	Answer144 = "A firewall (typically implemented in Linux with ipfwadm, ipchains, or iptables)";
	Question145 = "Which will benefit more from having SCSI hard disks: a typical workstation or a busy mail server?";
	Answer145 = "The mail server will, because this task is very disk intensive, and SCSI disks can provide better speed in some high-usage conditions.";
	Question146 = "What does the cp command accomplish?";
	Answer146 = "It copies one or more files.";
	Question147 = "How can you locate processes that have open files on a filesystem and are, as a result, preventing you from unmounting the filesystem?";
	Answer147 = "lsof displays a list of all open files; you can then pipe lsof's output through grep to search for open files on the filesystem in question.";
	Question148 = "You notice that an important log file is missing from its normal location. What could this be a symptom of?";
	Answer148 = "Intruders often try to cover their tracks by altering or deleting log files. Upon noticing the file missing, you should begin to look for other symptoms of an intrusion.";
	Question149 = "What is the best way to stop a server that was started through a SysV startup script?";
	Answer149 = "Type the startup script's name followed by stop, as in /etc/rc.d/init.d/server stop.";
	Question150 = "What system utility can you use to periodically check the status of a trouble-prone utility that should normally be running at all times?";
	Answer150 = "You can write a script to check and, if necessary, restart the process, and you can call that script in a cron job.";
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	Question1 = "Traditionally, the Linux kernel has had to reside below what cylinder?";
	Answer1 = "Traditionally, the Linux kernel has had to reside below the 1024th cylinder. Recent versions of LILO and GRUB enable new Linux distributions to be installed anywhere on a hard disk if the BIOS supports this feature.";
	Question2 = "What is the major difference between a workstation and a server?";
	Answer2 = "Individuals use workstations for productivity tasks; servers exchange data with other computers over a network.";
	Question3 = "What can be used to link together multiple programs so that the output of one program becomes the input of another?";
	Answer3 = "Pipes enable you to link together multiple programs. At the command line, the pipe character is |.";
	Question4 = "What command will show you the path of the directory you are currently working in?";
	Answer4 = "The pwd command will show you the path of the directory you are currently in.";
	Question5 = "What command will show you the numeric value currently being subtracted from the default permissions of newly created files?";
	Answer5 = "The umask command will show you the numeric value currently being subtracted from the default permissions of newly created files and directories.";
	Question6 = "What is the purpose of awk?";
	Answer6 = "It is a scripting language that provides complex pattern-matching facilities.";
	Question7 = "What utility can be used to locate files in common binary, documentation, and configuration directories?";
	Answer7 = "The whereis utility locates files in common binary, documentation, and configuration directories.";
	Question8 = "How can PAM be used to help restrict user access?";
	Answer8 = "You can add PAM modules to your configuration that can deny any specified user access to the computer based on the user's location or other characteristics, even if the user enters a valid password.";
	Question9 = "Why is it dangerous to constantly log in as the root user?";
	Answer9 = "Overuse of the root account increases the odds that your root password will be discovered. If root mistypes a command, the consequences can be far more damaging than is the case when an ordinary user does so.";
	Question10 = "What command can be used to execute a single command with alternative permission?";
	Answer10 = "The sudo command can be used to execute a single command with alternative permission.";
	Question11 = "What utility allows you to edit disk quota information?";
	Answer11 = "The edquota utility allows you to edit disk quota information.";
	Question12 = "You want to modify a user's account settings relating to account expiration. What utility should you use?";
	Answer12 = "The chage command allows you to modify account settings relating to account expiration.";
	Question13 = "What character does Linux use to symbolize the root directory?";
	Answer13 = "The root directory is Linux is represented by /.";
	Question14 = "Why would a RAID array be useful and what is it?";
	Answer14 = "A RAID array can be used to increase disk speed, disk reliability, or both. The array uses multiple disks to work around individual disk speed limitations or to store duplicate copies of (or checksums for) data.";
	Question15 = "What programs does Linux use to write to optical media?";
	Answer15 = "Linux uses the mkisofs program to create an ISO-9660 filesystem, which is then burned to the disc by cdrecord.";
	Question16 = "What is the purpose of the nice command?";
	Answer16 = "It allows you to run a program with a specified priority.";
	Question17 = "What utility can you use to send a single packet to a target system, which should reply, confirming the existence of a basic network connection?";
	Answer17 = "The ping utility sends a single packet to a target system and can be used to confirm the existence of a basic network connection.";
	Question18 = "If you are using static routing, what command can you use to add an entry to the routing table?";
	Answer18 = "The route add command is used to add an entry to the routing table.";
	Question19 = "What is the purpose of creating a baseline?";
	Answer19 = "A baseline describes how your system normally performs. If a problem develops, the baseline will help you identify the source and verify that a problem really is (or is not) in the subsystem you suspect it's in.";
	Question20 = "What does the output of the uptime utility show?";
	Answer20 = "The output of the uptime utility shows the time the system has been running, as well as three load averages (for the past minute, the past 5 minutes, and the past 15 minutes).";
	Question21 = "What type of information is typically included in installation log files?";
	Answer21 = "The names of packages installed and error messages";
	Question22 = "How many serial ATA devices can fit on a single serial ATA chain?";
	Answer22 = "Two. (A computer can support multiple chains, though, and most have two on the motherboard.)";
	Question23 = "What command is used to create a filesystem?";
	Answer23 = "mkfs. This command actually calls filesystem-specific creation tools like mkfs.ext2 (aka mke2fs), which you can call directly if you prefer.";
	Question24 = "What program does Linux use to convert PostScript into formats suitable for a wide range of non-PostScript printers?";
	Answer24 = "Ghostscript";
	Question25 = "What are some common solutions to the problem of an unsatisfied dependency when installing a program package?";
	Answer25 = "Force the installation, install/upgrade the required package, install a different version of the target package, or rebuild the target package from source code.";
	Question26 = "What software component determines whether Linux supports a given SCSI host adapter?";
	Answer26 = "The Linux kernel";
	Question27 = "What is the physical location of the first code an x86 CPU executes when it starts up?";
	Answer27 = "In the BIOS, which is stored on a chip on the motherboard";
	Question28 = "What command would you type at a shell prompt to view the contents of the /usr/local/bin directory?";
	Answer28 = "ls /usr/local/bin";
	Question29 = "Why is NFS generally preferable to SMB/CIFS (Samba) for file sharing between two Linux or Unix computers?";
	Answer29 = "NFS supports the ownership, permission, and other Unix-style file features used by Linux, but SMB/CIFS doesn't.";
	Question30 = "How can you identify processes that consume an inordinate amount of CPU time?";
	Answer30 = "The top utility or the ps utility with appropriate switches";
