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Table of Contents
Cover
Foreword
Dedication
Preface
Introduction

Future
Notes

Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 Unemployment Today
Chapter 2 The Luddite Fallacy
Chapter 4 Information Technology
Chapter 6 Artificial Intelligence
Chapter 8 Social Acceptance
Chapter 10 Work Identity
Chapter 12 The Scorpion and the Frog
Chapter 13 Growth and Happiness
Chapter 15 Happiness
Chapter 17 The Purpose of Life
Everyone Chapter 19 Make the
Chapter 21 The Future is Beautiful
Chapter 23 Growth
Bibliography

Chapter 3 Exponential Growth
Chapter 5 Intelligence
Chapter 7 Evidence for Automation
Chapter 9 Unemployment Tomorrow
Chapter 11 The Pursuit of Happiness
Chapter 14 Income and Happiness
Chapter 16 Work and Happiness
Chapter 18 Practical Advice for
Chapter 20 How to Be Happy
Chapter 22 How a Family Can Live Better by Spending Smart

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ROBOTS WILL STEAL YOUR JOB
BUT THAT’S OK
how to survive the economic collapse and be happy

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FEDERICO PISTONO
ROBOTS WILL STEAL YOUR JOB, BUT THAT’S OK
COPYRIGHT © 2012 FEDERICO PISTONO
COVER DESIGN – FEDERICO PISTONO
BOOK DESIGN – FEDERICO PISTONO
CREATESPACE – NOVEMBER 5, 2012
ISBN–10: 1479380008
ISBN–13: 978-1479380008

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Foreword
When at the beginning of 2012 I have been contacted by Federico, asking
for the opportunity to exchange ideas, I was glad to comply. From an initial
exchange of emails, we quickly proceeded to an online voice and video
conversation, and a few days later we agreed to meet in person. He came
to visit for a day and stayed for the night with me and my family.
Meeting Federico is letting sunshine in your life. His enthusiasm, curiosity,
and passion for his interests and sharing experiences with others make it
impossible not to like him. We had a lot of common topics to talk about, and it
was great to be able to quote books, references to each other and realize that
the other read them too, or mention global movements, organizations and see
that we were either both following them, or actively participating in them.
This is not only a brief description of the author of this book, and my
experiences with him. I think that it is also a glimpse of what more and more
people will be able to do, with their time, with their interests. Using technology,
and online communications to find people with shared goals. Very rapidly
establish shared trust, communicate using flexible tools, and act together to
advance joint objectives effectively. An exponential path to human connections!
Robots Will Steal Your Job, But That’s OK is a smart, humorous, but
thorough, and potentially important approach to a fundamental question of our
time. Knowing that Federico is working on it, and that during the summer of 2012
he would have the chance to enrich his views with the experiences that he would
have had at Singularity University, filled me with expectation. Because, as he
describes it in informative, and actionable detail, the issues of this book are going
to be felt and shared by billions of people. We are all going to live a future where
we will have to redefine our roles, goals, and purpose in life.
A lot of people are working of various technology solutions, and even if we
don’t have a guarantee, statistically speaking we can rely on one or an other of
those solutions to be found, and then spreading quickly. That is why
concentrating on people is important: we biological humans can’t be easily
debugged, our biases and fallacies are much harder to correct than the 2.0
release of any given gadget. And the process of designing a fruitful future full
wonder, cannot but include the largest possible number of people aware of the

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opportunities we have in front of us. This is why I am so excited that this
book is now available, and that you chose to read it. If you like it, as I
hope, make sure to recommend it to your friends who will live, work, and
love in the future with you.
– David Orban
CEO of dotSUB
Advisor and Member of the Faculty,
Singularity University
October 2012, New York
Understanding the complex relationship between automation and jobs
requires empirical analysis and a nuanced inquiry. Federico Pistono’s book
Robots Will Steal Your Job, But That’s OK is a unique and fearless
contribution to the ongoing conversation on this topic. Pistono approaches the
issues with a perspective that reflects his love of both people and technology.
The approach is relentlessly constructive, optimistic, and controversial. Read
it, then agree or disagree with various points, but join the dialog!
– Neil Jacobstein
Co-chair AI and Robotics, Singularity University
October 2012, San Francisco
Dedication
To all the great people who are dedicating their lives in making the world
a better place for everyone.
To the emerging and growing zeitgeist of open science, open education,
open culture, creative commons, and the free software movement. You are
the heroes of this generation, and give us hope for the future.
Preface
For years, I have been meaning to write a book, but I could never bring myself
to finish one. Whenever I became interested in a topic, it opened up a whole
new and unexplored territory, which then lead to another universe of things to

discover and to understand. The more I searched, the more there was to be

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found. Every time I believed I had a decent understanding of a topic,
something new would come up that challenged my previous
assumptions. And so I was back to my studies again.
Maybe it is because I am a guy with a questioning nature. Too many
things interest me, and sticking to a particular topic for long is an arduous
task. Back in October 2011 I was travelling around Europe, thinking about my
future, preparing a speech for my next conference, when I finally decided it
was time for change. During a rainy day when I was in Sweden I realised that
my goal of a 1,000-page odyssey on how to fix society was unrealistic (and a
bit egomaniacal). There were too many subjects, all too complex, and with too
little time. I decided I would pick one thing, one that I believed to be at the top
of our priorities, and focus on that. Environmental sustainability and climate
change came to mind, but there are already many excellent books on this
subjects (from people much more qualified than myself), it would only be
redundant. The future of technology and Artificial Intelligence was another, but
the same conclusion applied. Then I realised that one of the most pressing
issues that we are going to face, both as individuals and as societies, was
deeply overlooked. Technology is displacing human labour.
Up until now, very few authors have addressed this issue. I was
determined to fill this cultural gap. My audience would not be the ivory tower
of academia, but the vibrant street of the crowds. After all, the people most
affected by this will be common workers, and explanations of complex
subjects in simple, concise, and understandable terms that are accessible to
everyone are rare. I promised myself I would do that, but keeping an eye for
change-makers as well, be they politicians, technophilantropists, or CEOs.
One of the most difficult things for me was to decide what to include,
and what to leave out. I had to find the right balance. In that, I believe I
may have not succeeded, although I have tried my best. In my quest for
clarity while staying under 200 pages, I may have failed in all of them.
Some parts are probably too prolix (I probably rambled a lot), while I may
have neglected some others. But such is the nature of things. This is a
complex topic, my first book cannot be perfect, and your feedback, both
positive and (especially) negative, will help me to improve it in the future.
What I hope this book will do for you is to make you think about your future,

guide you in understanding the world around you a little better, and help

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you navigate the endless sea of ever-changing wonders. And while you
are at it, it might make you smile a bit and become slightly happier.
If I succeed in doing that, then the time and effort I put in writing this
book was well spent.
Acknowledgements
When I launched this book project, I wanted to try something different from
the typical routine of book publishing. Call it a social experiment. Instead of
going through the usual process of trying to get an agent, to then maybe
get an offer from a publishing company, to then get a 10% share of the
sales at best (if all goes well), I decided to take a radically different route.
I figured that I write for the people who will read the book, not for the
publishers. If people believe in me and in the project, they will show their
support. If the don’t, so be it. Naturally, it is a bit harder to go solo than it
is to rely on someone else. You have to continuously prove your
credibility, build a fan base, give interviews, write articles, manage your
own promotion, and create a trust relationship with your audience.
I decided to go with the crowdfunding site IndieGoGo, and in just a
few weeks 78 people decided to support my project, exceeding my initial
funding goal by 130%. This gave me the chance to hire a professional
designer for the book cover, as well as a highly qualified proof-reader,
my friend Katherine Nielsen.
On my site ( ) there is a list of those
forward thinking individuals who supported me during the campaign.
Among them, a few stood out as particularly generous, so I would like to
especially thank Ben McLeish, Marco Bassetti, Daniele Mancinelli, Mark
Henson, Justin Gress, Eric Ezechieli, and Jonathan Jarvis.
Then to all my friends who gave invaluable advice, both in “real life” 1
and in the virtual world, and to my Facebook fans and twitter followers.
Thank you all.

You are awesome.

http://robotswillstealyourjob.com/supporters

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Introduction
You are about to become obsolete. You think you are special, unique, and that
whatever it is that you are doing is impossible to replace. You are wrong. As we
speak, millions of algorithms created by computer scientists are frantically
running on servers all over the world, with one sole purpose: do whatever
humans can do, but better. These algorithms are intelligent computer programs,
permeating the substrate of our society. They make financial decisions, they
predict the weather, they suggest which countries will wage war next. Soon,
there will be little left for us to do: machines will take over.
Does that sound like some futuristic fantasy? Maybe so. This
argument is proposed by a growing yet still fringe community of thinkers,
scientists, and academics, who see the advancement of technology as a
disruptive force, which will soon transform our entire socio-economic
system, forever. According to them, the displacement of labour by
machines and computer intelligence will increase dramatically over the next
few decades. Such changes will be so drastic and quick that the market will
not be able to abide in creating new opportunities for workers who have lost
their jobs, making unemployment not just part of a cycle, but structural in
nature and chronically irreversible. It will be the end of work as we know it.
Most economists discard such arguments. Many of them don’t even
address the issue in the first place. And those who do address this issue
claim that the market always finds a way. As machines replace old jobs,
new jobs are created. Thanks to the ingenuity of the human mind and
the need for growth, markets always find a way, especially in the ever-
connected and globalised mass market we live in today.
In this book I will try to avoid picking either side based on belief, gut
feeling, or hunch. Rather, I will attempt to create an informed logical
reasoning, based on the evidence that we have so far.
The book is divided into three parts. First, we will explore the topic of
technological unemployment, and its impact on work and society – I chose to
focus on the US economy, but the same line of argument works for most the
industrialised world. In the second part we will look into the nature of work itself,
and the relationship between work and happiness. The last part is a bold attempt

to provide some practical suggestions on how to deal with the issues

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presented in the first two parts. Doing a thorough examination of each
section would require a monumental work, possibly thousands of pages
long, which far exceeds the purpose of this book. My intention is not to
write a complete academic report, but rather to initiate a discussion, about
what I think will soon be one of the biggest challenges that we have to face
as a society, as well as individuals. Too often we treat things as separate
subjects, not realising the interconnected nature of our reality. This mistake
has made us weak and vulnerable. Over the last 70 years, we have set the
stage of our own demise, we have become increasingly discontent, the
quality of our relationships has fallen, and we have lost track of what really
matters. Today, everything is amazing, and nobody is happy. It is time to
take a step back and think about where we are going.
Let us begin the journey.

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Part I
Automation and Unemployment

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Chapter 1
Unemployment Today
W e usually get a sense of how good (or how bad) things are by reading
the news and by looking at the world around us. We see how we live, we
talk to our neighbours, we read newspapers, blogs, tweets, and watch TV.
Very few people find the time to check for themselves the long and boring
tables from the OECD Factbook, or the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. The
business columns in newspapers are often filled with financial jargon, which
does not really encourage a clear understanding to those who are not
familiar with the intricacies of the economic system. As a result, most
people do not have a clue of what is really going on. A quick glance at the
recent statistics about job growth in the United States and in Europe should
make us a bit concerned, to say the least.
In July 2011, the US Government released a report showing that 117,000
new jobs had been created that month, and the New York Times featured a
promising headline “US Posts Stronger Solid Growth in July”. 2    But behind this veil
of false hope, there lied a hidden and ugly truth. A growth of 117,000 jobs was
not even enough to make up for population growth (about 130,000 people every
month), let alone make a dent on the 12.3 million jobs lost during the 2008-2009
recession. Later in the article, we discover a few more things. The official figure
for the unemployment rate was 9.1%, which is already staggeringly high, but it
gets even more concerning when considering that an additional 8.4 million
people were working part time because they could not find a full-time job, and 1.1
million had become so discouraged that they have stopped looking for work
altogether. If we include these people, the broader measure of unemployment
was 16.1% in July 2011. Please take a moment and let that sink in. The United
States of America, possibly the wealthiest country in the world, had an
unemployment rate at 16.1%, as recent as July 2011.
As if that was not enough, it turns out that only 58.1% of the population was
working, the lowest level in nearly three decades. 3    Laura D’Andrea Tyson,
Professor at the Haas School of Business at the University of California,
Berkeley, calculated that even if we could somehow create 208,000 new jobs per
month, every month, for the foreseeable future, it would still take until 2023 to fill
that gap. 4    As of January 2012, thanks to massive efforts from both the private

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sector and the government, the unemployment rate fell to 8.3%. 5 A very
mild consolation, considering that people employed part-time for
economic reasons, marginally attached to the labor force, discouraged
workers, and long-term unemployment, changed very little over the year.
To make things even worse, the labour force participation rate is 63.7%,
its all time lowest since 1983, when women had not entered the work
force in large numbers, and it is dropping consistently every year. 6
MIT Economists Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee make a lucid
analysis of this problem in their book Race Against The Machine: How the
Digital Revolution is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, and
Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy 7 , which deals with
the current unemployment crisis and tries to offer some solutions,
particularly by reforming education, the system of economic incentives, and
by promoting entrepreneurship. While I concur with their analysis, I think
their solutions are limited to the way things have worked until now. They
appear to be assuming that the system of economic incentives, what drives
people, and human nature itself are almost immutable. According to
Voltaire, “Work spares us from three evils: boredom, vice, and need”, and
having a job has undoubtably been the driving force to combat them up
until now. However, I challenge the assumption that this is the only way we
can do that, and we shall explore why in the coming chapters.
Other authors have addressed the same issue. Jeremy Rifkin was one of
the first to seriously consider this problem. In 1995 he published The End of
Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market
Era 8 , where he predicted that worldwide unemployment would increase as
information technology eliminates tens of millions of jobs in the manufacturing,
agricultural, and service sectors. He traced the devastating impact of automation
on blue-collar, retail and wholesale employees: “While a small elite of corporate
managers and knowledge workers reap the benefits of the high-tech world
economy, the American middle class continues to shrink and the workplace
becomes ever more stressful” 9 . While he may have gotten some of the details
wrong, the general outline is so spot-on that it seems almost prophetic. Over the
past twenty years we have witnessed the gradual disappearance of the American
middle class, with rising costs and lower income 1011 , while the wealthiest
Americans have accumulated more wealth than ever before in history.

To get an idea of the disproportionate amount of wealth generated by the

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system, how unevenly distributed it is, and exactly how it had gotten
worse and worse since 1979, let us have a look at the following graphs 12 .
Figure 1.1: Average Household Income
As you can see from Figure 1.1 , average household income had remained
pretty much the same for well over 80% of the population, while the top 1%
experienced a tremendous increase, particularly starting in 1994. Even more
revealing is the change in share of income, calculated after taxes (Figure 1.2 ).

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Figure 1.2: Change in share of income 1979-2007, calculated after taxes.
The lower 80% have actually seen a substantial decrease of
income, while the very top has hardly been affected. what is even more
worrying is the distortion in the public perception of this phenomenon,
even after the worldwide Occupy Movement broke out.
A 2011 paper by Harvard Professor Michael Norton and Duke
University Professor Dan Ariely, called Building a Better America – One
Wealth Quintile at a Time shows just how skewed our perception is. 13

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Figure 1.3: Building a Better America – One Wealth Quintile at a
Time, Michael I. Norton, Dan Ariely. Journal Perspectives on
Psychological Science.
History proved Rifkin right. The middle class is disappearing, the
richest are getting richer, and we have no idea how bad the situation truly
is. The question is, was Rifkin right about work and automation, too?
Martin Ford followed up on this, utilising his entrepreneurial and software
engineering perspective. His 2009 book The Lights in the Tunnel: Automation,
Accelerating Technology and the Economy of the Future aims to show how
automation will inevitably lead to structural unemployment, and millions of
people, both skilled and unskilled workers, will soon find themselves out of the
workforce, with little to no chance of getting back in. Ford has since written
many articles on major news websites, thereby bringing the issue of

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technological unemployment back into the public eye. He has also been
a source of inspiration to me, when I decided to write this book.
However, just as with Brynjolfsson’s book, I do not think his solutions are
feasible; nor, in most cases, desirable.
I think all of these authors have identified a real problem, and they tried to
propose solutions to that problem using their knowledge, skills, analysis, and
background. But as I read those books, I felt like there was something
missing. Something was not accounted for. I felt as if they were trying to find
solutions in a context where solutions were nowhere to be found.
Before I continue, let us be clear on something. All of the authors I just
mentioned are highly qualified and intelligent professionals, with much more
academic and working experience than myself. That is not in question. But
they were not born into a culture where things changed dramatically in just a
few years. They had to adapt to the idea of rapid change, they were not born
in a generation that created this massive accelerating change. I was lucky
enough to be part of that generation. I have seen the free and Open Source
movement rise and become one of the greatest forces on the planet. The
dreams I had when I was a child, that of small groups of dedicated and
intelligent people could change the world, have come true. It was exhilarating
to witness these events, which are becoming even more ubiquitous, as their
rampant increase scares the establishment and excites the revolutionaries.
Perhaps I am wrong, and all of this comes from my arrogant, blissful
ignorance of youth. In fact, that is most likely to be the case. But perhaps
there is something. Something true, which transcends me as an individual,
and just speaks through me. It is the collective intelligence of all the people
I have talked to, all the books I have read, the experiences I had in the ever
connected cybernetic organism known as the Internet. I do not pretend to
be the voice of my generation, or that of the entire Web for that matter. But
it is undeniable that these intelligences have shaped me, influenced me,
and directed me over the years. And now I am simply remixing what I
received. This is social evolution: copy, transform, and combine. 14
However, there is also another possibility. It is entirely conceivable that we
are all wrong, myself and those authors. Mainstream economists and analysts
could be right. It may be that we do not understand some basic economic

concepts, and that our analyses are nothing more than a fallacy, which could be

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easily solved by getting our economics right and by studying the past a little
bit more. After all, we have seen unemployment fluctuate up and down for
hundreds of years, only to go back to familiar levels, without any substantial
change in the structure of the economy. As new technologies come along, we
cyclically move from one sector to another, creating new jobs, and everything
works just fine. Economists have a name for this phenomenon, which takes us
back a long time. So, before I dwell any further, let me tell you a story.

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Chapter 2
The Luddite Fallacy
W e are in England, at the end of the 18th century. A boy named Ned
Ludd is a weaver from the village of Anstey, just outside Leicester. He does
not know it yet, but he is about to make history.
It is a hard and laborious day of 1779, Ludd is apprenticed to learn
framework knitting. But he is averse to confinement or work, and refuses
to exert himself. His master is displeased, and complains to a
magistrate, who orders a whipping. In response, Ludd grabs a hammer
and demolishes the hated frame. This act will be told by generations to
come, and Ludd became history. Or so the story goes.
As with every myth, there are many variations of the story. Some
accounts say that Ludd was told by his father, a framework-knitter, to ‘square
his needles’. Ludd took a hammer and ‘beat them into a heap’. Other stories
can also be found, and nobody really knows which one is true, if any 15 .
Whether or not any of it really happened is irrelevant. What matters is
that news of the incident spread, and were distorted, like every good folk
story. Whenever frames were sabotaged, people would jokingly say "Ned
Ludd did it". His actions inspired the folkloric character of Captain Ludd,
also known as King Ludd or General Ludd, who became the alleged leader
and founder of a movement called, not surprisingly, ‘The Luddites’.
The Luddites can be traced back to Nottingham, England, around
1811. It was composed mostly of hosiery and lace workers, English
textile artisans who protested – often by destroying mechanised looms –
against the changes produced by the Industrial Revolution. These guys
smashed knitting machines that embodied new labour-saving technology
as a protest against unemployment. Simply put, machines were stealing
their jobs, and they did not like where that was going.
People began to speculate whether this was the beginning of an irreversible
process, or if things would go back to normal. At the time automation was
represented by no more than a steam-engine machine, something that could have

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hardly been seen as a realistic replacement for human labour in general.
However, some suggested that the problem of machine automation
could exacerbate in a few years, putting the very companies that
produced goods at risk. Industrialist Henry Ford understood this quite
profoundly. In fact, he paid his workers twice the going rate, so that they
could afford to buy the cars that they themselves were producing. 16
This makes sense. You need people to have enough money to buy
the products you create, otherwise the cycle of production-consumption
is interrupted. If automation replaces humans faster than they can find
new occupations, you have a problem. As a result, people may get
upset, and start to jeopardise machines, in order to ensure their workers
not lose their job. To this day, we still call these people"The Luddites".
Neoclassical economists have dismissed such proposition as
nonsense. They claim that this argument is a fallacy. Economist Alex
Tabarrok famously said in 2003:
If the Luddite fallacy were true we would all be out of work because
productivity has been increasing for two centuries. 17
And if you look around you, it would seem that the Luddite argument is
indeed a fallacy. By studying the historical record, one should be pretty
optimistic about the future of the economy. Automation and mechanisation
have consistently been introduced, and that led to an increase in productivity.
More work could be made, with less labour. More products were coming out of
our factories. More wealth was generated. But the total requirement for labour
did not decrease. As the economy grew, so did our standard of living. And our
perception of what is necessary for a comfortable life changes accordingly. A
hundred years ago, even the richest man in the world could not even dream of
owning a small electronic device that could connect him with whomever he
liked, anywhere in the world. Today, not owning a cell phone is inconceivable
to most people. Even in the poorest countries, people have access to cell
phones. A boy in a village in rural Africa with a cell phone (you would be
surprised of how many of them do) has access to more information than the
president of the United States did 20 years ago. Some have gone so far as to
argue that the poorest of today are richer than the richest kings of the past. I
would not agree with that, because many times it is cheaper to obtain these

technological marvels than it is to find food. You get the idea.

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Over the past two centuries we have continued to rely on machines to
increase our productivity, but we have not been displaced by them. On the
contrary, we created new jobs, new sectors, and new opportunities.
Machines allowed us to become more creative, more productive. As we
moved from the agricultural to the manufacturing sector, and then to the
services, we began to expand our domination of the planet.
So, if the idea that automation creates unemployment is a fallacy, then there
is nothing to worry about. The staggering rate of unemployment that we are
experiencing today in 2012 (8.2% in the US, 24.1% in Spain, 21.7% in Greece,
14.5% in Ireland 18 ) is just one of the many cycles of the economy. Or it may be
due to bad policies. Or bad politicians. Or the financial bubble of subprime
mortgages that burst a couple of years ago. Maybe it is a combination of all of
them. If that is the case, then we just need to elect better politicians, demand
better reforms, and reduce the influence of the financial sector on the economy.
In other words, it could be just a matter of time before things go back to normal.
Get back on your feet, work hard, and everything will be fixed. I would like to
believe that. I really would. But the reality may be very different.
While these resolutions are certainly good ideas, and they are necessary
for creating a better society in which to live, they might not be sufficient. In
fact, it might be that no matter how hard we try, how good the new wave of
politicians will be, how resourceful our businesses are, or how ingenious we
can be, we will never escape from this crisis. We do not know if that is the
case. But it is a possibility, one that we should carefully consider and explore.
Kurt Vonnegut has claimed to have said so much at a private girls
school, when he gave a commencement address: 19
Things are going to get unimaginably worse, and they are never,
ever, going to get better again.
I know it is not exactly what you wanted to hear. The rising
unemployment levels of the past years could be just the tip of a huge iceberg,
and we all could be riding a 21st century economic Titanic. I would like to
believe that this is merely unjustified pessimism. But beliefs are heavily
influenced by emotions, and the truth does not care what we believe. It just is.

So, how should we approach this conundrum? Will you be the eternal

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optimist, having faith in the power of the market to adjust itself every time
there is a new challenge? Or will you be the incorrigible pessimist, who
believes we are doomed, and there is no hope left? Which side will you take?
You see, I do not think it is a matter of picking sides. Or beliefs. Or gut
feeling. I would like to take an objective position, as much as possible. I believe
in good data, and good logic to interpret that data. I think we should cast aside
our ideologies, our personal hunches, and we should use our reason to try and
predict the future from an informed perspective. If we want to do that, we are
going to have to explore a few things first. These are not exceedingly difficult
ideas. In fact, once explained properly, they are quite simple. But they are also
remarkably useful and amazing tools that help us understand the world around
us better. Believe it or not, these tools are so basic that they could be easily
taught in elementary schools, yet I met many college graduates who failed to
apply them at the most fundamental level. Obviously, it is not because these
people are not smart enough to understand them, but because they have never
been taught to think about the future using these tools.
I will try to explain these ideas to the best of my abilities. If I succeed,
you will be able to grasp these concepts quite easily, and with them you will
see the world from a whole different perspective. You will have all the
necessary tools to approach this challenging task, and make up your own
mind about which side of the debate you should take. From there, we will
take off, think about the future, and see how to live better accordingly.
Let us get started.

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Chapter 3
Exponential Growth
O ne of the most important, yet misunderstood concepts in our lives, is the
nature of the exponential function. You may have heard of this term before.
Maybe it was mentioned in some newspaper article in the technology section,
briefly cited and hardly explained at all. Or perhaps under the name "compound
interest" when you took out a loan from your bank. Of course, they usually tend
to gloss over its real significance, and rarely does someone explain what it really
means. Yet, it pervades every facet of our lives, the economy, and the decisions
we must take for the future. Understanding the power of the exponential function
is key in proceeding further with the analysis presented in this book.
Albert Bartlett, Professor emeritus of Physics at University of
Colorado-Boulder, during a very famous lecture he gave, stated that “the
greatest shortcoming of the human race is our inability to understand the
exponential function.” 20 This is no light statement. Professor Bartlett has
lectured over 1,600 times since 1969 on Arithmetic, Population, and
Energy, trying to warn as many people as possible about the dangers in
failing to understand this concept of utmost importance.
Before the end of this chapter, I want you to have a deep
understanding of the exponential function. I want you to grasp the intuition
behind it. It does not matter whether you have a degree in philosophy, in
economics, if you are a college dropout, if you are uneducated,
unemployed, if you are a Professor at university, or the CEO of a
multinational corporation; chances are you do not fully understand what
exponential growth really means. Yet, it is imperative that you do.
I gave many lectures during my life, to all kinds of audiences, and even
among the most educated ones, people fell short when confronted with very
simple examples of exponential growth. Interestingly enough, when properly
explained, it became obvious to everyone, even to the layperson. This gives
me hope, because it is crucial that everybody realises what it means, and
what the consequences are of applying steady growth for a number of years.
Enough with my ramblings, are you ready? Good. Let us dig in and see

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what it is all about.
The exponential function is used to describe the size of anything growing
steadily over time. For example, suppose you have to buy a house, and the
bank gives you a loan at 7% interest. What it means is that every year the
amount of money you have to give back grows by 7%. The first year the
quantity grows by a tiny amount (107% of the principle), but on the second
year it grows relative to the last amount, not to the original principle. So, 7% of
107%. The following year it grows even more, and so it goes. Can you guess
what will the amount be in 20 years? Not too easy, unless you have taken
statistics in college. It is not my intention to explore the mathematics of the
exponential function (although it is really interesting and I suggest that some
of you do). I want you to understand it in very clear and effective terms, so I
will give you a simple formula that you can use any time, anywhere, and all
you need is first-grade math. If you want to know how long will it take to
double any quantity that grows at a fixed rate, take the number 70 and divide
it by the rate of growth 21 . This is called the doubling time:
Let us go back to our example. Growth was 7% per year. It did not
sound too impressive before, did it? Now, take 70, divide it by 7, it gives
us 10. That means that circa every 10 years the amount of money we
owe to the bank will double.
That looked easy enough, did not it? Well, that is because it is. It is
a simple calculation, one that a 10-year old can do without breaking a
sweat, and yet most politicians, policy-makers, urban planners, and
economists worldwide fail to understand it. To be fair, any economist
must have taken a statistics course at university, and the rule of 70 (or
one of its variations 22 ) is widely known among academics, so they know
about it. But while the calculation may be easy to do, the implications of
doubling over time are far less obvious and very misunderstood.
So far we have seen what it takes to double the principle. Now, let us
explore the effect of this doubling over time. Suppose we borrowed $100,000
from the bank at 7% interest. As we have seen before, in just 10 years we will
owe $200,000, or double the principle. But how about in 20 years? It will not

be $300,000, but instead $400,000, which is two times the previous amount of

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$200,000 (which was itself twice the principle). How about in 30 years? You
got it, $800,000! Ten more years, it is already $1.6 million. A few more years
and you will owe more than you could ever make in your entire life. Luckily,
most loans do not exceed the 30-year mark. But what would happen for other
things, things that are not mortgage loans, and that may grow far more than
30 years? Buckle your seatbelt because we are just getting started.
3.1 Explosive Power
The idea of exponential growth is not new at all. In fact, it goes back thousands
of years. Legend has it that when the creator of the game of chess, some say it
was an ancient Indian mathematician 23 , showed his invention to the ruler of the
country, the king was so pleased that he gave the inventor the right to name his
prize for the invention. The man, who was very wise, asked the king this: that for
the first square of the chess board, he would receive one grain of wheat, two for
the second one, four on the third one, and so forth, doubling the amount each
time. The king, who had no idea of the power of the exponential function, quickly
accepted the inventor’s offer, even getting offended by his perceived notion that
the inventor was asking for such a low prize, and ordered the treasurer to count
and hand over the wheat to the inventor. Few days pass by, the inventor receives
only a handful of grains, and the king is somewhat baffled. After a week, the
inventor started brining home big bags of wheat. A few days after that…you see
where this is going, right? We start with 1, the next day we double, so we have 2
grains. The next day is 4 grains. Then 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512... in just 10
days, we went from 1 to 1,024 grains. 10 doublings give you a 1,000-fold
increase from the original amount. Here is where things start to take off. 10 more
doublings and you have 1 million grains. 10 more: 1 billion grains. Then 1
trillion... we can stop right there. We already passed the limit of our brain. Table
3.1 is a graphical representation to describe the process 24 :

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Figure 3.1: Top left, it begins with 1 grain. It goes on to the right with 2,
4, 8, 16... then numbers grow too big, we start to use the binary notation:
K=kilo (1 thousand), M = Mega (1 million), G = Giga (1 billion), T = Tera
(1 trillion), P = Peta (1 quadrillion), E = Exa (1 quintillion).
On the entire chessboard there would be
grains of wheat weighing 461,168,602,000 metric tonnes. That must be a lot of
wheat. But just how much wheat are we talking about? More then the king could
afford, I can tell you that. In fact, it would be a heap of wheat larger than Mount
Everest, earth’s highest mountain, with a peak at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft) above
sea level. This is around 1,000 times the global production of wheat in 2010
(464,000,000 metric tonnes). That is a lot of wheat. It might very well be more
than the entire production of wheat in the history of humanity, combined.

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As impressive and incredible as it may sound, we have to remember that
this is not just an intriguing fairy tale that we like to tell. It is not merely an
intellectual curiosity. It is a story that helps us understand the world around us,
and make predictions about how we should go about building our future.
Over the past three years I have given a number of talks, and often I like to
play a little game with the audience, to test their comprehension of an
exponential increase. Most people do not get it right away, even among the most
educated of audiences, so do not feel bad if it does not come to you on the spot.
Imagine an empty glass of water (technically a glass is made of
glass and is full of air, but please bear with the limitations of our
language). Place some bacteria inside, and let them replicate, by giving
them food. The replication process is such that the number of bacteria
doubles every minute. After 60 minutes, the glass is full, and since there
is no more space left for food, the bacteria die. The question is: what
percentage of the glass did the bacteria fill after 55 minutes?
Figure 3.2: On the left, at minute zero, there are no bacteria in the
glass. On the right, after a certain amount of doublings, the bacteria
filled the whole thing. But what happens at minute 55 (in the centre)?
How much would you say? Take a pencil and use this empty page to
scribble, sketch, and do some calculations. The answer is on the next page,
but I strongly encourage you to have fun and try it out for yourself first.

Scribble, sketch, and have fun!

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I hope you did try to solve it yourself, because learning is so much
more fulfilling when it is interactive. If you did not, too bad for you. ☹
In truth, the bacteria have only filled 3.125% of the glass. But how can this
be? Well it is simple. If they double every minute, and they fill the entire glass in
60 minutes, then they will have filled half the glass the minute before 60 (or 50%
after 59 minutes), half of that the minute before 59 (or 25% after 58 minutes), and
so on. Table 3.1 summary of the last 10 minutes, starting from the end.
Time Elapsed

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Amount Filled

60 minutes
59 minutes
58 minutes
57 minutes
56 minutes
55 minutes
54 minutes
53 minutes
52 minutes
51 minutes

Table 3.1: Exponential growth of bacteria in a bottle over the
last 10 minutes.
It all makes sense now, does not it? Suddenly it becomes clear, even
obvious. Who could not get this? It is so simple, right? Apparently, it is not.
The most common replies I get are between 50 and 90%. Even college
graduates typically get it wrong. And let us not talk about politicians.
We will come back to this in the Appendix, with some real-world
examples. For now, I think it is safe to say that we all understand what
steady growth means. Let us see now how this applies to our main
interest for this chapter: information technology.

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Chapter 4
Information Technology
N ow that we have a solid understanding of the exponential function, we can
begin to look at things from a more informed perspective. You may have
heard of Moore’s Law before, which states that the number of transistors that
can be placed on an integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years.
This effectively means that computer power doubles every 24 months or so.
When Gordon E. Moore, co-founder of Intel Corporation, world’s largest
semiconductor chip manufacturer, described this trend in his famous 1965
paper, 25 people where very sceptical. He noticed that the number of
components in integrated circuits had doubled every year from the invention
of the integrated circuit in 1958 until 1965, and predicted that the trend would
continue "for at least ten years". Many did not believe him. They said it was an
inaccurate prediction. We could not expect it to grow any further, due to
various technical problems. Those skeptics were wrong. In fact, it has been
doubling steadily for more than 50 years, without any sign of stopping. But
Moore’s Law is not the whole story. The exponential expansion of technology
has been growing remarkably smoothly for a much longer time, and integrated
circuits are just a tiny fraction of the whole spectrum of change that pervades
technological advancement.
Kurzweil notes 26 that Moore’s Law of Integrated Circuits was not the first,
but rather the fifth paradigm to provide accelerating price-performance.
Computing devices have been consistently multiplying in power (per unit of
time), from the mechanical calculating devices used in the 1890 US Census,
to Turing’s relay-based Bombe machine that cracked the Nazi enigma code,
to the CBS vacuum tube computer that predicted the election of Eisenhower,
to the transistor-based machines used in the first space launches, to the
integrated-circuit-based personal computer which Kurzweil used to dictate the
very essay that described this phenomenon, in 2001.
To get an idea of what exponential growth means, look at the
following graph, which represents the difference between a linear trend
and an exponential one.

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Figure 4.1: The difference between a Linear and an Exponential curve.
Courtesy of Ray Kurzweil.
As you can see, the exponential trend starts to really take off where
the ‘Knee of the Curve’ begins. Before that, things do not seem to
change significantly. It is just like the story of the chess board and the
king. In the first few days nothing notable happens, but as soon as the
curve kicks in, something dramatic happens and things go out of control.
If we were to plot the same graph on a logarithmic scale, the line
representing the exponential trend – which soon got out of control in the
first graph – would look much more manageable. On the y-axis (vertical),
representing quantity, instead of moving 20–40–60, we would move 10–
100– 1,000. So, a curve that would normally go right off the ceiling on a
linear graph will look like a straight line on a logarithmic plot. You will
understand why we utilise logarithms when talking about exponentials –
there simply is not enough space to show the curve.