	Question31 = "What must you remember to do after you edit /etc/lilo.conf so that your changes will take effect?";
	Answer31 = "Type lilo to install a new boot loader that reflects your modifications.";
	Question32 = "What program can help identify slow or unreliable routers between you and a target system on the Internet?";
	Answer32 = "traceroute";
	Question33 = "What system associates IP addresses with hostnames?";
	Answer33 = "The Domain Name System (DNS), which is a distributed set of name server computers";
	Question34 = "What's the most common type of local network hardware today?";
	Answer34 = "Ethernet";
	Question35 = "What program displays information on the jobs in a print queue?";
	Answer35 = "lpq";
	Question36 = "On what partition type(s) (primary, extended, or logical) may the Linux root (/) partition reside?";
	Answer36 = "Primary or logical; extended partitions are “placeholders” for one or more logical partitions.";
	Question37 = "What methods are most commonly used to shut down a Linux system?";
	Answer37 = "The shutdown command at a command prompt or a shutdown option at a GUI login prompt. The telinit command can also be used to do this.";
	Question38 = "What types of problems most often generate kernel oops messages?";
	Answer38 = "Hardware malfunctions and kernel bugs";
	Question39 = "What do the Exim and Postfix programs have in common?";
	Answer39 = "They're both SMTP mail servers.";
	Question40 = "When should you set the root password?";
	Answer40 = "During system installation. For distributions that don't give the option at that time, set the root password as soon as possible after installation.";
	Question41 = "After reconfiguring your boot loader or kernel, you reboot but don't see any Linux-generated messages, or even a partial GRUB or LILO prompt. What is the likely cause?";
	Answer41 = "The boot loader isn't installed or the BIOS is configured to try to boot from the wrong partition.";
	Question42 = "What is accomplished by the command chmod a+x scriptfile?";
	Answer42 = "The command adds execute permissions for the owner, group, and world to scriptfile-the file is made executable.";
	Question43 = "The root user types passwd sandra. Assuming that the user sandra exists, what information will root then have to enter?";
	Answer43 = "A new password for sandra, and a repeat of the same password to be sure it was entered correctly. The root user doesn't need to enter the current password.";
	Question44 = "When you configure a system to use a static IP address, what information do you enter manually?";
	Answer44 = "The IP address, the netmask (a.k.a. the network mask or subnet mask), the IP addresses of 1-3 DNS servers, and the gateway (router) address";
	Question45 = "What command can you use to discover how much space is being used by files in a specified directory?";
	Answer45 = "du";
	Question46 = "How can you locate stray files belonging to a user when deleting that user's account?";
	Answer46 = "Use the find command with its -uid parameter, as in find / -uid 504, to find all files owned by the user whose UID is 504.";
	Question47 = "In what two forms does Linux swap space generally come?";
	Answer47 = "A dedicated swap partition or a swap file within a regular filesystem";
	Question48 = "What pull protocols are most commonly used for e-mail retrieval?";
	Answer48 = "Post Office Protocol (POP) and Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)";
	Question49 = "Where do network servers typically record error messages?";
	Answer49 = "In a log file, such as /var/log/messages, or a server-specific log file";
	Question50 = "What OSs can GRUB boot?";
	Answer50 = "Almost any x86 OS, including Linux, BSD-based Unix variants, the GNU HURD, DOS, Windows, OS/2, and BeOS";
	Question51 = "A Linux system is displaying an X desktop, but you want to use a text-based screen to log in as another user. How can you do this?";
	Answer51 = "Press Ctrl+Alt+F1 (or use some other function key numbered from 1 to 6) to get a text-mode login prompt, then log in normally.";
	Question52 = "Which common package management systems include support for dependency tracking?";
	Answer52 = "The Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) and Debian package systems";
	Question53 = "An administrator wants to delete /home/baduser but mistakenly types rm -r / home/baduser as root (note the extra space). What will be the consequence?";
	Answer53 = "This command recursively deletes all the files in the root (/) and home/baduser directories, effectively destroying the entire Linux installation.";
	Question54 = "Which server would you run to allow Linux to function as a file and print server to Windows and OS/2 systems using their native file-sharing protocols?";
	Answer54 = "Samba";
	Question55 = "Where can the GRUB boot loader code be installed?";
	Answer55 = "The hard disk's MBR, a Linux partition's boot sector, or a floppy disk's boot sector. This code relies on files in the /boot partition as well.";
	Question56 = "What function does the fsck program serve?";
	Answer56 = "It checks a filesystem for errors. (fsck actually calls filesystem-specific helper programs, such as e2fsck, which do the bulk of the work.)";
	Question57 = "When a user reports a problem in a vague way, what should you do?";
	Answer57 = "Attempt to obtain more precise information about the problem by querying the user further or by investigating the problem yourself.";
	Question58 = "What user IDs (UIDs) do ordinary user accounts use?";
	Answer58 = "Depending on the distribution, ordinary user accounts receive UIDs starting at 100, 500, or 1000, and higher.";
	Question59 = "What types of manipulations can you perform on a password base to make it more secure?";
	Answer59 = "You can insert random numbers and letters into the base, vary the case of the base, and reverse the order of the base or one of its component words.";
	Question60 = "How do most Linux network servers that require usernames and passwords (such as FTP, Telnet, and SSH servers) verify the user's password?";
	Answer60 = "These servers use the standard Linux account database; users provide the same password for remote access as for local logins.";
	Question61 = "What command would you type in a shell to obtain information on the status of the first Ethernet interface on a Linux computer?";
	Answer61 = "ifconfig eth0";
	Question62 = "How do man pages and HOWTO documents differ?";
	Answer62 = "Man pages are brief summaries describing the function of specific programs, configuration files, and so on. HOWTOs are tutorial documents on topics.";
	Question63 = "What is the most common choice of software to implement as a Web server in Linux?";
	Answer63 = "Apache";
	Question64 = "What type of mouse is ideal for use in Linux?";
	Answer64 = "A three-button mouse; many X programs assume three buttons are available.";
	Question65 = "What tool does Debian provide that can be used to keep your system automatically up-to-date with the latest system updates?";
	Answer65 = "apt-get";
	Question66 = "When is it most appropriate to set the system clock to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC, a.k.a. GMT, Greenwich Mean Time)?";
	Answer66 = "When Linux is the only OS installed on the computer. Most x86 OSs assume the hardware clock is set to local time, but Linux can cope with local time or UTC.";
	Question67 = "Most Linux distributions ship with kernels that include drivers you may or may not need. What must you do to eliminate unnecessary drivers from your kernel?";
	Answer67 = "Reconfigure the kernel and recompile it from source code.";
	Question68 = "What modes does the Vi editor support, and what are they for?";
	Answer68 = "Command mode (to enter internal Vi commands), ex mode (to enter external and file-related commands), and edit (aka insert) mode (to edit text).";
	Question69 = "What will happen if you enter the incorrect gateway (router) address when you are configuring networking?";
	Answer69 = "You'll be able to access systems on your local network, but you won't be able to access systems on other networks or the Internet.";
	Question70 = "Your computer has a large hard disk and you cannot allow extended downtime doing filesystem checks after a power failure. How can you avoid this?";
	Answer70 = "Use a journaling filesystem, such as ReiserFS, ext3fs, XFS, or JFS.";
	Question71 = "Who should have access to password files stored on a floppy disk?";
	Answer71 = "Password files stored on floppy disks pose a security threat themselves. They should be kept under lock and key--ideally in a safe that can be accessed only by system administrators who can ordinarily read the original files.";
	Question72 = "Where is a good place to keep an administrator's logbook?";
	Answer72 = "In a paper notebook near the computer";
	Question73 = "You notice a single failed login for a user in a log file, followed immediately by a successful login for that user. What's the most likely explanation?";
	Answer73 = "The user mistyped or momentarily forgot the password but then typed it correctly.";
	Question74 = "What symbol identifies variables when they're used (but not when they're assigned values) in a bash shell script?";
	Answer74 = "$ (preceding the variable name)";
	Question75 = "On a verify pass of a backup, you discover that /bin/ls, /etc/X11/xorg.conf, and several other files have changed. What does this indicate?";
	Answer75 = "There's probably serious corruption in the backup process-data errors on the tape's bus, a bad tape, a bad disk, or some other problem.";
	Question76 = "What method does the locate command use to find files?";
	Answer76 = "It searches a database that it updates periodically via cron jobs.";
	Question77 = "What type of removable device interface is common on laptop computers but rare on desktops?";
	Answer77 = "PC Card, aka PCMCIA";
	Question78 = "What happens to a process if its parent is killed or exits?";
	Answer78 = "It's adopted by another process (typically init).";
	Question79 = "Why might you create a separate partition for /usr/local?";
	Answer79 = "To protect it from damage in case of a filesystem failure or system upgrade, or because you have two hard disks and need to split some directories to use both disks";
	Question80 = "When you type ifconfig eth0, the output includes the following: HWaddr 00:80:C8:FA:3B:0A. What does this mean?";
	Answer80 = "The network card associated with eth0 has a hardware address of 00:80:C8:FA:3B:0A.";
	Question81 = "What program is used to control a tape drive (to wind a tape past existing backups, erase a tape, and so on)?";
	Answer81 = "mt";
	Question82 = "What devices must be terminated in a SCSI chain?";
	Answer82 = "The devices at the ends of the chain. (One of these may be the SCSI host adapter.)";
	Question83 = "What command is used to submit a print job in Linux?";
	Answer83 = "lpr";
	Question84 = "Where should you install GRUB or LILO if you want to be able to restore its functionality using DOS's FDISK after installing DOS or Windows?";
	Answer84 = "A primary Linux partition's boot sector (not the disk's MBR)";
	Question85 = "What command can you use to quickly test a new X configuration after performing a reconfiguration in text mode?";
	Answer85 = "startx";
	Question86 = "What does the mv command accomplish?";
	Answer86 = "It moves or renames a file or directory.";
	Question87 = "What software can you use to make room for Linux on a disk that already contains DOS or Windows?";
	Answer87 = "Dynamic partition resizing programs like FIPS, GNU Parted, or PartitionMagic";
	Question88 = "What file directs the Linux boot process after the kernel has loaded?";
	Answer88 = "/etc/inittab";
	Question89 = "Can a single user be simultaneously logged in multiple times to a single Linux computer?";
	Answer89 = "Yes. Multiple logins are permitted through the use of virtual terminals, physical terminals on RS-232 serial ports or the like, or through network connections.";
	Question90 = "What major Linux distribution uses binary tarballs for package distribution?";
	Answer90 = "Slackware";
	Question91 = "What are the two most common busses that connect to plug-in cards?";
	Answer91 = "The most common busses that connect to plug-in cards are the PCI bus and the Advanced Graphics Port (AGP) bus.";
	Question92 = "When you're installing from a CD-ROM, what is the primary drawback to a GUI installation routine?";
	Answer92 = "GUI installations occasionally fail to work with some video hardware, particularly on laptop computers.";
	Question93 = "Several people report that the supercrunch program is crashing, but the system is otherwise stable. What is the most probable cause of this problem?";
	Answer93 = "A program error--a bug, systemwide program configuration error, corruption in software files, or the like";
	Question94 = "What happens when you try to run a program that requires a library that's not installed?";
	Answer94 = "The program responds with a message saying that it couldn't find a library file. (It may not be visible if the program is launched in a GUI environment.)";
	Question95 = "While you are troubleshooting a slow ATA hard disk, you decide to try changing the DMA transfer mode. What Linux tool lets you do this?";
	Answer95 = "hdparm, specifically its -X parameter";
	Question96 = "What boot methods are commonly used by Linux installers?";
	Answer96 = "Floppy and CD-ROM are the most common, but some can start from DOS or Windows.";
	Question97 = "How much damage can intruders do if they are given physical access to a computer?";
	Answer97 = "A great deal; with physical access, intruders can bypass login controls, copy data, or destroy the computer.";
	Question98 = "A particular model of sound card is on a Linux distribution's supported hardware list. What are your chances of getting the board to work with this model?";
	Answer98 = "Your chances are good, but not certain; manufacturers sometimes change their designs without changing the model number.";
	Question99 = "What does the /etc/inetd.conf file control?";
	Answer99 = "The inetd server, which launches other servers only when those servers are needed";
	Question100 = "You want to reproduce a computer's configuration on another system. What can you consult to help accomplish this goal?";
	Answer100 = "Your administrative logs (which should record important options and changes to the configuration of the first system) and backups";
	Question101 = "Under what circumstances may an ordinary (non-root) user mount a filesystem?";
	Answer101 = "When the filesystem has an entry in /etc/fstab that includes the user, users, or owner option. (If the option is owner, the user must own the filesystem's device file.)";
	Question102 = "What conditions must be met to use DHCP?";
	Answer102 = "Your network must include a DHCP server, and your computer must have appropriate hardware to connect to the network.";
	Question103 = "What is the principal advantage of selecting packages individually rather than in groups when installing the OS?";
	Answer103 = "Individual package selection lets you select or deselect individual packages, thus saving disk space and possibly improving the system's security.";
	Question104 = "What are the names of two power management protocols common on laptop computers?";
	Answer104 = "Advanced Power Management (APM) and Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)";
	Question105 = "What should you do if your network uses static IP addresses but you don't know the correct one to use for a Linux system?";
	Answer105 = "Ask your network administrator. Do not configure a system with a random IP address.";
	Question106 = "Is the 2.6.9 kernel a development or a stable kernel?";
	Answer106 = "Stable; the second number (6) is even, which denotes a stable kernel series.";
	Question107 = "The user george has left your organization. What security-related actions should you take on any computer on which george had an account?";
	Answer107 = "Delete george's accounts.";
	Question108 = "When should you use shadow passwords?";
	Answer108 = "Almost always; shadow passwords substantially improve local security.";