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What is even more remarkable is that, when Kurzweil plotted the
world’s fastest calculator’s on a graph since 1900, he noticed something
quite surprising. Remember that a straight line on a logarithmic graph
means exponential growth? If you thought exponential growth was fast,
you have not seen anything yet. Take a look at this graph.
Figure 4.2: The Exponential Growth of computing power over the
last 110 years. Courtesy of Ray Kurzweil.
The plot is logarithmic, alright. You can see the y-axis having the number 10
growing at five orders of magnitude after each step (that is a 100,000 fold
increase every time!), but the curve is not a straight line. Instead, what you see is
upward trend. What this means is that there is another exponential curve. In
other words, there is exponential growth in the rate of exponential growth.
Considering what we have just learned about exponential growth, I would say
that that is pretty remarkable. Computer speed (per unit cost) doubled every
three years between 1910 and 1950, then doubled every two years between

1950 and 1966, and is now doubling every year. Computer power is not simply

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increasing. It is increasing faster and faster, every year.
According to the available evidence, we can infer that this trend will
continue for the foreseeable future, or at least another 30 years.
Eventually, it will hit physical limits imposed by the laws of nature, and its
increase will have to slow down. Some suggest that we may be able to
circumvent that problem, once the singularity is reached.
Technological Singularity refers to the time when the speed of
technological change is so fast that we are unable to predict what will happen.
At that moment, computer intelligence will exceed that of human’s, and we will
not even be able to understand what changes are happening. The term was
first coined by science fiction writer Vernon Vinge and subsequently
popularised by many authors, predominantly Ray Kurzweil with his books The
Age of Spiritual Machines and The Singularity is Near. This idea, however, is
highly speculative, and it is far beyond the purpose of this book to examine its
feasibility. Suffice to say that in order for machines to replace most human
jobs, the singularity is not a necessary requirement, as we will see in the next
chapters. Whether you buy into the singularity argument or not does not
matter. The data is clear, facts are facts, and we only have to look a few years
into the future to reach already alarming conclusions.
The Turing Test is a thought experiment proposed in 1950 by the
brilliant English mathematician and father of computers, Alan Turing.
Imagine you enter a room, where a computer sits on top of a desk,
waiting for you. You notice there is a chat window, and two
conversations are open. As you begin to type messages down, you are
told you are in fact talking to one person and one machine. You can take
as much time as you want to find out who is who. If you can not tell the
difference between them, the machine is said to have passed the test.
There are many variations of the same experiment, you could have more
interlocutors, and they could all be machines, or they could all be humans, and
you might be tricked into thinking otherwise. Whatever the flavour, the main idea
is clear, conversations through natural language to determine if you are human
or not. A machine able to pass the Turning test is said to have achieved human-
level intelligence, or at least perceived intelligence (whether we consider that to
be true intelligence or not is irrelevant for the purpose of the argument). Some

people call this Strong Artificial Intelligence (Strong AI), and many see

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Strong AI as an unachievable myth, because the brain is mysterious, and so
much more than the sum of its individual components. They claim that the
brain operates using unknown, possibly unintelligible quantum mechanical
processes, and any effort to reach or even surpass it using mechanical
machines is pure fantasy. Others claim that the brain is just a biological
machine, not much different from any other machine, and that it is merely a
matter of time before we can surpass it using our artificial creations. This is
certainly a fascinating topic, one that would require a thorough examination.
Perhaps I will explore it on another book. For now, let us concentrate on the
present, on what we know for sure, and on the upcoming future. As we will
see, there is no need for machines to achieve Strong AI in order to change the
nature of the economy, employment, and our lives, forever.
We will start by looking at what intelligence is, how it can be useful,
and if machines have become intelligent, perhaps even more so than us.

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Chapter 5
Intelligence
T here is a great deal of confusion regarding the meaning of the word
intelligence, mainly because nobody really knows what it is. There are attempts
to define this word, but they fall short when confronted with some logic and
informed questions. The Oxford English dictionary defines it as follows:
Intelligence [ɪ n ˈ t ɛ l ɪ d ʒə ns ]: The ability to acquire and apply
knowledge and skills.
Given this very broad definition, one can easily include animals,
particularly great apes, into the category of “intelligent” beings. But so can
we with computer programs. Think of Google. It acquires knowledge
(crawls web pages), and applies skills (returns search results based on the
knowledge acquired). A hint of what it means to be intelligent could emerge
from the very etymology of the word, as it comes from Latin intellegentia, or
“the act of choosing between” Hence, we could update the definition to “the
ability to acquire knowledge, apply skills, and make informed choices”
Most people, when using common sense, would not regard machines
to be “intelligent” in any way. Sure, they can make choices based on
deterministic algorithms or probabilistic events, but they do not understand
anything. Machines do not understand what they are doing, or why they are
doing it. It sounds even preposterous to use the very word “understand",
when having to deal with machines. It simply does not apply to them.
Whatever they are doing, it is their thing, and we are different from them.
This is the argument that is most prevalent among the general public,
as well as within academic circles. There is a famous example called The
Chinese Room 27 that illustrates this concept, but I think it is quite boring,
and I would like to propose a slightly different one, a personal story.
A few years ago, I was walking by the corridor of my university, when I
stumbled across a friend of mine. He seemed quite euphoric, so I asked him
what was all the fuss about. He was laughing like crazy, and did not reply, which
made me even curiouser. After catching his breath he said that the scores of the

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last test came out. See, a few days before he forgot we had this test
completely, and he went to take the test without knowing anything. He used
to sleep in class too, so no chance in getting some answers right with some
common sense. “Well?” I asked him. “I had no freaking idea what was
going on there. Then I noticed it was a multiple-choice test. I just put
AC/DC over and over, top to bottom.” I gave him a picardian facepalm. 28
Then he cracked up again. “Dude, I got 87%! Second best in the class!".
What can we learn from this anecdote? Apart from the dubious
hypothesis of divine intervention by the God of heavy metal, one thing is clear,
he did not understand anything that was on that test. But to the eyes of the
Professor, he was smart. In fact, he was the second smartest person in the
whole class, at least as far as that subject was concerned. But just because
one gets the answers right, it does not mean that they understood anything. It
may be that they got lucky. Or maybe they knew how to mechanistically apply
a set of rules to get the results. However if you changed the questions just
slightly, they would fail miserably. Some people call this semantics (from
Greek semantiká, neuter plural of semantikós), which is the study of meaning.
But what exactly gives meaning? Can we quantify meaning objectively? I do
not think we can. Things, situations, phrases, they are all inert. They have no
purpose, no intrinsic significance. It is us that give meaning to them. If you do
not believe me, try this experiment. Take a €20 bill (or your equivalent) out of
your wallet. It is just a piece of paper. A thin layer of cellulose with some ink
imprinted on it. By itself, it has no value, no meaning, nor purpose. Now throw
it out on the street. I can tell you, it is not going to sit there for long. That is
because we give it meaning, we value it through a collective agreement. But
the paper bill does not really care if it stays there, or if it is picked up.
Now, let us apply this to computers. They can certainly act intelligent. They
can get the correct results, in some cases with much better performances than
many humans, even with high-level skills such as language manipulation, puns,
and musical compositions (more on this later in this chapter). But how can we
know if they really mean what they say, or if they understand any of it. I think the
answer is that we do not know. And it could be that we cannot know, because the
question does not even apply to them.
Maybe intelligence is not an absolute property that exists
independent from its environment, and it is us that ultimately see

intelligence in others. Or, as Rodney Brooks put it: 29

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“Intelligence is in the eye of the observer”
This is certainly a fascinating topic to dig into, and several excellent books
have been written about it 30 ; but it has little relevance when talking about how
machine “intelligence” has profoundly changed our culture, and how it will
dramatically change our economy and our way of living. From a purely practical
point of view, if all we need is to complete a task, it does not matter if the agent
performing such a task was really “intelligent”, or if it really understood what was
going on and why. All we care about are the result and the success rate.
I realise we have not solved the conundrum of defining intelligence
and proving if machines are in fact intelligent or not. But we have shifted
our focus to a practical approach, which allows us to evaluate
usefulness, not meaning. So bear with me, as we dig into the field of
Artificial Intelligence , or the ability of machines to perform “intelligently”.

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Chapter 6
Artificial Intelligence
I have a confession to make. When I chose the title of this book, Robots will
steal your job, I was not completely honest with you. Robots will eventually
steal your job, but before them something else is going to jump in. In fact, it
already has, in a much more pervasive way that any physical machine could
ever do. I am of course talking about computer programs in general.
Automated Planning and Scheduling, Machine Learning, Natural Language
Processing, Machine Perception, Computer Vision, Speech Recognition,
Affective Computing, Computational Creativity, these are all fields of Artificial
Intelligence that do not have to face the cumbersome issues that Robotics has
to. It is much easier to enhance an algorithm than it is to build a better robot. A
more accurate title for the book would have been “Machine intelligence and
computer algorithms are already stealing your job, and they will do so ever
more in the future” – but that was not exactly a catchy title.
The public perception of intelligent machines is that of an anthropomorphic
robot that performs our daily duties (something that looks and acts like us).
Thank you, Hollywood. In reality, most “intelligent” agents do not require a
physical body, and they operate mostly at the level of computation. Data
crunching and aggregation is what they do best. Ironically, it is harder to
automate a housemaid than it is to replace a radiologist 31 . A radiologist is a
medical doctor who specialises in interpreting images generated by various
medical scanning technologies, and it is a highly popular specialty for newly
minted doctors, as it offers relatively high pay and regular work hours, there is no
need to work on weekends and there are no emergencies (as a downside, it is a
very repetitive job). Even though it takes at least thirteen years between studying
and training beyond high school, it is quite easy to automate this job 32 . Think
about it. The focus of the job is to analyse and evaluate visual images, the
parameters of which are well defined since they are often coming directly from
computerised scanning devices. It is a closed system, with a number of variables
well known and pretty much already defined, and the process is very repetitive.
What this means is a database of information (thirteen years of studies and
training) connected to a visual recognition system (the radiologist’s brain) is a
process that already exists today and finds many applications.

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Visual pattern recognition software is already highly sophisticated, one such
example is Google Images. You can upload an image to the search engine,
Google uses computer vision techniques to match your image to other images in
the Google Images index and additional image collections. From those matches,
they try to generate an accurate “best guess” text description of your image, as
well as find other images that have the same content as your uploaded image.
Figure 6.1: Front page of Google Images. You can see the camera
icon on the right of the bar, click that and you can upload your image.
Figure 6.2: I upload my image, named “guess-what-this.is.jpg”

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Figure 6.3: The software correctly recognises it as the Robot ASIMO
by Honda, and offers similar images in return. Notice that the
proposed images show ASIMO in different positions and angles, not
the same image in different sizes. This algorithm recognises millions
of different patterns, as it is a general-purpose application. A task-
specific pattern recognition software is less complex to develop,
although it must be much more accurate (the stakes are higher).
Similarly, many governments have access to software that can help
identify terrorists in airports based on visual analysis of security photographs 33 .
CCTV cameras in London and many other cities have advanced systems that
track people’s faces and can help the police identify potential criminals 34 .
Radiology is already subject to offshoring to India and other places
35 . How long
do you think will pass before we “offshore” to workers that need no pay
at all, and all they need is a bit of electrons to run?

where the average pay for the same task is 10 times as low

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In contrast, a housemaid, a job that requires no education and no particular
skills, is a highly complicated task for a robot. This robot would need highly
sophisticated motor skills and coordination in a 3D environment. It has to
recognise thousands of different objects, move freely around the house, do the
stairs, apply pressures with extreme care, take millions of decisions per second;
all of which while consuming very little energy and being cheaper than a $15 per
hour housemaid. The most sophisticated robot that could do that is Honda’s
ASIMO, which costs millions and can’t perform as well as a regular housemaid.
Cheap, reliable, anthropomorphic robots will get there, eventually.
But for now, it’s AI-time baby.
6.1 Smarter, Better, Faster, Stronger
You might think that computers are stupid, because they cannot make sense
of things like we do. This is true: you can take a toddler, show them a picture,
and they will tell you right away if on that picture there is a person, a book, or
a cat. Computers do not work like that. It is very hard for computer programs
to recognise patterns like we do. We can look at pictures, see them in full view
and recognise known patterns very easily. We are very good at this, we have
evolved with this unique ability as it gave us an advantage over other species
for survival. Computer programs, on the other hand, did not have to evolve the
way our brains did, thus, they work in very different ways. They can do
complex mathematical calculations, and solve millions of differential equations
in one second, whereas most of us struggle to do even the most basic math.
Image interpretation, effortless and instantaneous for people, remains a
fundamental challenge for Artificial Intelligence 36 . Computers crunch data,
while we make sense of it all. This has been true for quite some time, but is it
still the case today?
Recent developments in the field of Artificial Intelligence , specifically
Machine Learning applications, have started to change all this. Over the last 20
years, we have devised and perfected various mathematical algorithms that can
learn from experience, just like we do. The principle behind them is quite simple:
train a computer program to learn, without explicitly programming it. How does
that work? There are various methods to achieve this: supervised and
unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning, transduction, with several
variations and combination of them. Each of these methods then applies specific

algorithms, some of which you might have heard of (such as neural networks),

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and most of which probably sound very obscure (support vector machines,
linear regression, naive Bayes). You do not need to learn the specifics, but the
main idea is this: just like we learn through experience, by living our lives and
taking inputs from our senses so do these programs. They have evolved.
We might not be that much different from them after all.
6.2 It’s All About the Algorithms
Learning algorithms are improving in terms of accuracy and performance every
day. Just five or six years ago they used to be very sloppy, and to be honest their
results were quite embarrassing to look at. But today things are changing, very
rapidly. When you performed a search on Google, you used to get certain
results, and they were the same for everyone, no matter where you came from.
Today, it is likely that no Google search ever gives the exact same results.
Instead, what you get is a personalised version, containing the pages that are
most likely to interest you, based on a variety of criteria. Say you search for a
Pizzeria. They can look at your IP address, they can geolocate you using GPS
technology, and put on the top results from your local area. If you happen to have
a registered Google account, they can look at the history of all your previous
searches, where you clicked, when you clicked, how many times, which domain
did you visit the most (or the least). They know if you are male of female, young
or old, and based on that they can narrow down the search to an even more
personalised level. If you have a Gmail account, they will know many things
about your habits, places you visit, places you wish to visit, and people you
usually talk to. They can cross-reference their searches, and use that data as
well. Of course, when I say “they”, I do not mean any particular person. There is
nobody personally looking at your profile, your data, your search history, or your
habits. I mean the programs. All that I have described happens billions of times a
day, in a matter of milliseconds or less, for each occurrence. Beside the fact that
having a person check on you like that would violate privacy laws, it would also
be practically impossible to do these operations with human supervision. These
programs learn, just like we do, every day, something about us.
Another major difference is that computers can learn faster (due to the
exponential increase in computational power), and they have virtually no
limitation on how much they can learn (due to the exponential increase in
memory storage). Think about it: it takes a few years to teach a child to learn

a language, read, write, recognise things, and even more time to learn a

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sophisticated technical skill. For a person to become a qualified medical
doctor, it can take up to or even more than 20 years of studying and work in
the field, before they can become proficient at what they do. If one day that
person dies, or simply stops working, goes on permanent vacation or
retires, it will take another 20 years for the next person to take their place.
Computers do not have such limitations. It might require a lot of time at the
beginning, but once any progress is made, it is propagated throughout the
whole network. The next computer does not need to re-learn everything
from scratch; it can simply connect to the existing network and benefit from
the collective knowledge derived from other computers.
Surely the algorithm used is important. If you have a bad algorithm, you will
end up with nothing interesting. But what really made the difference in the last 10
years is the sheer amount of data at our disposal. We are literally buried by data
of all kind, so much that we do not have enough minds to analyse that data and
make sense of it all. Over that last few years there has been a wave of public
data coming from all sources: governments, NGOs, public libraries, as well as
private websites that collect real-time data from people. We contribute in making
this immense database of collective knowledge, simply by living our lives. Every
tweet, every search, every picture we upload, friend we add on a social network,
place we visit, every phone call we make, they all feed this gigantic machine,
distributed among billions of computers around the globe.
That being said, you might be wondering how far have we come
with AI Systems. Have they reached human-level intelligence? If not, will
they ever? What technology exists already?
For now you can rest safe, AI systems have not come anywhere near
human levels of general purpose intelligence. However, they are evolving
rapidly, and some expect them to reach and even surpass humans by
2030. 37 Others disagree, and only time will tell for sure who was right.
What we know for certain is that today we already have machines
that surpass humans in many task specific intelligences. I hereby
present before you the evidence for automation.

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Chapter 7
Evidence for Automation
W e understand what exponential growth means. We have seen how
information technology has grown over the last 150 years. Let us see how
far has that brought us.
I started gathering the evidence for this chapter as soon as I decided to
write the book, back in October 2011. Since then, I collected more than 300
articles, all from highly reputable and reliable sources. These stories span from
machines that act like us, computers that “think” better then us, and robots that
perform unimaginably complex tasks. Every day I opened my news feed, I would
find something new and I added it to my list. At some point I realised I had to
stop. I knew there could never be an end to this trend, but I did not expect it to
grow so quickly. Once again, I underestimated the power of the exponential
function. As the list started to grow out of proportion, I decided I would freeze it,
finish the book and publish, or else I will never be done with it. Not to worry
though, I will keep posting updates on the website for
everyone to see. In this book, rather than a sterile and long list of technologies, I
picked only a few that I think are most relevant for the sake of the argument.
7.1 Automated Shopping
You might not think of them as such, but vending machines are actually a
primitive type of robot. Their function is very simple. They keep an inventory,
have an electronic display, accept money and provide you with the item you
paid for. It is a 30-year old technology, and it has not progressed much since
then. Or, has it? In Europe and the US we do not think much of vending
machines, but that is just because we have not taken them seriously. On the
contrary, in Japan, where they have high population density, limited space,
high cost of labour, low rates of vandalism and petty crimes, and people shop
mostly by bicycle or on foot, vending machines are taken very seriously.
In Japan there are about 8.6 million vending machines, one for every 14
people, the highest number per capita in the world. 38 . These robots, known there
as jido-hanbaiki (from jido, ”automatic”; hanbai, ”vending”; and ki, ”machine”),
often abbreviated jihanki, are widespread and commonly used for all sorts of

http://robotswillstealyourjob.com

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goods: not just newspapers, snacks and drinks, but also books, DVDs, condoms,
ice-cream, hot instant noodles, rice, porno magazines, glasses, boiled eggs,
umbrellas, neckties, sneakers, vegetables, iPods, live lobsters, Onsen (hot spring
water), and even Buddhist prayer bead-rolls. Sure, we can laugh at it, but it
makes sense, does it not? The days when you had the little shop just around the
corner, with a smiling person who owned the shop, knew what they were doing
and could give you real guidance and assistance are quickly disappearing.
Today most commercial transactions of physical goods are made at
the mall. Specifically, more and more in huge supermarket chains, where
the cashiers work part-time, as one of their multiple jobs, that they are
doing so just because they need the money to pay their rent, medical bills,
student loads, mortgages and whatnot. The truth is that it would make a
whole lot of sense for society to have a shopping mall where most things
are automated. The problem with that of course is that people currently
working there would find themselves in deep, deep trouble.
Imagine this. You walk into a store, and you have an interactive map on
your cell phone showing you where all the items are. You can search for items,
filter them by categories, and get information on each single product; not just
nutritional elements, but you can trace the production process, the companies
behind it, and dynamically compare products based on your search criteria. You
can also read reviews from other people about these products, just like on
Amazon.com today. You get all that you need, put in the basket, then before
going out you stop for a few seconds on a gateway, which receives signals from
all of the items you would like to purchase through RFID chips, and you are good
to go. Swipe in your credit card, or even pay by just accepting the payment
request on your cell phone. The whole process, the time between you decide to
leave the store and the moment you can actually walk out, takes less than 10
seconds. No human was involved in this, no human was required. No queues, no
waiting time, no screaming and shouting, no cutting of lines.
Sounds futuristic? Every piece of technology needed for making this happen
already exist, and has existed for many years. Then why is not it in place
already? Why are we not seeing this trend expanding to all retail stores? Maybe
it is expensive to deploy such a system. On the contrary, it would be much
cheaper than having to employ humans to do the job. “But you need human
contact! What about the value added that only a human employee can offer?”

Have you ever worked at a mall? If so, how motivated were you, and how long

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did that last? “But you need human workers to place the products on the shelves,
that much you do!” Actually, even that technology is already available, though it
is more recent than the others. Some warehouses are already completely
automated, and require only operators to work and handle the entire task. Pallets
and product move on a system of automated conveyors, cranes and automated
storage and retrieval systems coordinated by programmable logic controllers and
computers running logistics automation software. Their accuracy and productivity
is far greater than any human could ever dream of. These machines are faster,
more precise, they can lift huge weights without having to deal with back
problems, they work day and night, and do not require a lot maintenance.
Amazon.com has recently purchased Kiva Systems, a manufacturer of bright
orange robots that scuttle around warehouses filling orders, for $775 million 39 .
CNN has a video of the system operating (see the link in the previous footnote or
the book website). It is a pretty amazing sight. Hundreds of robots picking up
items from the shelves, moving them around in immense warehouses, with
clockwork precision and perfect timing, as if dancing to a silent piece of music,
written in code of zeroes and ones. These robots are smart enough to put the
items in the most convenient place and distance, based on how frequently they
are needed, how heavy they are, and many other criteria. They work 24/7 and
never make mistakes. The application of similar automated systems to
supermarkets and shopping malls is a minor engineering issue, one that can
easily be solved in a few months, if there ever was the intention to do so.
If this is all possible, why are we not seeing it?
Tesco is the third-largest retailer in the world measured by revenues
(after Walmart and Carrefour) and the second-largest measured by profits
(after Walmart). Tesco has a large market in South Korea (where they
rebranded as “Home plus”), second only to E-Mart, mainly because it does
not have as many stores. As usual they wanted to increase their profits, the
typical approach would require them to build more stores in order to reach
E-marts level of distribution in the country; but they decided to opt for a
different strategy, one that uses more automation and less workers.
Picture yourself in Korea going to work. You have got a few things to buy
for dinner, but have no time. So you take the subway, and while waiting for the
next train to arrive you see the walls covered with displays that look exactly
like a supermarket. Just grab your cell phone, chose what you want, scan the

QR code, checkout. When you come back home, you will find your grocery

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delivered on your doorstep. Quite convenient, is not it? Here are the
results of the experiment that took place last year: online sales between
November 2010 and January 2011 increased by 130%, with the number
of registered members rising by 76%. Home plus had become the
number one online store and has raised the stakes in the offline market 40 .
This continuing trend could potentially destabilise the economy, consider the
millions of people who have jobs that could be affected by it. If Walmart were to
put this technology in place on a systemic level (automated restocking, shopping,
and delivery), it would have disastrous consequences, because the people
working there would have lots of difficulties finding another occupation. Most
people do not realise how big Walmart really is. Today, Walmart is the Earth’s
largest retailer. In fact, it is much more than that: the finances, footprint, and
personnel of this behemoth dwarf entire industries and countries 41 . Its epic $421
billion annual revenues eclipse the GDP of more than 170 countries, and its 2.1
million employees would form the second largest standing army on the planet.
Walmart’s 2010 revenues were bigger than the revenues of the largest oil
companies in US, the largest manufacturer, and the largest pharmaceutical
company. Even when combined, the revenues of Chevron, General Electric, and
Pfizer still total less than Walmart’s. To put this in perspective, if Walmart were a
country, its GDP would be the 25th largest economy in the world (twice the size
of Ireland’s). Were Walmart to start an aggressive automation strategy, in just a
few years it could easily run its business with less than 100,000 employees. That
would leave 2 million people, mostly uneducated and unskilled workers, out of a
job. Where would these people go? And what would they eat? What will happen
to their families?
In the past, we have seen automation cutting the workforce, but unskilled
workers all gravitated towards places like Walmart to find an easy (even
though very unsatisfying) job. This is one of many unspoken tragedies of the
so-called modern culture. The idea that the greatest aspiration a person could
have is to work some mechanical and monotonous job, so that they can pay
the bills, is an insult to the dignity that every individual has. Each human
being, from the moment they are born, is an invaluable masterpiece, capable
of greatness beyond what we can conceive today. To even consider the
proposition that we should hang on to an economic system that hinders
innovation and automation, in order to preserve repetitious and mindless jobs,
shows the deep loss of perspective and aptitude of our out-dated institutions.

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If Walmart begins automation (and I suspect they will), there would
be no coming back for the shopping industry. It is an irreversible
process, the replaced jobs will not come back. But having removed
these jobs, what will millions of people do?
Wait before you answer, we are not quite done yet.
7.2 Automated Manufacturing
The advent of automation in the manufacturing industry is generally well-
known. It has been a century since we started using machines to increase
our productivity. Just think of a car factory. The assembly line developed by
Ford Motor Company between 1908 and 1915 made assembly widespread,
mass production brought unprecedented social transformations. By utilising
the old Latin proverb divide et impera (divide and conquer), we were able to
transform long and difficult tasks into sets of many small and simple to
execute mechanical operations. That went well with machines, who for a
century worked alongside humans in a fruitful cooperation.
Of course – robots were displacing human workers, but we always
found something else to do, because of mainly two reasons:
There was enough time to adjust and learn new skills.
Some operations were too complex for machines to do, or the cost of
creating a machine capable of performing such a task was too high.
Why go through the trouble of programming a complex robot to do
something cheap labour could accomplish more easily and cheaper?
Such was the past, but things have now changed. Labour is not that cheap
anymore. Human development is finally occurring on a mass scale, people
are (rightly) demanding their rights, and even though there are still millions
who work in conditions that we might consider slavery by today’s
standards, the working conditions are getting better, and the standards are
raising everywhere, even in relatively under-developed countries. On the
other hand, algorithms are getting better exponentially, robotics is
developing rapidly, machines are now becoming cheaper to build, even for
complex tasks, and we are already seeing the effects of this.

Foxconn is the world’s largest maker of electronic components and the

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largest exporter in Greater China, 4243 with an annual revenue of more than
100 billion dollars. 44    They make virtually anything. If you have an iPad, an
iPhone, a Kindle, a PlayStation 3, or an Xbox 360, changes are that it
comes from there. Without counting national public services, Foxconn
comes out as the third largest employer in the world with an impressive 1.2
million workers, right after Walmart (2.1 million). 45    It has contracts with Acer,
Amazon.com, Apple, Cisco, Dell, Hewlett-Packard, Intel, Microsoft,
Motorola, Nintendo, Nokia, Samsung, Sony, Toshiba, and just about any
major tech company you can think of. Foxconn is not a company: it is an
immense monster, an electronics supergiant singlehandedly responsible for
nearly half of all such technological production in the world. 46
If they were to displace their 1.2 million workers, things would turn ugly for
many people. As it happens, as recently as last year (2011), Foxconn announced
that they intended to deploy an army of robots, in order to “replace some of its
workers with 1 million robots in three years to cut rising labor expenses and
improve efficiency.” – said Terry Gou, founder and chairman of the company. 47    It
still remains unclear if they are really going through with the plan, and how many
workers would be displaced by this operation, but it appears that they already
launched and built a Research and Development facility and a factory in Taiwan
to build their own robots; and they began to hire some 2,000 engineers to drive
the project forward. 48    It would appear that Foxconn is really committed in
automating their business, and it should come as no surprise. Why would they
not? Robots are cheaper and more reliable than human workers, they do not ask
for vacation, they do not commit suicide, they do not protest for more rights (yet),
and they can ensure the company’s profits – which is what matters most, for a
multinational corporation and its stakeholders.
Rumors and stories surrounding its operations began to spread after a wave
of suicides was reported by the news in the Western world. After fourteen
workers were found dead in 2010, some twenty Chinese universities compiled a
report, in which they described Foxconn factories as labour camps and detailed
widespread worker abuse and illegal overtime. 49    Overcrowded, small rooms,
impossibly long and exhausting working hours, security guards beating workers
to death are just a hint of what really happens in those hellholes, what manages
to overcome the great firewall of censorship of China and reaches our digital
shores. 50    After protests began to kindle in the US and in Europe, demanding
better working conditions, the morbid response from Foxconn executives was

that they would install suicide-prevention nets at some facilities to catch the

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people who tried to commit suicide by jumping off the building (I am not
joking), and they promised to offer higher wages at its Shenzhen production
bases. But they also did something else. Workers are now forced to sign a
legally binding document guaranteeing that they and their descendants would
not sue the company as a result of unexpected death, self-injury, or suicide. 51
The saddest part of this story is not the that workers at Foxconn live in
horrifying conditions. What is truly astonishing is that Foxconn actually
provides higher wages, better working conditions, and has a lower suicide rate
than the average Chinese company. 52    Foxconn is merely the story that made it
into the news, and we suddenly became all outraged by it. But there is nothing
to be surprised about: this is the very nature of current socio-economic
system, efficiency and profit are more important than human lives.
Foxconn is not the only company moving in the direction of automation.
Canon announced in June 2012 that some of its camera factories will phase out
human workers in an effort to reduce costs. We can expect robots to be making
the next generation of cameras, possibly as soon as 2015. Of course, the
company’s spokesman Jun Misumi was quick at dismissing the idea that this
move would mean layoffs at Canon, when he told the Associated Press, “When
machines become more sophisticated, human beings can be transferred to do
new kinds of work“. 53    These are nice words, but I doubt they will hold true.
Workers at the assembly line have been performing the same mindless,
repetitive, mechanical jobs for years. Before they started working on a factory
they were a masterpiece of evolution and natural selection, individuals with
imagination, dreams, aspirations, they had endless possibilities. They could have
become artists, scientists, musicians, they could have been the drivers of new
amazing discoveries that pushed humanity forward. After a few years in a factory
they were just another pair of hands in an endless sea of moving parts, their
dreams were crushed, their hopes disappeared, and their aspiration became ‘to
bring home enough money for the next month’. I doubt these people will all
suddenly become engineers, industrial designers, sales managers, and computer
scientists – assuming that a proportionally larger number of those jobs will be
needed at Canon by 2015 (they will not).
Foxconnn, Canon, they are only two of numerous examples. China is
increasingly replacing its workers with robots,   54    and now even major newspapers
are realising this. Just a few days ago (at the time of this writing), The New York

Times came out with a 6-page piece entitled “The Machines Are Taking Over”, 55

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The Wall Street Journal says “Why Software Is Eating The World”, 56 and I
suspect these types of article will only increase in the near future.
The trend is clear, companies in the manufacturing sector are automating,
and the typical answer “people will find something else to do” is simply a cop-out
that does not look at the reality of the situation – that change is happening too
fast, and that most workers who will be replaced by machines will not have the
time to learn new skills. That is, assuming that we could somehow find a number
of new jobs equivalent to the number of displaced workers – and I very much
doubt we will (more on this in Chapter 9 ).
7.3 3D Printing
You are in your house, having a party with some friends. As it happens,
one of them drinks a little bit too much, and drops a glass on the floor.
Broken. Typically you would go and buy a new one at the local store, or
get online and order it. But you could also go the computer, download
the CAD file of the glass, press print, and watch your 3D printer as it
makes a perfect replica of the glass as it was, before your friend broke it.
Pretty neat, but not really a game changer.
Now imagine you are Captain of a container ship. You left from China a
few days ago on your way to San Francisco, and now you are in the middle of
the Pacific Ocean. Suddenly the ship stops, then the Chief Engineer shows
up, informing you that a part of the engine just broke. From the sound of his
grumpy voice you know he does not have a spare part, and has no way of
making a replacement. You realise you are stranded. All you can do is call for
help, wait, miss the deadline, and lose a lot of money. Not a pretty situation.
Or, you could have a 3D printer. Select the file, press print, fix the engine, and
be on your way in less than an hour. That is pretty neat.
It is like the replicator in Star Trek 57 . “Tea. Earl Grey. Hot.” Many fans
of The Next Generation will recognise these words. Just say the word,
and anything you want will appear, in front of your eyes. How far are we
from this fantastic technology?

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Figure 7.1: The replicator in Star Trek creating a coffee mug.
Today 3D printing is a multi-billion dollar industry, and it is growing
exponentially 58 . There are many types of 3D printer, from DIY Open Source
models to sophisticated commercial products, spanning from a few hundred to
many thousands of dollars. The idea behind it is simple. Just like regular inkjet
or laser printers, they start from a file on your computer and then manipulate
matter to create what you want. The only difference is that they can print in
three dimensions instead of two, and they can use many different materials.
3D printers are already used for rapid prototyping, rapid manufacturing, and
many DIY enthusiasts and hackers use them at home for fun. Although these
machines are not quite ready to replace all commercial production, they surely
are on their way to. The hugely successful Open Source project RepRap gave
rise to a plethora of successors, thanks to its openness and incredible
community of people around it. Just to name of few of the available 3D
printers under €1,000, we have MakerBot Thing-O-Matic, The Replicator,
Ultimaker, Shapercube, Mosaic, Prusa, Huxley, Printrbot. They all came into
existence in just a couple of years, and if you buy it in kit form and assemble it
yourself you can get one for less than €300.

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Figure 7.2: The “Replicator”, an inexpensive 3D printer that prints
object in colours.
Printers from the low price range are still very limited, both in terms of
resolution (you can see the imperfections) and the materials they can use (mostly
plastics). But commercial printers are different. At the time of this writing, the
most sophisticated machine can print with an accuracy of 16 micrometres 59 .
That’s 0.016 millimetres! To put things in perspective, the resolution limit of the
human eye is about 100 micrometres, and the iPhone 4’s ‘Retina display’ pixels
are 78 micrometres in width 60 . These machines can print multiple materials, such
as ABS plastic, PLA, polyamide (nylon), glass filled polyamide, stereolithography
materials (epoxy resins), silver, titanium, wax, polystyrene, ceramics, stainless
steel, titanium, photopolymers, polycarbonate, aluminium and various alloys
including cobalt chrome. 61    You can print in colours, and even create structures
that are more intricate than any other manufacturing technology
– or, in fact, are impossible to build in any other way. 62    You can create
parts with moving components, hinges, and even parts within parts.
3D printers are not just used for manufacturing. People have printed
anything, from really cool-looking personalised prosthetic limbs 63    to bone-
like material 64    and even human organs. 65

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A very inspiring example of how 3D printers can be used for the
betterment of humankind comes from Scott Summit and his team, comprised
of Industrial Designers and Orthopaedic Surgeons whose mission was to
bring more humanity to people who have congenital or traumatic limb loss. In
their words: “Each of our bodies is unique, as are our tastes and styles.
Humans are anything but one-size-fits-all, and we want to recognise that fact.
We achieve this by creating products that allow our clients to personalise their
prosthetic legs. Our hope is to enable our clients to emotionally connect with
their prosthetic limbs, and wear them confidently as a form of personal
expression.” 66 For people who have lost a leg life can be very difficult, so
instead of hiding their defect and feel miserable, they can show it with pride,
reclaiming that lost connection with their body.