	Question109 = "Who may change the owner of a file?";
	Answer109 = "The file's current owner or root";
	Question110 = "You've located a new driver for a device that had not previously been supported. This driver is available as a kernel patch. What must you do to use this driver?";
	Answer110 = "Patch and recompile your Linux kernel.";
	Question111 = "What is necessary to give users the choice of using KDE or GNOME?";
	Answer111 = "Install both environments. Users can select which to use at a graphical login or by modifying their X login scripts.";
	Question112 = "What type of Ethernet device, if used at the core of a network, allows computers to communicate with full duplex speeds?";
	Answer112 = "A switch";
	Question113 = "Where can you go to find out if your video card is supported by Linux?";
	Answer113 = "The XFree86, X.org-X11, or commercial X server Web site or documentation. Some video card and video chipset manufacturers also offer X drivers.";
	Question114 = "How do you tell kill what process you want to terminate?";
	Answer114 = "You pass kill the target process's process ID (PID) number.";
	Question115 = "A user reports lost or damaged files on a floppy disk. What user error might you suspect as a cause?";
	Answer115 = "Ejecting the floppy disk without first unmounting it is the most probable user cause, but other problems, including non-user-related errors, are possible.";
	Question116 = "What does the TERM environment variable control?";
	Answer116 = "The types of codes sent to a terminal (either a local or remote login) to control such features as bold text, colors, and cursor positioning";
	Question117 = "A user reports being unable to store files on a Windows partition on a computer that dual-boots between Windows and Linux. How might you correct this problem?";
	Answer117 = "Edit /etc/fstab and add uid=UID, gid=GID, and umask=value parameters to the partition's entry. Then remount the partition with the new options.";
	Question118 = "You want to upgrade the bigserver package on an RPM-based system with a new file called bigserver-4.2.3-3.i386.rpm. What would you type?";
	Answer118 = "rpm -Uvh bigserver-4.2.3-3.i386.rpm. The v and h options may be omitted if you don't want a progress display.";
	Question119 = "What does the modprobe command do?";
	Answer119 = "It loads or removes one or more modules, including the module you specify and any on which it depends.";
	Question120 = "When you create a compressed tarball with a command like tar cvzf tarball.tgz ./, does tar apply compression to the individual files or to the archive as a whole?";
	Answer120 = "To the archive as a whole. This produces greater compression than compressing individual files, but it makes the archive more sensitive to damage.";
	Question121 = "How do you tell Linux to install from a network server?";
	Answer121 = "Boot with a network boot image or select a network installation option, depending on the distribution.";
	Question122 = "What command removes a print job from a print queue?";
	Answer122 = "lprm";
	Question123 = "Why should you test a new or upgraded application on a test system before installing it on a production system?";
	Answer123 = "To verify the program's operation on a disposable system before risking a system on which you or your users rely";
	Question124 = "What advantage does using SSH have over using Telnet for initiating a remote X session?";
	Answer124 = "SSH can tunnel the X session, thus applying encryption to all X data, including the initial username and password and all data sent via X protocols. Telnet cannot do this.";
	Question125 = "In what file is group membership recorded?";
	Answer125 = "/etc/group";
	Question126 = "What command do you use to switch the current runlevel?";
	Answer126 = "telinit";
	Question127 = "Under what circumstances is Telnet a good remote administration tool?";
	Answer127 = "Only within very secure private networks; its lack of encryption makes it very dangerous as a remote administration tool otherwise.";
	Question128 = "How do you create a user cron job?";
	Answer128 = "Use the crontab program.";
	Question129 = "Why might you want to delay creating user accounts until after installation?";
	Answer129 = "Post-installation account-creation tools are usually more flexible than the tools that are provided during installation.";
	Question130 = "You want to determine what speed a serial port is configured to use. What tool can do this?";
	Answer130 = "setserial";
	Question131 = "What are the most important general-purpose log files on most Linux systems?";
	Answer131 = "/var/log/messages, /var/log/syslog, and /var/log/secure. (Not all distributions use all three of these, though.)";
	Question132 = "What three factors does X use to compute the refresh rate you'll see?";
	Answer132 = "The monitor's maximum horizontal refresh rate, the monitor's maximum vertical refresh rate, and the resolution";
	Question133 = "What type of information does the df command return?";
	Answer133 = "The devices and mount points associated with mounted filesystems, those filesystems' sizes, and the used and available space on those filesystems";
	Question134 = "What are the settings for serial ATA disks?";
	Answer134 = "Each serial ATA disk may be a master or a slave. Modern drives have extra options--one to set master status on single-drive chains and another to set the status automatically.";
	Question135 = "Why are SUID root programs rare?";
	Answer135 = "They're a potential security risk because too-powerful programs or bugs could allow unscrupulous users to abuse the program.";
	Question136 = "What are some common sources of emergency disk sets?";
	Answer136 = "Linux's boot/emergency disk, third-party emergency disks, small distributions on Zip or LS-120 disks, distributions that boot from a CD-ROM";
	Question137 = "You want to kill a process by name. What command can you use to do this?";
	Answer137 = "Type killall processname. Alternatively, you can use ps to find the process ID (PID) of the process and use kill.";
	Question138 = "What backup medium is best suited to long-term archival storage, and why?";
	Answer138 = "Optical media like CD-R, because they have very long shelf lives (10-100 years, by most estimates)";
	Question139 = "What tools are most commonly used to install or remove Debian packages?";
	Answer139 = "dselect, dpkg, apt-get, or GUI front ends to these";
	Question140 = "What are likely explanations if fsck begins reporting errors on a regular basis even after clean system shutdowns?";
	Answer140 = "The hard disk or some related hardware component may be going bad, or your kernel may lack fixes for bugs in your ATA controller.";
	Question141 = "What kernel should you use to obtain support for many USB devices?";
	Answer141 = "2.2.18 or later, or 2.4.0 or later";
	Question142 = "What is the function of the tail command?";
	Answer142 = "It displays the last few lines (10 by default) of a file.";
	Question143 = "What types of errors will leave traces in system log files?";
	Answer143 = "Errors related to programs that log errors in system log files, such as many servers, the kernel (and hence some hardware problems), and user login processes.";
	Question144 = "What type of software can block access to any or all network ports on a computer?";
	Answer144 = "A firewall (typically implemented in Linux with ipfwadm, ipchains, or iptables)";
	Question145 = "Which will benefit more from having SCSI hard disks: a typical workstation or a busy mail server?";
	Answer145 = "The mail server will, because this task is very disk intensive, and SCSI disks can provide better speed in some high-usage conditions.";
	Question146 = "What does the cp command accomplish?";
	Answer146 = "It copies one or more files.";
	Question147 = "How can you locate processes that have open files on a filesystem and are, as a result, preventing you from unmounting the filesystem?";
	Answer147 = "lsof displays a list of all open files; you can then pipe lsof's output through grep to search for open files on the filesystem in question.";
	Question148 = "You notice that an important log file is missing from its normal location. What could this be a symptom of?";
	Answer148 = "Intruders often try to cover their tracks by altering or deleting log files. Upon noticing the file missing, you should begin to look for other symptoms of an intrusion.";
	Question149 = "What is the best way to stop a server that was started through a SysV startup script?";
	Answer149 = "Type the startup script's name followed by stop, as in /etc/rc.d/init.d/server stop.";
	Question150 = "What system utility can you use to periodically check the status of a trouble-prone utility that should normally be running at all times?";
	Answer150 = "You can write a script to check and, if necessary, restart the process, and you can call that script in a cron job.";
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	Question1 = "Traditionally, the Linux kernel has had to reside below what cylinder?";
	Answer1 = "Traditionally, the Linux kernel has had to reside below the 1024th cylinder. Recent versions of LILO and GRUB enable new Linux distributions to be installed anywhere on a hard disk if the BIOS supports this feature.";
	Question2 = "What is the major difference between a workstation and a server?";
	Answer2 = "Individuals use workstations for productivity tasks; servers exchange data with other computers over a network.";
	Question3 = "What can be used to link together multiple programs so that the output of one program becomes the input of another?";
	Answer3 = "Pipes enable you to link together multiple programs. At the command line, the pipe character is |.";
	Question4 = "What command will show you the path of the directory you are currently working in?";
	Answer4 = "The pwd command will show you the path of the directory you are currently in.";
	Question5 = "What command will show you the numeric value currently being subtracted from the default permissions of newly created files?";
	Answer5 = "The umask command will show you the numeric value currently being subtracted from the default permissions of newly created files and directories.";
	Question6 = "What is the purpose of awk?";
	Answer6 = "It is a scripting language that provides complex pattern-matching facilities.";
	Question7 = "What utility can be used to locate files in common binary, documentation, and configuration directories?";
	Answer7 = "The whereis utility locates files in common binary, documentation, and configuration directories.";
	Question8 = "How can PAM be used to help restrict user access?";
	Answer8 = "You can add PAM modules to your configuration that can deny any specified user access to the computer based on the user's location or other characteristics, even if the user enters a valid password.";
	Question9 = "Why is it dangerous to constantly log in as the root user?";
	Answer9 = "Overuse of the root account increases the odds that your root password will be discovered. If root mistypes a command, the consequences can be far more damaging than is the case when an ordinary user does so.";
	Question10 = "What command can be used to execute a single command with alternative permission?";
	Answer10 = "The sudo command can be used to execute a single command with alternative permission.";
	Question11 = "What utility allows you to edit disk quota information?";
	Answer11 = "The edquota utility allows you to edit disk quota information.";
	Question12 = "You want to modify a user's account settings relating to account expiration. What utility should you use?";
	Answer12 = "The chage command allows you to modify account settings relating to account expiration.";
	Question13 = "What character does Linux use to symbolize the root directory?";
	Answer13 = "The root directory is Linux is represented by /.";
	Question14 = "Why would a RAID array be useful and what is it?";
	Answer14 = "A RAID array can be used to increase disk speed, disk reliability, or both. The array uses multiple disks to work around individual disk speed limitations or to store duplicate copies of (or checksums for) data.";
	Question15 = "What programs does Linux use to write to optical media?";
	Answer15 = "Linux uses the mkisofs program to create an ISO-9660 filesystem, which is then burned to the disc by cdrecord.";
	Question16 = "What is the purpose of the nice command?";
	Answer16 = "It allows you to run a program with a specified priority.";
	Question17 = "What utility can you use to send a single packet to a target system, which should reply, confirming the existence of a basic network connection?";
	Answer17 = "The ping utility sends a single packet to a target system and can be used to confirm the existence of a basic network connection.";
	Question18 = "If you are using static routing, what command can you use to add an entry to the routing table?";
	Answer18 = "The route add command is used to add an entry to the routing table.";
	Question19 = "What is the purpose of creating a baseline?";
	Answer19 = "A baseline describes how your system normally performs. If a problem develops, the baseline will help you identify the source and verify that a problem really is (or is not) in the subsystem you suspect it's in.";
	Question20 = "What does the output of the uptime utility show?";
	Answer20 = "The output of the uptime utility shows the time the system has been running, as well as three load averages (for the past minute, the past 5 minutes, and the past 15 minutes).";
	Question21 = "What type of information is typically included in installation log files?";
	Answer21 = "The names of packages installed and error messages";
	Question22 = "How many serial ATA devices can fit on a single serial ATA chain?";
	Answer22 = "Two. (A computer can support multiple chains, though, and most have two on the motherboard.)";
	Question23 = "What command is used to create a filesystem?";
	Answer23 = "mkfs. This command actually calls filesystem-specific creation tools like mkfs.ext2 (aka mke2fs), which you can call directly if you prefer.";
	Question24 = "What program does Linux use to convert PostScript into formats suitable for a wide range of non-PostScript printers?";
	Answer24 = "Ghostscript";
	Question25 = "What are some common solutions to the problem of an unsatisfied dependency when installing a program package?";
	Answer25 = "Force the installation, install/upgrade the required package, install a different version of the target package, or rebuild the target package from source code.";
	Question26 = "What software component determines whether Linux supports a given SCSI host adapter?";
	Answer26 = "The Linux kernel";
	Question27 = "What is the physical location of the first code an x86 CPU executes when it starts up?";
	Answer27 = "In the BIOS, which is stored on a chip on the motherboard";
	Question28 = "What command would you type at a shell prompt to view the contents of the /usr/local/bin directory?";
	Answer28 = "ls /usr/local/bin";
	Question29 = "Why is NFS generally preferable to SMB/CIFS (Samba) for file sharing between two Linux or Unix computers?";
	Answer29 = "NFS supports the ownership, permission, and other Unix-style file features used by Linux, but SMB/CIFS doesn't.";
	Question30 = "How can you identify processes that consume an inordinate amount of CPU time?";
	Answer30 = "The top utility or the ps utility with appropriate switches";
	Question31 = "What must you remember to do after you edit /etc/lilo.conf so that your changes will take effect?";
	Answer31 = "Type lilo to install a new boot loader that reflects your modifications.";
	Question32 = "What program can help identify slow or unreliable routers between you and a target system on the Internet?";
	Answer32 = "traceroute";
	Question33 = "What system associates IP addresses with hostnames?";
	Answer33 = "The Domain Name System (DNS), which is a distributed set of name server computers";
	Question34 = "What's the most common type of local network hardware today?";
	Answer34 = "Ethernet";
	Question35 = "What program displays information on the jobs in a print queue?";
	Answer35 = "lpq";
	Question36 = "On what partition type(s) (primary, extended, or logical) may the Linux root (/) partition reside?";