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Figure 7.3: Beautiful pictures of 3D printed prostheses.
Courtesy of Bespoke Innovations™, Inc.
I suspect we will see very soon a rapid increase in the quality of these
machines, and the costs will drop significantly, so much that they will become an
everyday commodity, something that every house will have, like a microwave
oven. In turn, marketplaces like iTunes, Android or Amazon.com will follow,
together with their ’pirate’ and Open Source counterparts. In fact, the Open
Source community is already leading the way (as always). Thingiverse has
thousands of free designs that people can download, print, or improve upon, 67
and The Pirate Bay recently announced a new section called “Physible”, CAD
designs of physical objects, legal or not 68 . In a few years, most of us will all have
a micrometre-precision 3D printer that prints multiple materials and colours in our
house. Designs will be dead cheap, or they will cost nothing at all.
Today 3D printing is little more than a hobby, but it can soon become a
game changer for entire industries. Another advantage of 3D printing is that
instead of conforming to sizes and shapes defined by the economies of scale,
the object can adapt to you instead, moving from an economy of mass
production to an economy of mass personalisation. How many jobs today rely on

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manufacturing?
7.4 Automated Construction
Typically, it can take from 6 weeks to 6 months to build a 2-storey-house in the
US or Canada, mostly because dozens of humans do all the work. However, we
have new and smart ways of building houses, and some are beginning to use
them. In China, we can construct a 30-storey skyscraper with all modern
comforts in 15 days. That’s two storeys per day, non-stop. The building is made
from prefabricated parts and can withstand earthquakes of magnitude 9, it has
excellent insulation systems, it is five times more efficient than regular hotels,
and has smart systems for air circulation and quality control 69 . The implications of
this are significant: we have designed a system that will let you build anywhere,
to construction tolerances of +/- 0.2 mm, in just a few days 70 .
This is what we can do today. Let us have a look at tomorrow, shall we?
Contour crafting is a construction process that uses a computer-controlled
crane or gantry to construct buildings rapidly and efficiently without manual
labour. It is possible that within a decade this technology will advance so much
that we will be able to upload the design specification to our computer, press
print and watch massive robots spit out a concrete house in less than a day. No
humans required, except for couple of supervisors and designers that is it. You
might be thinking that that is like a huge 3D printer! And you would be right, the
idea is the same, just the scale and the materials differ.
Contour crafting is now under development by Behrokh Khoshnevis of
the University of Southern California’s Information Sciences Institute. It was
originally conceived as a method to construct moulds for industrial parts, but
Khoshnevis decided to adapt the technology for rapid home construction as a
way to rebuild after natural disasters, like the devastating earthquakes that
have plagued his native Iran. 71 Khoshnevis claims that his system could build a
complete home in a single day, and its electrically powered crane would
produce very little construction material waste. This is particularly interesting
because today a standard home construction creates 3-7 tonnes of waste and
exhaust fumes from machineries and vehicles 72 , not to mention the thousands
of deaths each year which result from workplace accidents. 73 Contour crafting
could reduce costs, lessen our environmental impact, save materials and

many lives. Of course with it, a lot of jobs would disappear, too.

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Some industries and institutions have already shown interest in this
technology. Caterpillar Inc. has provided funding for the Viterbi project
since the summer of 2008 74 , NASA is evaluating Contour Crafting for its
application in the construction of bases on Mars and the Moon 75 , and
Singularity University graduate students established the ACASA project
with Khoshnevis as the CTO to commercialise Contour Crafting 76 .
7.5 Automated Journalism
You might think that writing is just one of those things that machines will
never do. I mean, sure you can try to make them generate text, but it will
sound sterile and fake, it would have no soul. Surely you would be able
to spot it in a second, right? Right?
Let us see how well you do. Below are the opening lines of three story
pieces written about a baseball game. Can you tell which were written by
flesh and blood human beings, and which by a machine (if any)?
a)
The University of Michigan baseball team used a four-run fifth inning
to salvage the final game in its three-game weekend series with
Iowa, winning 7-5 on Saturday afternoon (April 24) at the Wilpon
Baseball Complex, home of historic Ray Fisher Stadium.
b)
Michigan held off Iowa for a 7-5 win on Saturday. The Hawkeyes
(16-21) were unable to overcome a four-run sixth inning deficit. The
Hawkeyes clawed back in the eighth inning, putting up one run.
c)
The Iowa baseball team dropped the finale of a three-game series, 7-5,
to Michigan Saturday afternoon. Despite the loss, Iowa won the series
having picked up two wins in the twinbill at Ray Fisher Stadium Friday.
Take a moment and try to guess. They all look pretty similar, but which one
is the product of a lifeless machine? All of them? None? It is time for the moment
of truth. If you thought article c ) was computer generated, then you would be
right. I can picture you going back a paragraph and read the opening lines again
thinking, “Yeah, now that I see it, it makes sense. None of them are Pulitzer
material (sport reports are quite boring), but c ) definitely looks more dull than the

others. It must be computer generated”. Somehow your mind has

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already internalised this fact, and it is starting to reinforce it. If you go back
and read them again, I am sure you can spot the flaw right away. It is like with
subliminal messages, once you are aware of them, they do not work anymore.
Sorry to disappoint, but you have just been trolled. 77 The correct answer is in
fact b ), that is the computer generated article 78 . If you have been tricked, do not
feel bad. Narrative Science and other companies have many customers in the
big media industry that make use of this technology already. We just did not
notice. The list of such media firms is secret, but we know they are there,
because the companies that created these intelligent algorithms have rounded
up several million dollars in a very short time. As of now the software is mainly
used for sports, finance, business, market, and real estate reporting. I will not go
so far as to say that the algorithms developed today can replace all journalists.
That would be nonsense. And I do not expect software to write an editorial about
the lack of human rights in China any time soon. But remember, to disrupt an
industry you do not need to replace all jobs within it, just a significant fraction.
I noticed that often people tend to fall for this kind logical fallacy. If
you can find one example of a person that cannot be replaced by
machines, then the argument of technological unemployment is invalid.
On the contrary, I would argue that if you have to rely on that single
special example to present your argument in favour of humans, you
have just proved my point. That the average person within that job type
is bound to fall victim to technological unemployment.
Now imagine if a few big players (Google, Amazon.com), that are
collecting millions of terabytes of personal information about our reading
habits, decide to enter the market of automated journalism. We have
already seen how Google news has already affected news sites by
collecting articles into categories and creating personalised news feeds,
faster and better than any human could. What if these software start to
write the stories themselves? How long do you think will that take? If you
are thinking decades, you are in for a surprise.
7.6 AI Assistants
You might remember the May of 1997, when the legendary chess player Garry
Kasparov was defeated by IBM Deep Blue in what has been called “the most

spectacular chess event in history” 79 . At the time the plan of IBM was to rely on

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the computational superiority of their machine using brute force, 80
crunching billions of combinations; against the intuition, memory recall
and pattern recognition of the Russian chess grandmaster. Nobody
believed it represented an act of intelligence of any sort, since it worked
in a very mechanistic way. Boy, we have gone so far since then.
The classical “Turing test approach” has been largely abandoned as a
realistic research goal, and is now just an intellectual curiosity (the annual
Loebner prize for realistic chattiest 81 ), but helped spawn the two dominant
themes of modern cognition and artificial intelligence: calculating probabilities
and producing complex behaviour from the interaction of many small, simple
processes. As of today (2012), we believe these represent more closely what
the human brain does, and they have been used in a variety of real-world
applications: Google’s autonomous cars, search results, recommendation
systems, automated language translation, personal assistants, cybernetic
computational search engines, and IBM’s newest super brain Watson .
Natural language processing was believed to be a task that only humans
could accomplish. A word can have different meanings depending on the
context, a phrase could not mean what it says if it is a joke or a pun. One may
infer a subtext implicitly, make cultural references specific to a geographical or
cultural area, the possibilities are truly endless. A game that captures pretty
well the intricacies and the nuances of the English language is Jeopardy! This
show that has been on-the-air for half a century and has produced some
remarkable geniuses. Brad Rutter is the biggest all-time money winner on the
game (making $3,455,102 so far 82 ) and Ken Jennings is the record holder for
the longest championship streak (74 wins) 83 .
In February 2011 IBM’s team decided to take on both champions in
a historic match between humans and machine. It was the moment of
truth. Watson literally destroyed both humans, bringing home the prize of
$1 million (which was donated to charities), while Jennings and Rutter
received $300,000 and $200,000, respectively (and pledged to donate
half their winnings to charity). This was a truly historic moment for AI
researchers, because they were able to reach a frontier that only science
fiction writers and futurists believed was possible just a few years ago.
Although IBM’s achievement is impressive, we have to put things in

perspective. Watson had access to 200 million pages of structured and

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unstructured content consuming four terabytes of disk storage, including the
full text of Wikipedia. The hardware is a 2,880 processor cores monster,
running on massive parallelism that allows Watson to answer Jeopardy!
questions in less than three seconds 84 . The total cost of the hardware is about
$3 million. Watson’s brain uses 80 kilowatts of electricity and 20 air
conditioners 85 , while Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter’s brains fit in a shoebox,
and are powered by a couple glasses of water and a few sandwiches.
Now recall the power of exponential growth in computing. While our
brains will stay pretty much the same for the next 20 years, computer’s
efficiency and computational power will have doubled about twenty
times. That is a million-fold increase. So, for the same $3 million you will
have a computer a million times more powerful than Watson, or you
could have a Watson-equivalent computer for $3.
Watson’s computational power and exceptional skills of advanced
Natural Language Processing, Information Retrieval, Knowledge
Representation and Reasoning, Machine Learning, and open domain
question answering are already being put to better use than showing off at
a TV contest. IBM and Nuance Communications Inc. are partnering for the
research project to develop a commercial product during the next 18 to 24
months that will exploit Watson’s capabilities as a clinical decision support
system to aid the diagnosis and treatment of patients. 86    Recall the example
of automated radiologists we mentioned earlier. Watson could be fully
capable of performing this task if there was ever the intention of doing so,
and even then we would be using only a tiny fraction of its immense power.
This is just the beginning. Watson-like technologies could be used
for virtually anything: legal advice, city planning (IBM and Cisco are
already working on smart cities), 87    and why not policy-making? 88
The Internet of Things is coming, and we had better be ready. Technology
is becoming so cheap and so powerful it will be integrated into everyday objects,
which will help us make better decisions. With all objects in the world equipped
with minuscule identifying devices, daily life on Earth would undergo a
transformation. 89    Companies would not run out of stock or waste products, as
involved parties would know which products are required and consumed. 90
Mislaid and stolen items would be easily tracked and located, as would the

people who use them. Your ability to interact with objects could be altered

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remotely based on your current status and existing user agreements. We
are not quite there yet, but we are getting closer and closer. 91
Coming back to the present, let us see what the market has to offer
today. Siri is Apple’s attempt to create a personal assistant, and anyone who
has ever used it knows that it is little more than a toy. Anybody trying to
convince you otherwise is talking marketing trash. Right now it has some built-
in AI to recognise speech and create a few connections in the dialogue, make
appointments and send emails; then it queries the computation search engine
WolframAlpha to give you computer results to natural language questions; but
it does not go very far. The so-called ’smart-assistant’ understands very little
of natural language, it does not adapt to many different accents, and it feels
nothing like talking to a real person. Generally speaking, it feels like you have
to adapt to it, rather than vice versa.
That being said, one cannot overlook its immense potential, given what we
learned in the chapter about the power of the
exponential curve. Siri is just the first prototype of a soon-to-be truly smart-
assistant that understands any language, spoken by anybody, and helps them
with whatever need they might have. It is a beta release. In time, it will evolve
more and more, becoming increasingly intelligent (meaning useful, not
necessarily ’intelligent’ as we are). Its progress will be automatically propagated
to all the connected devices, anywhere in the world, instantly. Google is already
working on a competitor for Siri as part of its Android platform, and we can
expect IBM’s Watson to play a role in the scene as well. And these are just the
known players. Today, a team of 3-4 people with access to cloud computing can
create a revolutionary new intelligent system that can be used by millions of
people. The initial investment is very low, and the distributed nature of
computation allows costs to increase incrementally as the business expands.
We are about to experience tremendous changes in such
technologies, the consequences of which are unthinkable for us at the
moment. Just as cavemen could not think of the complex cities and
societies we live in today, so do we compared to what is about to come.
7.7 Autonomous Vehicles
Often people say that something is either obvious and everything will change,

or that it will never happen. It turns out that things are not quite that simple.

Information Technology

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Societies are multi-faceted, complex, evolving organisms, with many
variables, and a certain degree of unpredictability. Technicians often fail
to take into account the human factor, the psychology of the masses,
and how events unfold accordingly. I think that both perspectives do not
really capture the essence of how we, as people, respond to these
events. Humanists do not usually understand technology, so their social
critique falls short in the face of disruptive change.
Suppose we take the case for automated vehicles. These are self-driving
machines: cars, trucks, and buses that do not require a human driver. The idea
of self-driving vehicles has been around for a while in popular culture, thanks to
science fiction writers. But for the first time, we have the engineering, the
mathematical and the computational ability to transform this idea into reality.
Some people are enthusiastic about this technology. “It’s about time. I cannot
wait to finally get one of those” - said one of the people I interviewed - “It is pretty
obvious that human drivers are going to disappear very soon”. But I also received
very different answers: “I don’t trust machines, they’ll never be like us. I will never
get into a car like that, I want to have control. People won’t accept that, they’ll
never have automated cars running on the streets.” This vision is shared by
many others I interviewed, some of whom were particularly disturbed by the idea
of self-driving cars (surprisingly enough even young people).
There are many factors to consider, and the evolution of progress goes
through various steps. First, there is the development of a new technology.
Computer scientists, mathematicians, physicists, and engineers form a small
research team somewhere, and decide they want to tackle a specific problem.
After a few years of research and development, sometimes even just a few
months, they have a working prototype. They test it, improve it, and test it again.
They change the conditions, and test it again, and again, until they are satisfied
with the result. Now, we have a working technology, that has been thoroughly
stress-tested under normal as well as extreme conditions, and all the data
suggests that this technology is reliable. In fact, it is more reliable than any
human, and it is also safer to use and faster to operate. This represents just the
first step. Next comes the social acceptance of such technology. This is not as
straightforward as it might seem. Remember that people react very differently to
the idea of utilising these machines. Most of the time contrasting opinions are
caused by a lack of understanding of the basics of the technology in question.
They see it as a matter of trust, or belief. They form their opinion based on

intuition, or gut feeling. Whatever the case may be, these different stances are

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real, and have very serious consequences. As a result, just because a
technology exists and it helps us live better, it will not necessarily be
adopted right away, because of many social factors.
To explain how this process unfolds, I will try to predict what I think
is a possible future scenario for the case of self-driving cars. Needless to
say, I do not possess the power of precognition, but I will try to make an
educated guess. Some of these events, at the time of writing, have
already happened. Many have not. Time will tell how wrong I was.
7.8 A (possible) History of Self-Driving Cars
Google announced that they have invented self-driving cars. After a few years of
research, with very little money and a small team, they were able to harness the
power of machines to solve a very challenging problem of our times. By utilising
neural networks and other sophisticated machine-learning algorithms, an
immense quantity of data, and thanks to the power of exponentially-increasing
technologies that made computation cheaper and faster, as well as sensors,
GPS, and laser systems, Google now had a working prototype of a car that
drives without the need for a human driver. They then began to test the car on
the streets, and let it run for thousands of kilometres. It recognised street signs,
traffic lights, pedestrians, dogs crossing, everything around it. It had a 360-
degree vision of the surrounding area. It could operate under any conditions,
including sun, rain, fog, with icy streets, snowy places, large roads, and small
roads. It could move across countrysides, highways, and traffic-intense cities, all
while avoiding obstacles. It even prevented accidents from happening when an
expected event popped-up, such as a child jumping into the middle of the road,
or a bicycle moving into the line without any warning. They then announced
these results to the public. People were divided and picked sides quite easily on
the spot. Most of them do not bother to investigate: they either love it or hate it a
priori. The media did not help either, as many news anchors discard the whole
thing with a couple of uninformed remarks, and the public did not receive any
information that might change their minds. That is the very reason they watched
the news, to become informed. Some news channels provide a very good
service; but far too often they instead gave personal opinions, coming from
somebody who has no understanding of the subject, and who was paid by the
network to display their ignorance and propagate it to the audience.

Meanwhile, further tests were performed, and these cars began to gather the

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attention of many companies and investors. They planned to release the first
versions of hybrids, partially-automated vehicles, where the default option is
human-driving, but one can switch to automated at any time, and let the car
drive for itself. A few states and countries proposed new laws that regulate
these cars, insurance companies planned to adjust their policies accordingly.
This process took some time, months, and in some cases even years, mostly
because social tensions began to emerge. The central issue was safety and
responsibility: what if an accident happens, who is responsible? The car
owner? The car company? The research team that created the system? The
state, which allowed these cars to move freely around their cities? A few
brought out another problem: jobs were being taken away by this technology,
the displacement of labour (human driver), without a plan to mitigate this loss.
These people were largely ignored, and the issue did not come up in the
political discourse: if anything, it was the market’s job to fix that problem.
After this media frenzy, the first commercial self-driving cars finally
arrived to the market. They could be driven in automated mode only in
certain states, so the manual switch option is essential. They are faced with
strong opposition by many groups: technophobes, political groups,
lobbyists, competitors that did not have this technology yet, or just parents
worried for their children, because the news told them that these machines
would kill their babies, without any conscience. Acceptance was not easy.
On the other hand, drivers who made use of this technology were extremely
satisfied. At the beginning only people with special needs bought the cars
(people with reduced mobility and/or vision, the elderly), but then the cars started
to gain traction, costs fell, and word of the autonomous car spread all over.
Traffic congestion, in states where they allow these cars to drive, are
disappearing, and eventually become a thing of the past. 92 Owners of the
cybernetic cars were very happy about their investment and enjoy the trips. They
could relax, read the news, use their smartphone, do some work, or even look
outside the windows and enjoy the sky, as if they were on a train. One could
simply hop in, choose the destination on the GPS, and enjoy the ride. But the
real ’killer-app’ is the “bring me home” command. This is particularly useful in
stressful or critical situations. After a long day of work, there is nothing one
enjoys more than going home without having to worry about anything. Even more
important, they could go out with friends, get drunk, get into the car, mumble “Go
home”, or press the big “Home-button” on the dashboard and fall asleep, while

the car took care of the rest. Stories of how these cars are helping

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people and significantly improve the quality of their lives begin to creep in:
editorials on newspapers, interviews on TV, and also a few celebrities began
to endorse this technology. Traffic congestions decreased, the number of
accidents fell significantly. The situation seemed to be changing, and public
opinion is now mostly favourable. Then, the first major accident happened.
A self-driving car was roaming around as usual, when another car, driven by
a human, crashed into it. The person driving the old-fashioned vehicle was
exceeding the speed limit and did not care to follow the street signs either. In
short, it was his fault. The cybernetic car tried to avoid the collision, but the other
car was simply too fast and it all happened to quickly. The result: the driver of the
old car, and his friend next to him, died. News stories went nuts. Headlines like
“First self-driving car kills 2 people”, “The killer-machine”, and “Who ’s going to
pay for this?” dominate the news arena. The families of the victims are
interviewed on national TV, their pain and anger fermented the hatred towards
machines that had been dormant up until then. “I knew this would have
happened” – “You cannot trust a machine” – “I voted against this law” – “We are
going to do whatever necessary to ensure that this does not happen again”, and
other nonsense like this was spat out at every corner of the news. Only a few
brought out the fact that, between the time self-driving cars and the first major
accident happened, thousands of accidents among human drivers occurred,
where hundreds died and none of them made it into the news. It did not matter:
facts are not important, what matters is our perception of reality. Some states
declared that they will never allow these infernal machines to do any more
damage, and refused to accept them. More legislation, more public discourse,
more debates and opposition soon followed.
Meanwhile, technology advanced exponentially: cars became even
more reliable, they required less energy, their algorithms improved. They
were cheaper, widespread, more companies developed such technologies,
and demand for these cars rose. Soon, it became the only growing market
in the automobile industry, and companies that failed to innovate risk dying
off. On the other hand, there is a small group of dedicated individuals who
spoke about the pleasure of driving, the value in keeping your mind
occupied and the “good old days”. Also, they said it was important to have
control over our tools, and that the direction people were taking was ugly
and dangerous. The had a few supporters, and they remained faithful to
this view, regardless of the ever-growing advancements on the field.

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After a few years, these cars were widespread across most developed
countries, they were still hybrid models, but people relied on their driving skills
less and less. Streets became more secure, and traffic jams were greatly
reduced. Some bold companies began to design entirely new car concepts:
fully autonomous, cybernetic vehicles, where the human driver is not longer
needed. As such, they could redesign the cabin from the ground up. Seats
could now move in any direction, all four people could face each other if they
liked, in circle. Being in a car now became a whole different experience; it
could be a truly social event. Given the situation, one would expect every car,
bus, truck, and taxi to run autonomously by now. It would certainly have been
the right choice: more efficient, less accidents, no traffic jams, cheaper and
more reliable than human drivers…having autonomous vehicles would be
logical. But things do not always go according to what is logical. They follow
complex dynamics that have to do with society, group thinking and complex
dynamics that have little to do with technology and what is good; and a lot to
do with politics, marketing, emotional attachments, old habit, delusions,
beliefs, and what appears to be good.
The invention and creation of a technology may be a hard problem, but
sometimes social acceptance of that technology is a much harder one.

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Chapter 8
Social Acceptance
E ven though a technology might be ready, tested, and reliable, its social
acceptance is not obvious at all. Fear, uncertainty, doubt, ignorance,
special interests, they all converge to stifle innovation and the betterment of
our lives. Take what is arguably the greatest revolution in the history of
humanity: the Internet. An ocean of possibilities: democratisation of
information, distributed free sharing of ideas, instant communication across
the globe, the levelling of race and class; anybody, anywhere, has the
same opportunity. That was the potential. The reality? A handful of
companies control the essential services for accessing the Internet, and an
equally small number of private corporations make up a very large portion
of Internet traffic. Even though we have the technology and the capability to
provide the world’s 7 billion people with free and unrestricted Internet
access, only one third of the world is connected to the global mind 93 .
And even when the Internet manages to reach the people, things do not quite
exactly go as expected. Politics should ensure freedom of speech, but attempts to
censor the Internet are widespread and increasing around the world. A quick look at
the 2011 edition of Freedom House’s report Freedom on the Net gives us a very
depressing view. Of the 37 countries surveyed, 8 were rated as “free” (22%), 18 as
“partly free” (49%), and 11 as “not free” (30%) 94 . The study’s findings indicate that
the threats to Internet freedom are growing and have become more diverse. Cyber
attacks, politically motivated censorship, and government control over Internet
infrastructure have emerged as especially prominent threats. And even among those
few considered “free”, there is a catch. For example, the United States of America is
supposedly “free”, but there is a long history of proposed federal and state laws that
attempted to restrict access to certain websites and services, or to control people 95 .
Some of these laws began with good intentions, but they were easily distorted and
taken advantage of. The latest flavour of these obscenities was called SOPA (Stop
Online Piracy Act), and together with its twin sister, the PROTECT IP Act
(Preventing Real Online Threats to Economic Creativity and Theft of Intellectual
Property Act of 2011; United States Senate Bill S.968), that gave the power to
censor the Internet to the entertainment industry. Videomaker Kirby Ferguson
explained it quite nicely 96 :

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“Protect-IP will not stop piracy but it will introduce vast potential for
censorship and abuse, while making the web less safe and less reliable.
This is the Internet we are talking about, it is a vital and vibrant medium and
our government is tampering with its basic structure so people will maybe
buy more Hollywood movies. But Hollywood movies do not get grassroots
candidates elected, they do not overthrow corrupt regimes, and the entire
entertainment industry doesn’t even contribute that much to our economy.
The Internet does all these and more. Corporations already have tools to
fight piracy. They have the power to take down specific content, to sue peer-
to-peer software companies out of existence, and to sue journalists just for
talking about how to copy a DVD. They have a history of stretching and
abusing their powers. They tried to take a baby video off YouTube just for
the music playing in the background. They have used legal penalties written
for large scale commercial piracy to go after families and children. They
even sued to ban the VCR and first MP3 players. So the question is: How
far will they take all this? The answer at this point is obvious: as far as we
will let them.”
On January 18, 2012, the English Wikipedia, Reddit, and another 7,000
other smaller websites coordinated a service blackout, to raise awareness
against this madness. That day, more than 160 million people viewed
Wikipedia’s banner; the Electronic Frontier Foundation, Google and many
others collected several millions of signatures; many started to boycott
companies that supported the legislation and a rally was held in New York
City with thousands of activists 97 . By pulling together our strengths and
collective efforts we were able to kill this monstrosity, but they are already
coming back with other equally (if not more disturbing) idiotic proposals 98 .
Politicians are not only ignorant of how basic things work whenever a
technology is concerned, but they also essentially act as representatives of
corporations in government. To be more specific, their supposed ignorance
allows them to have the paying lobbyists write the bills in the manner that most
benefits our purported representatives true constituency - the corporations and
their owners, who are not satisfied with the majority of the pie, but who want the
whole thing. This is a problem with allowing money to act as a form of ’free
speech’. It is an arms race with more and more money trying to buy the ’right’
laws, and the people (corporations) who financially benefit from those laws, will
always have more money to buy more laws 99 . This is not a cynical view, nor it is a

conspiracy hypothesis, it is a well-documented fact that the top 0.1% of the US

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earns half of all capital gains 100 .
As if this was not enough, politicians and big corporations are only a very
small part of the problem. Studies have shown that the public’s ability to
understand everyday problems and challenges is depressingly low. In the US
about 87% of the people cannot even perform moderately complex tasks (such
as reading and understanding a newspaper article about foreign affairs, compare
two viewpoints in an editorial, read a graph, compare percentages) and 22% are
functionally illiterate 101 . The same goes for Italy, the United Kingdom, Belgium,
Australia, Canada, and many other developed countries 102 . It should come as no
surprise if the public perception of complex issues is skewed. How can you
expect at least 60% of the population to be informed and act responsibly, if more
than 60% of the people do not even know what 60% means? Consider the issue
of climate change (which the popular press likes to call “global warming”). For
years it has been at the centre of debate in newspapers and political talks. As if it
was a matter of opinion. As if journalists, politicians, economists or any other
person who was not a climatologist had anything to say in this regard. For years
people have debated and discussed, and presented “evidence” in favour and
against the “theory of anthropogenic global warming”. In March 2010 a Gallup
Poll revealed that 48% of Americans believed that “the seriousness of global
warming is generally exaggerated”, up from 41% in 2009 and 30% in 2006. 103
Similar frightening results in the UK and many other places. 104 We know that
climate change is happening, we know that we are largely responsible for it, 105
and even the top climate sceptics admitted they were wrong to doubt global-
warming data, confirmed by studies funded by the very people who denied
climate change and wanted to disprove it. 106 Yet, a combination of bad news
reporting, political trash-talk, pseudoscience, and public ignorance make it still
very hard for science to go forward.
Fear, uncertainty, doubt, and ignorance are a major obstacle to the
widespread acceptance of life-ameliorating technologies, but they are
not the only one. Consider the automated checkout lines at the
supermarket. If properly developed, using the right implementation with
an intuitive interface, it would speed up the process, reduce
inefficiencies, stress, but of course will displace millions of people.
Finally, there are other reasons why automation will not displace the totality of
the workforce, even in those areas where it potentially could. Consider a restaurant.

Some people think that a restaurant is a place where you eat, and that

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is what you pay for. Wrong. Such is the description of a fast-food line. In a
restaurant, you pay for the experience of eating a good meal, you pay for the
whole context, not the meal itself. If they were to serve scrumptiously delicious
food, but they had shit on the floor, you would most certainly ask for a refund,
or walk away entirely. When you enter a restaurant, you expect to be given a
pleasant context in which to enjoy your meal. The quiet atmosphere as you
enter, the warm lights as you sit down at the table, the waiter who welcomes
you and offers a suggestion on the wine to choose; all of these are elements
that count in creating a compelling experience. Eliminating the human element
from this picture may be harder than some technology enthusiasts like to
think. People enjoy the company of other human beings, they like to
empathise with them, hear and tell stories, exchange interests and different
viewpoints. Even though the interaction you might have with a waiter is very
limited, it could be nonetheless very compelling, and one of the reasons you
decided to go to a high class restaurant instead of a fast food. Picture now a
holographic image of beautiful lady, who knows all of our interests,
remembers when we came in last time, with whom, and ask questions
accordingly, always with a gentle voice. This is an example often given by
techno-geeks in favour of automation, 107 but I do not think that many people
would be very happy with that – at least not for a while.
As you can see, the process of acceptance for any scientific
evidence, disruptive technology, or anything that may change our way of
living is not linear and predictable. Many obstacles are in the way, and
opposition may come from all directions, for a variety of reasons.
With this in mind, let us analyse the whole workforce as it currently
stands, and project into the future the possible consequences that
accelerating technological change could bring.

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Chapter 9
Unemployment Tomorrow
W e will analyse the US workforce layer by layer. I chose the US mainly
for three reasons: it represents one of the biggest economies on the planet,
it has very good public data available, and much of the industrialised
countries are in a very similar situation.
In the United States, as of 2010, there were about 139 million workers,
with a population of 308 million. 108    The unemployment rate has fluctuated
over time, but the cycles of ups and downs have started to look more like a
trend. That trend represents a global rise in unemployment.
In 2010 unemployment was 9.6%, 109    one of the highest in US history,
second only to the 1982 value of 9.7%. 110    An even more interesting statistics
is the number of working people, against the total number of people. In
2000 the US had a population of 281,421,000, with a working force of
136,891,000. By 2010, the population had increased to 308,745,000, but
the working force was only 139,064,000 (see Table   9.1 ).
Year
2000
2010
Table 9.1: Total US workforce in between 2000 and 2010.
There are far more jobless people in the United States, and in the rest of the
world, than you might think. While the reports say that unemployment in the past
two years has been falling, the reality is different. As recent as March 2012,
Eurozone unemployment hit the record high level 10.9%. 111    But there is more.

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Figure 9.1: Americans not in the labour force, by age, as of 2011. Image
courtesy of CNN, data comes from the US Bureau Labor of Statistics.
In 2011, in addition to the millions of unemployed, another 86 million
Americans were not counted in the labour force, because they did not keep up
a regular job search. Most of them were either under age 25 or over age 65. 112
It is easy for politicians and economists to minimise the fear of unemployment,
just change the way you measure and you are suddenly much better off!
This is the present situation, and it is not looking good. But what
does the future have in store for us? Let us take a look at the number of
jobs per occupation, with at least 1 million workers.
Occupation Number of Percentage
workers of
workers%
Driver/sales workers, bus and truck
drivers
Retail salespersons 3,286,000 2.36%

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First-line supervisors/managers of retail

sales workers
Cashiers
Secretaries and administrative
assistants
Managers, all other
Sales representatives, wholesale,
manufacturing, real estate, insurance,
advertising
Registered nurses

Elementary and middle school teachers

Janitors and building cleaners
Waiters and waitresses
Cooks

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health

aides
Customer service representatives
Laborers and freight, stock, and
material movers, hand
Accountants and auditors
First-line supervisors/managers of

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office and administrative support
workers
Chief executives
Stock clerks and order fillers
Maids and housekeeping cleaners
Postsecondary teachers

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing

clerks
Receptionists and information clerks
Construction laborers
Child care workers
Carpenters
Secondary school teachers
Grounds maintenance workers
Financial managers

First-line supervisors/managers of non-

retail sales workers
Construction managers
Lawyers

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Computer software engineers
General and operations managers
Total of Occupations Listed Above
All Other Occupations
Total Employment
Take a good look at the table above. Now answer this: how many
occupations were created in the last 50 years? The 34 occupations listed above
make up 45.58% of the US Workforce. How many new jobs were introduced
because of the advances in technology? The answer is only one: computer and
software engineers. This profession barely makes it into the list at all. In fact, if
we were to exclude the bottom two, we would still have 44.12% of the economy
represented, and not a single type job was created in the last 50 to 60 years.
The reality is that the new jobs created by technology employ a very
small fraction of people, and even those jobs tend to disappear soon after
they are created. Think of the jobs created in the IT industry in the 1980s, and
how many of them survive to this day in 2012. If you were a programmer back
then, or a system administrator, and you did not study and learn the latest
developments, it would be very hard to find a job for you today. How many
occupations were created because of the introduction of a new technology,
only to disappear because an even newer technology came along? New jobs
require a high level of education, flexibility, intelligence, entrepreneurship –
most people have not been trained to be like that. In fact, our entire
educational system was created just after the industrial revolution, with the
idea of creating factory workers. The needed manual jobs, repetitive jobs, and

our educational system has not been sufficiently upgraded since then.

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The economy has been in need of a different breed of people for a long
time. The process of changing that is very slow, and hard, however. One
reason is because the teachers themselves have been taught to be like that
by their generation of teachers. Standardised tests, standardised courses,
standardises exams, can only result in standardised minds. Students are not
encouraged to challenge the textbook, or the teacher. They are not
encouraged to work in groups, to collaborate, or to find different solutions 113 .
They have been taught that there is always a solution. There is only one, and
it is on the back of the book. But do not look, because that is cheating 114 .
The reality is that there are many solutions to an infinite number of
problems. Some are better than others. Sometimes, there are no solutions
at all. Sometimes the solution can only be found in interdisciplinary
thinking, by collaborating with people from different areas of specialty.
There have been attempts to reform the educational system, and some
great experiments are being performed (we shall explore this in more details
in Part 3: Solutions). But the educational system is an even bigger and slower
elephant than companies are, and it will take a long time before it adjusts
itself. The question is, can it be quick enough to adapt at the same speed of
technological advancement? I do not think it can. A few people will be smart
enough to adapt to this new paradigm (if you are reading this book it means
you are already thinking about this problem, and you have a good chance of
being in that tiny slot), but I fear the population at large will be in trouble.
Just to see what the trend is, let us examine some of the biggest
and most successful companies, listed in chronological order. You can
see the year they were founded, the number of employees in 2012, and
the average revenue per employee.

Company

McDonald’s (1940)
Walmart (1962)
Intel (1968)
Microsoft (1975)

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Google (1998)
Facebook (2004)

Table 9.3: List of multi billion-dollar companies over time and
their revenue per employee.
I think you get where this is going. Newly created multi-billion dollar
companies do not have strings attached, such as old workers from previous
generations, so they can focus on efficiency from the start. Big companies
with more than 20 years of age are like old elephants, trying to move through
a very crowded place. They are heavy, and slow. They have lots of “excess
baggage” 115 (bear with me), which they would like to get rid of, but they cannot.
New companies do not have these problems. They are agile. They can hire
the best, and only the best from the start. They encourage automation, rather
than resist it. They deploy all possible strategies to increase productivity; that is,
the revenue per employee. Look at Table 9.3 again. McDonald’s was founded in
1940, and the revenue per employee is $60,000. As we move towards present
times, we see a progressive decrease in the numbers of workers (except for
Walmart, but we saw before how that is likely to change pretty soon), and an
increase in the amount of wealth that each employee creates. The last and most
striking values are represented by Facebook, with a mere 3,000 workers, where
each one creating more than $1.4 million of wealth for the company. One could
dismiss Facebook as just vapourware, a fashion that will soon be phased out.
But consider this. In today’s economy, one of the most valuable assets is not
represented in physical goods. It is information. Personal information about us,
our habits, our wishes. Who our friends are, who we date, what we think? We
have become the product. Facebook has the most extensive database of
personal information ever created in history, approaching 1 billion users
worldwide, and growing. Governments, companies, and intelligence services
long for that information. In fact, there is a significant amount of speculation that
Facebook may be selling our personal information to such institutions for profit, 116
even though Facebook has rejected such claims 117 . Regardless of the veracity of
these accusations, it is without a doubt that Facebook has an intrinsic value
much greater than its total revenue. A number that is already impressive on its
own, considering how little time it took to reach $4.27 billion, with just 3,000