	Answer36 = "Primary or logical; extended partitions are “placeholders” for one or more logical partitions.";
	Question37 = "What methods are most commonly used to shut down a Linux system?";
	Answer37 = "The shutdown command at a command prompt or a shutdown option at a GUI login prompt. The telinit command can also be used to do this.";
	Question38 = "What types of problems most often generate kernel oops messages?";
	Answer38 = "Hardware malfunctions and kernel bugs";
	Question39 = "What do the Exim and Postfix programs have in common?";
	Answer39 = "They're both SMTP mail servers.";
	Question40 = "When should you set the root password?";
	Answer40 = "During system installation. For distributions that don't give the option at that time, set the root password as soon as possible after installation.";
	Question41 = "After reconfiguring your boot loader or kernel, you reboot but don't see any Linux-generated messages, or even a partial GRUB or LILO prompt. What is the likely cause?";
	Answer41 = "The boot loader isn't installed or the BIOS is configured to try to boot from the wrong partition.";
	Question42 = "What is accomplished by the command chmod a+x scriptfile?";
	Answer42 = "The command adds execute permissions for the owner, group, and world to scriptfile-the file is made executable.";
	Question43 = "The root user types passwd sandra. Assuming that the user sandra exists, what information will root then have to enter?";
	Answer43 = "A new password for sandra, and a repeat of the same password to be sure it was entered correctly. The root user doesn't need to enter the current password.";
	Question44 = "When you configure a system to use a static IP address, what information do you enter manually?";
	Answer44 = "The IP address, the netmask (a.k.a. the network mask or subnet mask), the IP addresses of 1-3 DNS servers, and the gateway (router) address";
	Question45 = "What command can you use to discover how much space is being used by files in a specified directory?";
	Answer45 = "du";
	Question46 = "How can you locate stray files belonging to a user when deleting that user's account?";
	Answer46 = "Use the find command with its -uid parameter, as in find / -uid 504, to find all files owned by the user whose UID is 504.";
	Question47 = "In what two forms does Linux swap space generally come?";
	Answer47 = "A dedicated swap partition or a swap file within a regular filesystem";
	Question48 = "What pull protocols are most commonly used for e-mail retrieval?";
	Answer48 = "Post Office Protocol (POP) and Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)";
	Question49 = "Where do network servers typically record error messages?";
	Answer49 = "In a log file, such as /var/log/messages, or a server-specific log file";
	Question50 = "What OSs can GRUB boot?";
	Answer50 = "Almost any x86 OS, including Linux, BSD-based Unix variants, the GNU HURD, DOS, Windows, OS/2, and BeOS";
	Question51 = "A Linux system is displaying an X desktop, but you want to use a text-based screen to log in as another user. How can you do this?";
	Answer51 = "Press Ctrl+Alt+F1 (or use some other function key numbered from 1 to 6) to get a text-mode login prompt, then log in normally.";
	Question52 = "Which common package management systems include support for dependency tracking?";
	Answer52 = "The Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) and Debian package systems";
	Question53 = "An administrator wants to delete /home/baduser but mistakenly types rm -r / home/baduser as root (note the extra space). What will be the consequence?";
	Answer53 = "This command recursively deletes all the files in the root (/) and home/baduser directories, effectively destroying the entire Linux installation.";
	Question54 = "Which server would you run to allow Linux to function as a file and print server to Windows and OS/2 systems using their native file-sharing protocols?";
	Answer54 = "Samba";
	Question55 = "Where can the GRUB boot loader code be installed?";
	Answer55 = "The hard disk's MBR, a Linux partition's boot sector, or a floppy disk's boot sector. This code relies on files in the /boot partition as well.";
	Question56 = "What function does the fsck program serve?";
	Answer56 = "It checks a filesystem for errors. (fsck actually calls filesystem-specific helper programs, such as e2fsck, which do the bulk of the work.)";
	Question57 = "When a user reports a problem in a vague way, what should you do?";
	Answer57 = "Attempt to obtain more precise information about the problem by querying the user further or by investigating the problem yourself.";
	Question58 = "What user IDs (UIDs) do ordinary user accounts use?";
	Answer58 = "Depending on the distribution, ordinary user accounts receive UIDs starting at 100, 500, or 1000, and higher.";
	Question59 = "What types of manipulations can you perform on a password base to make it more secure?";
	Answer59 = "You can insert random numbers and letters into the base, vary the case of the base, and reverse the order of the base or one of its component words.";
	Question60 = "How do most Linux network servers that require usernames and passwords (such as FTP, Telnet, and SSH servers) verify the user's password?";
	Answer60 = "These servers use the standard Linux account database; users provide the same password for remote access as for local logins.";
	Question61 = "What command would you type in a shell to obtain information on the status of the first Ethernet interface on a Linux computer?";
	Answer61 = "ifconfig eth0";
	Question62 = "How do man pages and HOWTO documents differ?";
	Answer62 = "Man pages are brief summaries describing the function of specific programs, configuration files, and so on. HOWTOs are tutorial documents on topics.";
	Question63 = "What is the most common choice of software to implement as a Web server in Linux?";
	Answer63 = "Apache";
	Question64 = "What type of mouse is ideal for use in Linux?";
	Answer64 = "A three-button mouse; many X programs assume three buttons are available.";
	Question65 = "What tool does Debian provide that can be used to keep your system automatically up-to-date with the latest system updates?";
	Answer65 = "apt-get";
	Question66 = "When is it most appropriate to set the system clock to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC, a.k.a. GMT, Greenwich Mean Time)?";
	Answer66 = "When Linux is the only OS installed on the computer. Most x86 OSs assume the hardware clock is set to local time, but Linux can cope with local time or UTC.";
	Question67 = "Most Linux distributions ship with kernels that include drivers you may or may not need. What must you do to eliminate unnecessary drivers from your kernel?";
	Answer67 = "Reconfigure the kernel and recompile it from source code.";
	Question68 = "What modes does the Vi editor support, and what are they for?";
	Answer68 = "Command mode (to enter internal Vi commands), ex mode (to enter external and file-related commands), and edit (aka insert) mode (to edit text).";
	Question69 = "What will happen if you enter the incorrect gateway (router) address when you are configuring networking?";
	Answer69 = "You'll be able to access systems on your local network, but you won't be able to access systems on other networks or the Internet.";
	Question70 = "Your computer has a large hard disk and you cannot allow extended downtime doing filesystem checks after a power failure. How can you avoid this?";
	Answer70 = "Use a journaling filesystem, such as ReiserFS, ext3fs, XFS, or JFS.";
	Question71 = "Who should have access to password files stored on a floppy disk?";
	Answer71 = "Password files stored on floppy disks pose a security threat themselves. They should be kept under lock and key--ideally in a safe that can be accessed only by system administrators who can ordinarily read the original files.";
	Question72 = "Where is a good place to keep an administrator's logbook?";
	Answer72 = "In a paper notebook near the computer";
	Question73 = "You notice a single failed login for a user in a log file, followed immediately by a successful login for that user. What's the most likely explanation?";
	Answer73 = "The user mistyped or momentarily forgot the password but then typed it correctly.";
	Question74 = "What symbol identifies variables when they're used (but not when they're assigned values) in a bash shell script?";
	Answer74 = "$ (preceding the variable name)";
	Question75 = "On a verify pass of a backup, you discover that /bin/ls, /etc/X11/xorg.conf, and several other files have changed. What does this indicate?";
	Answer75 = "There's probably serious corruption in the backup process-data errors on the tape's bus, a bad tape, a bad disk, or some other problem.";
	Question76 = "What method does the locate command use to find files?";
	Answer76 = "It searches a database that it updates periodically via cron jobs.";
	Question77 = "What type of removable device interface is common on laptop computers but rare on desktops?";
	Answer77 = "PC Card, aka PCMCIA";
	Question78 = "What happens to a process if its parent is killed or exits?";
	Answer78 = "It's adopted by another process (typically init).";
	Question79 = "Why might you create a separate partition for /usr/local?";
	Answer79 = "To protect it from damage in case of a filesystem failure or system upgrade, or because you have two hard disks and need to split some directories to use both disks";
	Question80 = "When you type ifconfig eth0, the output includes the following: HWaddr 00:80:C8:FA:3B:0A. What does this mean?";
	Answer80 = "The network card associated with eth0 has a hardware address of 00:80:C8:FA:3B:0A.";
	Question81 = "What program is used to control a tape drive (to wind a tape past existing backups, erase a tape, and so on)?";
	Answer81 = "mt";
	Question82 = "What devices must be terminated in a SCSI chain?";
	Answer82 = "The devices at the ends of the chain. (One of these may be the SCSI host adapter.)";
	Question83 = "What command is used to submit a print job in Linux?";
	Answer83 = "lpr";
	Question84 = "Where should you install GRUB or LILO if you want to be able to restore its functionality using DOS's FDISK after installing DOS or Windows?";
	Answer84 = "A primary Linux partition's boot sector (not the disk's MBR)";
	Question85 = "What command can you use to quickly test a new X configuration after performing a reconfiguration in text mode?";
	Answer85 = "startx";
	Question86 = "What does the mv command accomplish?";
	Answer86 = "It moves or renames a file or directory.";
	Question87 = "What software can you use to make room for Linux on a disk that already contains DOS or Windows?";
	Answer87 = "Dynamic partition resizing programs like FIPS, GNU Parted, or PartitionMagic";
	Question88 = "What file directs the Linux boot process after the kernel has loaded?";
	Answer88 = "/etc/inittab";
	Question89 = "Can a single user be simultaneously logged in multiple times to a single Linux computer?";
	Answer89 = "Yes. Multiple logins are permitted through the use of virtual terminals, physical terminals on RS-232 serial ports or the like, or through network connections.";
	Question90 = "What major Linux distribution uses binary tarballs for package distribution?";
	Answer90 = "Slackware";
	Question91 = "What are the two most common busses that connect to plug-in cards?";
	Answer91 = "The most common busses that connect to plug-in cards are the PCI bus and the Advanced Graphics Port (AGP) bus.";
	Question92 = "When you're installing from a CD-ROM, what is the primary drawback to a GUI installation routine?";
	Answer92 = "GUI installations occasionally fail to work with some video hardware, particularly on laptop computers.";
	Question93 = "Several people report that the supercrunch program is crashing, but the system is otherwise stable. What is the most probable cause of this problem?";
	Answer93 = "A program error--a bug, systemwide program configuration error, corruption in software files, or the like";
	Question94 = "What happens when you try to run a program that requires a library that's not installed?";
	Answer94 = "The program responds with a message saying that it couldn't find a library file. (It may not be visible if the program is launched in a GUI environment.)";
	Question95 = "While you are troubleshooting a slow ATA hard disk, you decide to try changing the DMA transfer mode. What Linux tool lets you do this?";
	Answer95 = "hdparm, specifically its -X parameter";
	Question96 = "What boot methods are commonly used by Linux installers?";
	Answer96 = "Floppy and CD-ROM are the most common, but some can start from DOS or Windows.";
	Question97 = "How much damage can intruders do if they are given physical access to a computer?";
	Answer97 = "A great deal; with physical access, intruders can bypass login controls, copy data, or destroy the computer.";
	Question98 = "A particular model of sound card is on a Linux distribution's supported hardware list. What are your chances of getting the board to work with this model?";
	Answer98 = "Your chances are good, but not certain; manufacturers sometimes change their designs without changing the model number.";
	Question99 = "What does the /etc/inetd.conf file control?";
	Answer99 = "The inetd server, which launches other servers only when those servers are needed";
	Question100 = "You want to reproduce a computer's configuration on another system. What can you consult to help accomplish this goal?";
	Answer100 = "Your administrative logs (which should record important options and changes to the configuration of the first system) and backups";
	Question101 = "Under what circumstances may an ordinary (non-root) user mount a filesystem?";
	Answer101 = "When the filesystem has an entry in /etc/fstab that includes the user, users, or owner option. (If the option is owner, the user must own the filesystem's device file.)";
	Question102 = "What conditions must be met to use DHCP?";
	Answer102 = "Your network must include a DHCP server, and your computer must have appropriate hardware to connect to the network.";
	Question103 = "What is the principal advantage of selecting packages individually rather than in groups when installing the OS?";
	Answer103 = "Individual package selection lets you select or deselect individual packages, thus saving disk space and possibly improving the system's security.";
	Question104 = "What are the names of two power management protocols common on laptop computers?";
	Answer104 = "Advanced Power Management (APM) and Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)";
	Question105 = "What should you do if your network uses static IP addresses but you don't know the correct one to use for a Linux system?";
	Answer105 = "Ask your network administrator. Do not configure a system with a random IP address.";
	Question106 = "Is the 2.6.9 kernel a development or a stable kernel?";
	Answer106 = "Stable; the second number (6) is even, which denotes a stable kernel series.";
	Question107 = "The user george has left your organization. What security-related actions should you take on any computer on which george had an account?";
	Answer107 = "Delete george's accounts.";
	Question108 = "When should you use shadow passwords?";
	Answer108 = "Almost always; shadow passwords substantially improve local security.";
	Question109 = "Who may change the owner of a file?";
	Answer109 = "The file's current owner or root";
	Question110 = "You've located a new driver for a device that had not previously been supported. This driver is available as a kernel patch. What must you do to use this driver?";
	Answer110 = "Patch and recompile your Linux kernel.";
	Question111 = "What is necessary to give users the choice of using KDE or GNOME?";
	Answer111 = "Install both environments. Users can select which to use at a graphical login or by modifying their X login scripts.";
	Question112 = "What type of Ethernet device, if used at the core of a network, allows computers to communicate with full duplex speeds?";
	Answer112 = "A switch";
	Question113 = "Where can you go to find out if your video card is supported by Linux?";