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employees.
So if new industries only need highly educated, smart, and dynamic people;
and old industries are replacing human workers in favour of automation; what will
you do with the millions of those who have no formal education and do not have
the means to even start learning sophisticated skills?
I noticed two types of reactions from economists when confronted with this
very simple question. The first type does not see the problem to begin with. They
do not believe technology is displacing human labour, so they do not even begin
the discussion. The second type claims that people who make such arguments
should spend less time talking about what they do not know, and more time
doing what they are good at instead. They say that people like Martin Ford or
myself are simply ignorant of economics, and that if we were economists we
would know better. That may be true. After all, we are not economists. And we
might be wrong. But that is not an argument, it is circular thinking, a self-
reinforcing tautology with no substance. If you think you have a better argument,
and you stand by it, then please present it and enlighten us. I asked many
economists, and I am still waiting for such arguments to be brought up to me.
The refusal to explain is probably because they feel like this is basic
economic theory, things that I should have learned in academia, and
there is no point in wasting time explaining it. But whenever I hear this
kind of reasoning, I am reminded of what the great Albert Einstein said 118 :
“If you can’t explain it simply, you don’t understand it well enough.”
With years of experience in spreading scientific education and debunking
climate change deniers, creationists, and all sorts of nonsense, I can see how
Einstein’s quote could not be truer. If mainstream economists see me as I see
proponents of “intelligent design”, it should be pretty easy to refute what I say.
In fact, it should be quick to dismiss my claims with a few simple examples.
After a year of research and discussion, I am still waiting for them.
Marshall Brain, author of Robotic Nation, gave a talk about job displacement
due to automation at the Singularity Summit 2008. At the end of his presentation,
he was ridiculed by one of the other speakers: “Have you ever heard of this
discipline called history? We’ve gone through the same crap 150 years ago, and

none of what you say has happened!”. This is the sort of easy

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criticism that uneducated people make very lightly: it did not happen in
the past, why should it happen now?
First of all, there simply is no historical precedent for what we are
about to experience. While it is true that we found ways to change
occupation by inventing new jobs and new sectors altogether, there are
two crucial aspects to consider.
One . There is a physical limit to what the human brain is capable of. Sure,
our brains are very plastic 119 and with training can greatly improve over time. But
just as our physical strength, however much we may train, has been greatly
surpassed by that of machines’, so will our mental faculties. Biological evolution
is simply too slow compared to the speed of growth of artificial and machine
intelligence. Eventually this might change, but only if we allow ourselves to be
“enhanced” by machines by merging with them. But I do not want to get into that
discussion, which would require a book of its own just for the technical aspects,
let alone the ethical implications. Let us stay focused and grounded: we know
that the second technology-enabled species (intelligent machines) is coming, and
unless we prepare ourselves, we are going to be in trouble.
Two . Have we ever considered the possibility that finding a job replacement,
no matter what, might be the wrong choice to being with? I’m sure that potentially,
we can come up with millions of all sorts of useless jobs in the future. Just a glance
at what we have accomplished in the last 50 years should be enough make that
argument very credible indeed. We have long since decoupled the usefulness of a
job with its purpose. Historically, the purpose of jobs has been to make what we
need to live better: food, clothing, houses, roads, cars, et cetera. But as productivity
increased exponentially, we could have easily got those things by working less.
Please note that this is not an ideology, nor it is wishful thinking. It is mathematics.
Suppose you require x amount of labour to produce y level of wealth. Then, after 50
years, you only need 1/10 of x to produce the same y. It is a logical inference that
you can work less to produce the same as before. Obviously the workload cannot be
reduced at exactly the same proportion because advancing technologies also
increased our expectations as standard of living rises. But the necessities of life
have barely changed at all. We do not need 100 times the amount of food, water,
and housing that we did 50 years ago. We could have easily reduced the workweek.
Instead, we work more than ever before, on average. This is pure madness: the
purpose of technology was to free our time so that we could dedicated it to higher

purposes. Instead,

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our jobs have become the purpose.
In the past, jobs have been outsourced to China, India, Vietnam, and other
places where people compete for jobs that in the US and in Europe would be
considered slavery. We are talking about jobs that pay $200 a month for a 12
hour per day, 6 to 7 days per week. And people there aspire to get these jobs.
They have little to no insurance, benefits, vacation, no safety rules, no right to
complain. Sure, if you work there and you do not like it you can always leave the
job, but somebody else will gladly take your place. It should be clear that we
cannot think to outcompete them with a race to the bottom, by bringing
manufacturing jobs back here at lower prices. It simply is not going to happen,
nor should it. The time when with a high school education, a lot of good will, and
hard work got you a decent middle class lifestyle are long gone. Those jobs that
have been outsourced are not coming back, period. And even those overseas
jobs are now threatened by the rapid advances in automation and robotics. The
more companies automate, because of the need to increase their productivity,
the more jobs will be lost, forever.
The future of work and innovation is not in the past that we know, but
in unfamiliar territory of the future that is yet to come. New and exciting
fields are emerging every day. Synthetic biology, neurocomputation, 3D
printing, contour crafting, molecular engineering, bioinformatics, life
extension, robotics, quantum computing, artificial intelligence, machine
learning, these new frontiers that are rapidly evolving and are just the
beginning of a new, amazing era of our species that will bring about the
greatest transformation of all time. A transformation that will make the
industrial revolution look like an event of minor importance. This new era
will create new opportunities, new frontiers for research and innovation that
we cannot even begin to comprehend now. I have no doubt about that.
The problem is this: will we be able to keep up with such rapid
changes, and educate the millions of workers with no formal education
for these new types of jobs? I think the answer is a big and loud NO.
There are millions of workers with a high school education at best, and
sometimes not even that, who are over 40 years old who only know how to do
either manual labour or jobs easy to automate. Any new job that we can come
up with will employ a fraction of those people, at best. And these jobs will

require a highly receptive, flexible mind, with profound knowledge of highly

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sophisticated subjects related mostly to the fields of biology, chemistry,
computer science, and engineering. It can take 5 to 10 years to educate a
young mind in these fields, and we are talking about a mind that is not only
willing to learn, but that is also enthusiastic about the learning experience.
How many of the millions of middle-aged, unemployed people are willing to
reinvent themselves and start anew? And how many of those is the
educational system able to accommodate? At what price? Even assuming that
most of them do find the intrinsic motivation, how many can afford the time
and the money required to upgrade their knowledge and skills? Most countries
can barely manage to educate their children, and even so in most cases with
disastrous results. I find it hard to believe that the government will magically
find a way to make university-level education free for all, including the millions
of new students that will suddenly have to go back to school at 50 years old.
The idea that society can keep up the number of jobs given the
exponential expansion of technology, the rise of automation, and the
widespread development of cheap personalised home manufacturing, is
simply unrealistic. I have read several books, watched hundreds of
debates and interviews on this subject, and I have not so far heard a
single argument to support the idea that we can make this work, or how.
Technological marvels like Watson are now starting to make even
the hardcore skeptics suspicious.
The old jobs are not coming back. The new jobs will be highly
sophisticated, technically and creatively challenging jobs, and only a
handful of them will be needed. The question is simple: what will the
unskilled workers of today do? So far, nobody has been able to answer
that question. The reason for this, I think, is because there is no answer.
Not in this system, not in the way it is designed to work.
I think that if we want to solve this most challenging problem of our time,
we will have to rethink our whole economic and social structure. Rethink our
lives, our roles, our purposes, our priorities, and our motivations. It is time for
a paradigm shift, one that will radically revolutionise our social system. In this
universe, change is the only constant. Learn to love it, embrace it, and you will
succeed. Fail to predict it, resist it, and you will be swept away by the torrent
of change that is about to crush our civilisation as we now it.

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At this point you might be wondering, will not these highly sophisticated
and technically challenging jobs be automated, eventually? Given what we
have learned about exponential expansion of technologies, the logical answer
would be: yes, most of them. Surely we will create new fields of research, and
new jobs will follow accordingly. But these new jobs will be even more difficult,
and the percentage of population apt to those will be narrower and narrower
every time, given that the ability for technology to self-innovate is greater and
faster than our ability to keep up with it. So this is a dog chasing tail argument,
the total number of jobs required by industry will be gradually reduced over
time, and each time we will have to reinvent ourselves, finding new
occupations for the newly displaced people by automation.
This becomes very tiring after some time. It is a game you cannot win.
It is unfair, and there is no way out. One begins to wonder if this is the only
way, or if there might be another solution. In the next part, we will explore
many candidates in solving this problem of utmost importance. We do not
know yet which will be the correct one. Maybe none, maybe it will be a
combination of all of them. Nobody knows for sure.
What we know is that we will strive to find the best solutions, using our
reason and our imagination. We may not succeed, we may even fail
miserably in the process. But we could also prevail, facing any obstacle
with courage and strength, looking into the future, advancing and evolving,
and I feel that we can only achieve that if we share a common goal.
To paraphrase Martin Luther King Jr. and Carl Sagan:
“We are one planet, we must learn to live together as a family or
perish alone as fools.”

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Part II
Work and Happiness

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Chapter 10
Work Identity
H ave you ever noticed how, when you ask someone “Hi, what’s your name,
what do you do?”, they usually reply with something along the lines of “Hey,
my name is Bob, I’m an accountant”, or “I’m an electrical engineer”, a teacher,
a plumber, a sales manager, an insurance agent. Notice that you did not ask
“What is your job?”. You asked “What do you do?”. People assume that is
short for “What do you do for a living?”, which is even more revealing. When
we are asked who we are, what we do, we immediately identify that with our
job, because that is precisely what we believe it means. What we do is who
we are, and for the most part, what we do is work. What else could we do?
After all, we live in a society that is based upon the exchange of labour for
income, and income determines our quality of life.
Since I was a kid I have been working to pay for what I wanted. At the
beginning, when I very little, that meant no more than helping out in the
house, cleaning the porch and the dishes. They were small things, but they
counted. My parents infused in me a sense that things should not be taken
for granted, and that while some things are provided for, if I wanted
something extra I should take responsibility and earn it. This sentiment has
accompanied me throughout my life, and to this day I still think my parents
taught me a very important lesson: that I should value people’s efforts, their
work, and that if I want something I should roll up my sleeves and get to
work. Not to complain, not to ask for it, but to earn it.
As I grew older I started doing some more complex jobs, from
polishing industrial materials to gardening; but I was lucky enough to
make use of my early passion for IT. So I would fix people’s computers,
then manage small companies’ networks and build websites. I was 15.
By the time I turned 16 I was not really relying on my parent’s financial
support. I won a scholarship for the United World College of the Adriatic, and
moved away from home. Since then, I have always lived by myself, which is quite
strange for an Italian (most of them live with their parents well into their 30s). I
now have a Bachelor of Science, I graduated at a NASA Study Program from
Singularity University, I started a company, and I have many years of

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working experience, both in national and international markets. I remember
when I was 22, my boss entrusted me with representing the company abroad.
He simply told me one day “Hey Fede, I need you to speak about the new
software. Here’s the ticket, and here’s the address. I’m leaving now, see you
in London in a few days”. The client was our biggest, as well one of the largest
multinational corporations in the world, so I was kind of surprised that my boss
placed so much trust in my abilities, even thought I was very young. At the
time I was working as system administrator and IT manager. I then moved to
another company and went on to create the Web and Media department,
which lead to the creation of a team that effectively tripled the size of the
company in a little over two years. This allowed for the transformation of a
small video production business into a comprehensive web, media and
communication company, capable of competing in the international market
with multi-million dollar businesses, much bigger than itself.
The reason I am writing this is not to try and impress you. Far from
it. In fact, my resumé is quite unremarkable (I pale in comparison to
many young entrepreneurs who have founded multi-billion dollar
companies in their twenties). I simply wish to give you some perspective
before I elaborate on the next points. I do not want you to believe that
these ideas come from someone who has never worked a day in his life,
and hence could not possibly appreciate the value of work.
10.1 Work Ethic, Work Utility
I think that having a work ethic is very valuable. And it is precisely for this
reason that I think work is becoming meaningless nowadays. “Work hard,
and you will be rewarded”. That is what people say, and I generally agree.
But something is missing from this picture. We value work per se, and we
think people should work, but have we ever wondered about its utility? Ask
yourself, what is the value of the work you are doing? Does it help other
people? Does it make you happier? Does it contribute in improving our
society in terms of culture, health, efficiency, empathy, compassion,
creativity, and liveability? If I work just for the sake of it, then I am no more
than a mere instrument. A puppet. A robot that blindly follows orders.
Let me give you a practical example. I am middle age woman who works in
an arms factory. I build cluster bombs. These bombs are not used to fight

terrorists or to stop armies. They are designed to horribly disfigure and mutilate

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anybody who is unfortunate enough to stumble upon them. 120 Many of the
victims are harmless children, who at one moment are playing in a field
with their friends, and the moment after that they lost a leg. I know that. But
I am still doing my job. Am I doing a good job? Am I doing a useful job? Do
you think that I am evil? What if I told you that I have two children, and the
youngest one is sick, but the government is not helping enough. I could not
afford to pay for her medication, so I looked everywhere for a job, but all I
could find were some part-time jobs, and I was not making nearly enough
money to pay for the astronomical medical bills. So I decided to come here
instead. It is a horrible job, I know. I hate this job, and I hate myself for what
I am doing. But they pay well, and my children can live. I do not see any
other choice. Do you still think I am evil?
I took an extreme case to illustrate the point, but there are countless
examples that are more subtle, and yet much more insidious. Suppose I
am a lawyer. I would like to work on cases of child abuse, workers rights,
class actions against big industries polluting the environment and killing
thousands – things that could help alleviate the pains and suffers of
many people. But working on these cases does not pay nearly as much,
so I turn to working for multinational corporations. I become a patent
troll, harassing small companies that try to democratise access to cheap
medicines. Cases like this one are not the exception, they are the norm.
The idea that if you work hard and do your best, you will eventually
succeed, is a somewhat compelling and romantic notion of the work
ethic. Unfortunately, in most cases, it is no more than an illusion.
It used the be different, and sometimes you can find inspiring exceptions.
But these virtuous examples are becoming increasingly out of the ordinary. In
my life I have travelled to more than 30 countries. During my journeys, I would
stop and meet people who live on the streets, instead of passing by them. I
talked to them, heard their stories, shared food, and sometimes even slept
beside them, on the sidewalk, or in front of a train station. The homeless, the
beggars, the thieves, the drunk, the criminals. They are all symptoms of a
system that failed to give them a fair chance. The notion that these people just
did not try hard enough is insulting to say the least.
While I do not excuse, nor do I condone criminal activities or acts of

violence, I think failing to recognise that people are driven to take drastic actions

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by the circumstances in which they live is intellectually dishonest, and also
shows a complete lack of empathy. Let us assume for a moment the
proposition that these people were slackers and thieves to begin with, and
that they deserve the spot they find themselves in. If that is the case, why is
there such an uneven distribution across nations of slackers and criminals?
And even within nations, why is there an unequal distribution across
different regions, towns, and neighbourhoods? Why is it that every carefully
conducted study shows a positive correlation between the lack of access to
education and economic justice, and an increase in violent behaviour? Why
is it that these negative retroactions can be seen most pronounced in poor
countries, as well as in rich, but very unequal countries?
During my travels and my studies I was lucky enough to meet people
from literally half the world (about 100 countries), to be exposed to their
cultures, and I learned extensively from their stories. The film they show is
pretty much the same as the one I described above. There might be slightly
different cut-scenes and photography, but the screenplay is very similar.
I was at a cafe just recently, and I stumbled across a black man who was
trying to sell me some cheap and useless stuff, so that he could make enough
money to get by. I got a pack of lighters (even though I do not smoke), offered
him a coffee, and had a talk with him. Before sitting at the table he looked like an
uneducated man, with no aspirations and no interests in making his life worth
living. But as soon as we sat down, and I treated him like a person – like an
equal human being – something very interesting happened. He dropped the act.
Suddenly the guy, who was having difficulties articulating a few words just
seconds earlier, became a fluent speaker of three languages. He told me he
came to Italy as an illegal immigrant from Nigeria, where he studied economics at
university and graduated, but could not find any job in the country. Nigeria is
widely known as one of the most corrupt states in the world, 121 where even
janitors have to bribe officials in order to get a job. The integration process
through legal means in Italy was close to impossible, and inaccessibly expensive.
He came to the country after weeks of dangerous travel through Africa, only to
reach the coast of the Mediterranean sea, embarking on a near-suicidal journey
on an inflatable boat, during which half of the passengers died. Since then, he
has been trying to find a job, with no success. Racism, fear, and doubt of the
unknown are still rampant, even here in Europe. Eventually, he learned to earn
enough for himself and his family back in Africa, by begging for money on the

streets and selling cheap goods that nobody needs. He tried

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working a proper job, nobody wanted him, because he did not have papers
(and because most people here are racists), and there was no way for him
to get papers, unless he had a job. Now let me ask you this. What choice
did he have exactly? And how is this a fair work ethic? Stories like this one
are far from being isolated cases. Rather, they are becoming increasingly
the norm. Some have it worse than him, and resort to organised crime, as
they are forced into this behaviour by the inadequacy of the economic
systems, across borders, to take care of their citizens.
Even regular citizens, who just happened to be born in poor families,
do not have it much better. Statistics also confirm this scenario: social
mobility has been declining significantly over the past years in most
countries, particularly in the industrialised world. The United Kingdom and
the United States have, in fact, the lowest social mobility among the OECD
countries, as confirmed by studies from the London School of Economics 122
and the Journal of Social Science and Medicine 123 . The poor will stay poor,
and the rich will stay rich, no matter how hard they try.