	Answer113 = "The XFree86, X.org-X11, or commercial X server Web site or documentation. Some video card and video chipset manufacturers also offer X drivers.";
	Question114 = "How do you tell kill what process you want to terminate?";
	Answer114 = "You pass kill the target process's process ID (PID) number.";
	Question115 = "A user reports lost or damaged files on a floppy disk. What user error might you suspect as a cause?";
	Answer115 = "Ejecting the floppy disk without first unmounting it is the most probable user cause, but other problems, including non-user-related errors, are possible.";
	Question116 = "What does the TERM environment variable control?";
	Answer116 = "The types of codes sent to a terminal (either a local or remote login) to control such features as bold text, colors, and cursor positioning";
	Question117 = "A user reports being unable to store files on a Windows partition on a computer that dual-boots between Windows and Linux. How might you correct this problem?";
	Answer117 = "Edit /etc/fstab and add uid=UID, gid=GID, and umask=value parameters to the partition's entry. Then remount the partition with the new options.";
	Question118 = "You want to upgrade the bigserver package on an RPM-based system with a new file called bigserver-4.2.3-3.i386.rpm. What would you type?";
	Answer118 = "rpm -Uvh bigserver-4.2.3-3.i386.rpm. The v and h options may be omitted if you don't want a progress display.";
	Question119 = "What does the modprobe command do?";
	Answer119 = "It loads or removes one or more modules, including the module you specify and any on which it depends.";
	Question120 = "When you create a compressed tarball with a command like tar cvzf tarball.tgz ./, does tar apply compression to the individual files or to the archive as a whole?";
	Answer120 = "To the archive as a whole. This produces greater compression than compressing individual files, but it makes the archive more sensitive to damage.";
	Question121 = "How do you tell Linux to install from a network server?";
	Answer121 = "Boot with a network boot image or select a network installation option, depending on the distribution.";
	Question122 = "What command removes a print job from a print queue?";
	Answer122 = "lprm";
	Question123 = "Why should you test a new or upgraded application on a test system before installing it on a production system?";
	Answer123 = "To verify the program's operation on a disposable system before risking a system on which you or your users rely";
	Question124 = "What advantage does using SSH have over using Telnet for initiating a remote X session?";
	Answer124 = "SSH can tunnel the X session, thus applying encryption to all X data, including the initial username and password and all data sent via X protocols. Telnet cannot do this.";
	Question125 = "In what file is group membership recorded?";
	Answer125 = "/etc/group";
	Question126 = "What command do you use to switch the current runlevel?";
	Answer126 = "telinit";
	Question127 = "Under what circumstances is Telnet a good remote administration tool?";
	Answer127 = "Only within very secure private networks; its lack of encryption makes it very dangerous as a remote administration tool otherwise.";
	Question128 = "How do you create a user cron job?";
	Answer128 = "Use the crontab program.";
	Question129 = "Why might you want to delay creating user accounts until after installation?";
	Answer129 = "Post-installation account-creation tools are usually more flexible than the tools that are provided during installation.";
	Question130 = "You want to determine what speed a serial port is configured to use. What tool can do this?";
	Answer130 = "setserial";
	Question131 = "What are the most important general-purpose log files on most Linux systems?";
	Answer131 = "/var/log/messages, /var/log/syslog, and /var/log/secure. (Not all distributions use all three of these, though.)";
	Question132 = "What three factors does X use to compute the refresh rate you'll see?";
	Answer132 = "The monitor's maximum horizontal refresh rate, the monitor's maximum vertical refresh rate, and the resolution";
	Question133 = "What type of information does the df command return?";
	Answer133 = "The devices and mount points associated with mounted filesystems, those filesystems' sizes, and the used and available space on those filesystems";
	Question134 = "What are the settings for serial ATA disks?";
	Answer134 = "Each serial ATA disk may be a master or a slave. Modern drives have extra options--one to set master status on single-drive chains and another to set the status automatically.";
	Question135 = "Why are SUID root programs rare?";
	Answer135 = "They're a potential security risk because too-powerful programs or bugs could allow unscrupulous users to abuse the program.";
	Question136 = "What are some common sources of emergency disk sets?";
	Answer136 = "Linux's boot/emergency disk, third-party emergency disks, small distributions on Zip or LS-120 disks, distributions that boot from a CD-ROM";
	Question137 = "You want to kill a process by name. What command can you use to do this?";
	Answer137 = "Type killall processname. Alternatively, you can use ps to find the process ID (PID) of the process and use kill.";
	Question138 = "What backup medium is best suited to long-term archival storage, and why?";
	Answer138 = "Optical media like CD-R, because they have very long shelf lives (10-100 years, by most estimates)";
	Question139 = "What tools are most commonly used to install or remove Debian packages?";
	Answer139 = "dselect, dpkg, apt-get, or GUI front ends to these";
	Question140 = "What are likely explanations if fsck begins reporting errors on a regular basis even after clean system shutdowns?";
	Answer140 = "The hard disk or some related hardware component may be going bad, or your kernel may lack fixes for bugs in your ATA controller.";
	Question141 = "What kernel should you use to obtain support for many USB devices?";
	Answer141 = "2.2.18 or later, or 2.4.0 or later";
	Question142 = "What is the function of the tail command?";
	Answer142 = "It displays the last few lines (10 by default) of a file.";
	Question143 = "What types of errors will leave traces in system log files?";
	Answer143 = "Errors related to programs that log errors in system log files, such as many servers, the kernel (and hence some hardware problems), and user login processes.";
	Question144 = "What type of software can block access to any or all network ports on a computer?";
	Answer144 = "A firewall (typically implemented in Linux with ipfwadm, ipchains, or iptables)";
	Question145 = "Which will benefit more from having SCSI hard disks: a typical workstation or a busy mail server?";
	Answer145 = "The mail server will, because this task is very disk intensive, and SCSI disks can provide better speed in some high-usage conditions.";
	Question146 = "What does the cp command accomplish?";
	Answer146 = "It copies one or more files.";
	Question147 = "How can you locate processes that have open files on a filesystem and are, as a result, preventing you from unmounting the filesystem?";
	Answer147 = "lsof displays a list of all open files; you can then pipe lsof's output through grep to search for open files on the filesystem in question.";
	Question148 = "You notice that an important log file is missing from its normal location. What could this be a symptom of?";
	Answer148 = "Intruders often try to cover their tracks by altering or deleting log files. Upon noticing the file missing, you should begin to look for other symptoms of an intrusion.";
	Question149 = "What is the best way to stop a server that was started through a SysV startup script?";
	Answer149 = "Type the startup script's name followed by stop, as in /etc/rc.d/init.d/server stop.";
	Question150 = "What system utility can you use to periodically check the status of a trouble-prone utility that should normally be running at all times?";
	Answer150 = "You can write a script to check and, if necessary, restart the process, and you can call that script in a cron job.";
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