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Chapter 11
The Pursuit of Happiness
I t was the late 1600s when Richard Cumberland and John Locke were
promoting the idea that the well-being of our fellow humans is essential to the
‘pursuit of our own happiness’, 124 and that ‘the highest perfection of intellectual
nature lies in a careful and constant pursuit of true and solid happiness’ 125 . It
was such a strong idea that was integrated into the United States Declaration
of Independence, and is considered by some as part of one of the most well-
crafted, influential sentences in the history of the English language. 126 Life,
Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness are listed among the unalienable rights
of all people, and such ideas transcend American society. But rights are not
rights if everyone does not have the same opportunity to exercise them. In
that case, they are no longer rights. They are privileges, and privileges can
bought and sold, just like anything else. So, forget what I think, forget what
you think, and let us just look at the facts.
As we have seen, there is solid research showing that social and
economic inequalities are structural. That means if you are born poor,
you are likely to stay poor, even if you work your ass off 12 hours a day.
Similarly, if you are born rich, you will stay rich. The exaltation of the
sporadic cases of slumdogs who became millionaires, promoted by the
media, is a sick and unfair con – a fairy tale for the gullible, a cruel game
that reinforces the status quo, leaving the poor to battle against each
other for scraps, while the richest can enjoy the copious meal.
Sure, if you are really smart, very good at direct marketing, and you build
strong social connections, you might end up making a lot of money. But for
everyone that makes it, a thousand will fail. It is just the nature of the system.
Let us examine an example. Camden, New Jersey, is a small city of little
more than 70 thousand people. It is, per capita, the poorest city in the US. It is
also the most dangerous. In 2008, Camden had the highest crime rate in the US
with 2,333 violent crimes per 100,000 people while the national average was 455
per 100,000. The city’s real unemployment is difficult to determine, but it is
probably around 30 – 40%. 70% of high school kids drop out, and only 13% of
students manage to pass the state’s proficiency exams in math. In the coming

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years we expect to see draconian budget cuts, and layoffs of nearly half
the police force. Reporter Chris Hedges writes: 127
“Camden is where those discarded as human refuse are dumped,
along with the physical refuse of postindustrial America. A sprawling
sewage treatment plant on forty acres of riverfront land processes 58
million gallons of wastewater a day for Camden County. The stench of
sewage lingers in the streets. There is a huge trash-burning plant that
releases noxious clouds, a prison, a massive cement plant
and mountains of scrap metal feeding into a giant shredder.
The city is scarred with several thousand decaying
abandoned row houses; the skeletal remains of windowless
brick factories and gutted gas stations; overgrown vacant
lots filled with garbage and old tires; neglected, weed-filled
cemeteries; and boarded-up store fronts. Corruption is
rampant, with three mayors sent to prison in a little more
than two decades. Five police officers, two of whom are out
on bail and three of whom have pleaded guilty, have been
charged with planting evidence, making false arrests and
trading drugs for information from prostitutes.”
How can the people of Camden possibly pursue their happiness? What liberty do
they have? They have only three liberties: the liberty to become criminals, the
liberty to be victims of criminals, and the liberty to leave town. Now, imagine a
whole region like Camden, or even an entire nation. There is very little people
can do, when faced with such adversities, especially because they do not know
any better, they do not have a chance to receive a good education, so they
respond with what they know: various forms of tribalism (gangs, prostitution,
drugs, petty crimes). Is it their fault? Hardly. They were conned, divested of their
dignity, and robbed of their chance to purse happiness. Their feeble, angry
voices remain unheard, their hands soaked with blood of lost opportunities.
Martin Luther King Jr. said that “It may well be that we will have to repent in
this generation. Not merely for the vitriolic words and the violent actions of the
bad people, but for the appalling silence and indifference of the good people who
sit around and say, ’Wait on time”’. 128 A generation has passed, and we are still
sitting around. Our technology could allow us to bring about the greatest

transformation in history, where all 7 billion people have the same opportunity to

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purse their happiness, fairly. But we are sitting around, watching American Idol 129 ,
killing each other at the mall on Black Friday to get stuff that we will

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throw away in a week

130 .
One of the problems is that we still believe in this myth of the work ethic –
which may have been true a century ago, when the economy was based on real
goods, while corporate powers and financial institutions were not running the
game. But today it is merely a veil of illusion, a one-line sound bite, a marketing
tool to keep people believing the impossible, the unachievable. The reason for
this delusion is mainly because we do not want to believe otherwise. We refuse
to accept the notion that we cannot make our situation better, and that is
because we aspire to be like ‘them’. We would like to be in ‘the club’. In fact, that
is the main value that we have been indoctrinated with since birth, almost
everywhere, across borders, across cultures, across religions, across languages.
The universal value that is inexorably rooted in our minds is to become
successful. And by successful we mean, of course, well-placed in the financial
and social arena. And if we become successful, it must be because we deserved
it. The more we worked effectively, the wealthier we became.
There is undoubtably a group of people that belongs to this category –
business geniuses, inventors and innovators, for whom we have high esteem
and we wish to emulate. These are the brilliant minds that have brought about
disruptive change, be it in design, technology, business, the arts, politics,
society. But there is also another of group of people, who did not earn their
position, and it may be significantly larger than you would think.
If hard work meant that we could all be wealthy then we would have
a plethora of millionaire African women. This is what author George
Monbiot had to say 131 :
“The claims that the ultra-rich 1% make for themselves – that they are
possessed of unique intelligence or creativity or drive – are examples of the
self-attribution fallacy. This means crediting yourself with outcomes for
which you weren’t responsible. Many of those who are rich today got there
because they were able to capture certain jobs. This capture owes less to
talent and intelligence than to a combination of the ruthless exploitation of
others and accidents of birth, as such jobs are taken disproportionately by
people born in certain places and into certain classes.”
Psychologist and Nobel prize for economics Daniel Kahneman discovered

that the apparent success of the ultra-rich is just a cognitive illusion. He analysed

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the results achieved by 25 wealth advisers across eight years, and found
that the consistency of their performance was zero. ‘The results resembled
what you would expect from a dice-rolling contest, not a game of skill.’
Those who received the biggest bonuses had simply got lucky. These are
not isolated results, as they have been widely replicated. They show that
traders and fund managers throughout Wall Street receive their massive
remuneration for doing no better than would a chimpanzee flipping a coin.
When Kahneman tried to point this out, they blanked him. ‘The illusion of
skill…is deeply ingrained in their culture.’ 132
But it does not end there. In a study published by the journal Psychology,
Crime and Law, Belinda Board and Katarina Fritzon tested 39 senior managers
and chief executives from leading British businesses. Broadmoor special hospital
is a place where people who have been convicted of serious crimes are
incarcerated. Board and Fritzon tested both patients and bosses for certain
indicators of psychopathy. The results were astonishing. The bosses’s scores
either matched or exceeded those of the patients who had been diagnosed with
psychopathic personality disorders. It turns out that these psychopathic traits
closely resemble the characteristics that companies look for – great skill in
flattering and manipulating powerful people, egocentricity, a strong sense of
entitlement, and a readiness to exploit others. Finally, possibly the most
revealing, is the lack of empathy and conscience, which does not hinder their
career, but instead may even help them climb the ladder of success. 133
Paul Babiak and Robert Hare point out in their book Snakes in Suits that
the old corporate bureaucracies have been replaced by flexible, ever-
changing structures. Team players are deemed less valuable than competitive
risk-takers, and psychopathic traits are more likely to be selected and
rewarded. The conclusion appears quite dark and disheartening. If you have
psychopathic tendencies and are born to a poor family, you are likely to go to
prison. If you have psychopathic tendencies and are born to a rich family, you
are likely to go to business school. This does not mean that all executives are
psychopaths – some of them are very decent people – but it seems clear that
for the past few decades the economy has been rewarding the wrong skills.
The world has changed a lot in the past 50 years. We used to work to make
what we needed to live better, but we no longer do that. We used to think about
what we were doing, now we mostly follow orders, even if they make no sense.

Today, most of the economy is a ’ghost economy’ of financial transactions,

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profit-maximisation schemes and computer algorithms, with little regard
to their consequences. We allowed power to be accrued in the hands of
a few to the point of insanity. Today, a small group of 147 mega
transnational corporations form a giant bow-tie structure, an economic
super-entity that controls 40% of the entire world. 134
What have we become?

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Chapter 12
The Scorpion and the Frog
O ne day, a scorpion looked around at the mountain where he lived and decided
that he wanted a change. So he set out on a journey through the forests and hills.
He climbed over rocks and under vines and kept going until he reached a river.
The river was wide and swift, and the scorpion stopped to reconsider
the situation. He could not see any way across. So he ran upriver and then
checked downriver, all the while thinking that he might have to turn back.
Suddenly, he saw a frog sitting in the rushes by the bank of the
stream on the other side of the river. He decided to ask the frog for help
getting across the stream.
“Hellooo Mr. Frog!” called the scorpion across the water, “Would you
be so kind as to give me a ride on your back across the river?”
“Well now, Mr. Scorpion! How do I know that if I try to help you, you
wont try to kill me?” asked the frog hesitantly.
“Because,” the scorpion replied, “If I try to kill you, then I would die
too, for you see I cannot swim!”
Now this seemed to make sense to the frog. But he asked. “What
about when I get close to the bank? You could still try to kill me and get
back to the shore!”
“This is true,” agreed the scorpion, “But then I would not be able to
get to the other side of the river!”
“Alright then...how do I know you will not just wait until we get to the
other side and then kill me?” said the frog.
“Ahh…,” crooned the scorpion, “Because you see, once you have
taken me to the other side of this river, I will be so grateful for your help,
that it would hardly be fair to reward you with death, now would it?”

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So the frog agreed to take the scorpion across the river. He swam
over to the bank and settled himself near the mud to pick up his
passenger. The scorpion crawled onto the frog’s back, his sharp claws
prickling into the frog’s soft hide, and the frog slid into the river. The
muddy water swirled around them, but the frog stayed near the surface
so the scorpion would not drown. He kicked strongly through the first half
of the stream, his flippers paddling wildly against the current.
Halfway across the river, the frog suddenly felt a sharp sting in his
back and, out of the corner of his eye, saw the scorpion remove his stinger
from the frog’s back. A deadening numbness began to creep into his limbs.
“You fool!” croaked the frog, “Now we shall both die! Why on earth
did you do that?”
The scorpion shrugged, and did a little jig on the drownings frog’s back.
“I could not help myself. It is my nature.”
This is a story often told in psychology classes to understand the
immutable nature of something is vital. There is no point intellectualising,
making excuses and developing competing analyses, sometimes
something just is what it is. For humanity it is necessary to recognise the
intrinsic nature of capitalism. It is an unfettered force that puts the value
of money, profit, and the ultimate growth objective above life itself. There
are too many examples and stories from reality that prove this time and
again, that we would be fools to ignore this force. Unless we take steps
to moderate the present capitalist system, a few unlucky people will be
left sitting on a vast pile of gold upon the smoking remains of a planet 135 .
I closed the previous chapter with the question “What have we
become?”. But rather, a better question would be “What have we allowed
ourselves to be manipulated into becoming?”. The growth paradigm is
based on the assumption that growth means better life, therefore people
must adapt. Jobs. Consumption. Production. The cycle continues.

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Chapter 13
Growth and Happiness
“Too much and for too long, we seemed to have surrendered personal
excellence and community values in the mere accumulation of material
things […] The Gross National Product counts air pollution and cigarette
advertising, and ambulances to clear our highways of carnage. It counts
special locks for our doors and the jails for the people who break them. It
counts the destruction of the redwood and the loss of our natural wonder
in chaotic sprawl. It counts napalm and counts nuclear warheads and
armoured cars for the police to fight the riots in our cities. It counts
Whitman’s rifle and Speck’s knife, and the television programs which
glorify violence in order to sell toys to our children.
Yet the Gross National Product does not allow for the health of our
children, the quality of their education or the joy of their play. It does
not include the beauty of our poetry or the strength of our marriages,
the intelligence of our public debate or the integrity of our public
officials. It measures neither our wit nor our courage, neither our
wisdom nor our learning […] it measures everything in short, except
that which makes life worthwhile.”
March 18, 1968, Robert Fitzgerald Kennedy, University of Kansas speech
I ncome determines our standard of living, almost by definition. But did you
ever stop for a second and start to think if the economic component really
is the most important one in our lives? Very few people question that, it is
almost a given, a definition. If you watch the news, read the major
newspapers, and listen to the political debates, it would undoubtably seem
so. Politicians get elected depending on how effective their campaigns are
in convincing people that their policies will bring more jobs, hence more
economic growth, which for some reason they associate with words like
freedom and democracy. News follow accordingly.
This is what I feel, what I get from living in this society and receiving from
our information hubs. It certainly seems to be the case, but I do not like to just
talk about what it seems. I like facts, and solid data, things that can be supported

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by evidence. Luckily, the information revolution gives us the ability to
check public data records in a matter of seconds – unfiltered and
uncensored – for ourselves.
Figure 13.1: Google Insights comparison of the search terms
‘economy’, ‘happiness’ and ‘GDP’ between 2008 and 2011.
Figure 13.1 shows the relative popularity of search terms on the Web over
time. On this specific search I compared the occurrences of the terms ‘growth,
happiness, GDP’, worldwide on news stories. Of course, this only applies to
English speaking newspapers, mainly the United States, India, Singapore,
Australia, the United Kingdom, and Canada. It is quite remarkable that the terms
‘growth’ and ‘GDP’, both economic concepts, have an occurrence about ten
times as high as ‘happiness’. You might object that ‘growth’ applies to a variety of
contexts, and that ‘economic growth’ would be a more reliable term for
comparison. While this is partly true (though unfair as it contain two words, thus
filtering out lots of results), it does not explain why the acronym GDP (Gross
Domestic Product) manages to outnumber both. Do we really think that GDP is
ten times more important than happiness in our lives?
To be fair, how much we talk something does not correlate entirely with the
importance we give to such a thing. But it does tell you quite a lot about the

general cultural trend of a society over time, its zeitgeist. The news are overly
populated with stories about economic growth as the panacea to solve most of

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people’s problems. The equation that we have come to believe is that
growthprosperity, and prosperity is good. Not just that, growth is the
cornerstone of virtually all economies of the world, so much that we use
the word recession, with strong negative connotations, to denote a
general slowdown in economic activity, but also a fall in employment,
investment spending, capacity utilisation, household incomes, business
profits, and inflation; while bankruptcies and the unemployment rate rise.
It looks clear enough what the zeitgeist of the news is. But what about
pieces of literature, books, novels and such? Surely they must differ – works
by professional authors have little to share with petty news reports, right? In
2010, a group of researchers had the amazing idea to utilise all the available
knowledge of mankind, and constructed a corpus of digitised texts containing
about 4% of all books ever printed, or 5.2 million books. “Analysis of this
corpus enables us to investigate cultural trends quantitatively. We survey the
vast terrain of ‘culturomics’, focusing on linguistic and cultural phenomena that
were reflected in the English language between 1800 and 2000. We show
how this approach can provide insights about fields as diverse as
lexicography, the evolution of grammar, collective memory, the adoption of
technology, the pursuit of fame, censorship, and historical epidemiology.
Culturomics extends the boundaries of rigorous quantitative inquiry to a wide
array of new phenomena spanning the social sciences and the humanities”. 136
The Google Labs N-gram Viewer is the first of its kind, capable of
precisely and rapidly quantifying cultural trends based on massive
quantities of data. Using this tool, we can check how our culture has
developed over time with regards to our areas of interest.

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Figure 13.2: Comparing ‘happiness’ and ‘growth’ over time with n-grams.
Courtesy of Google.
We can see in Figure 13.2 how ‘happiness’ and ‘growth’, between 1800
and 2008 have a negative correlation: as ‘growth’ rises, ‘happiness’ declines.
Around 1830, authors started to talk more about growth than happiness.
Again, to be fair, correlation does not imply causation, and the mere fact of
writing about something does not tell you the whole story. This data only
shows the occurrences of such words in books, not their context, nor their
meaning. Authors could well have been talking about the ‘loss of happiness’,
or something even more subtle. But it does show that the interest in growth
has been, well, growing, whereas writers cared less to talk about being happy.
Something very interesting happens in the last 50 years, let us
zoom in and have a closer look.

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Figure 13.3: GDP, economic growth, and happiness from 1940 to 2008.
Courtesy of Google.
Figure 13.3 shows how the correlation is even stronger. I took the
specific term ‘economic growth’, to rule out other possible disturbances in
context. ‘Happiness’ declines from 1950 to 1995, while ‘economic growth’ and
‘GDP’ rise. After that we observe the reverse effect: both ‘GDP’ and ‘economic
growth’ fall, while happiness increases considerably. Again, correlation does
not mean causation, but it surely is remarkable what this data shows.
For more than half a century, our culture has been fuelling the idea that
the pursuit of growth, work, and economic expansion should be one of our
primary goals in life, if not the highest of all. But that assumption is being
challenged and it is slowly beginning to crumble. This very book that you are
reading now did not come out of the blue. It is the result of the influence of this
change in culture that we are experiencing, that has been increasing this past
decade. As you can see from the graph, since the year 2000 there has been a
steady change of course. In literature, there is now more talk about
happiness, while interest in GDP and economic growth is eroding.
My initial motivation for writing this book was given by the realisation that
societies should move away from the GDP indicator and try to maximise
happiness instead, using new measures such as the GNH (Gross National
Happiness), the Happy Planet Index, or the Satisfaction with Life Index. That
seemed to go well with the fact that technology was displacing workers more

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and more, and I thought a fresh new look at the topic could give some
insights into how to approach this challenge. Given what I have read and
heard, there seemed to be overwhelming evidence, from sociological,
anthropological, and other scientific studies, that monetary acquisition
did not make one proportionally happier. That is to say, that there was
no positive correlation between how much money you have and how
happy you are. In a sentence, that money does not buy you happiness.
But as I checked my sources more thoroughly, I discovered that my
initial assumption was not entirely correct. As a scientist, I had to look at
the evidence and challenge my beliefs, even if it was unsettling at first.
What I found was a very complicated and intricate world of happiness
research, much more complex than I originally thought it would be.
Richard Easterlin, economist and Professor of Economics at the
University of Southern California, discussed the factors contributing to
happiness in the his 1974 seminal paper ‘Does Economic Growth Improve
the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence’ 137 . He found that the average
reported level of happiness does not vary much with national income per
person, at least for countries with income sufficient to meet basic needs.
Similarly, although income per person rose steadily in the United States
between 1946 and 1970, average reported happiness showed no long-term
trend and declined between 1960 and 1970. Basically, once a country gets
out of poverty, there is no longer strong correlation between income and
happiness. This is now known as the Easterlin Paradox, which was later
confirmed by a subsequent study, published in 2010 in the Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences, reaffirming the paradox with data from
a sample of 37 countries. 138 The paper concludes with the following remark:
“Where does this leave us? If economic growth is not the main route to
greater happiness, what is? A simple, but unhelpful answer, is that more
research is needed. Possibly more useful are studies that point to the need to
focus policy more directly on urgent personal concerns relating to such
things as health and family life and to the formation of
material preferences, rather than on the mere escalation of
material goods.”

A possible explanation of the Easterlin paradox comes from a feature of
cognitive behaviour that researchers call adaptation. If you improve your

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standard of living, you quickly adapt to it, it becomes the norm, and your
expectations rise along with it. This leads to the so-called hedonic treadmill.
Imagine you are on a treadmill, and you wish to reach your ultimate
goal – happiness, which sits just in front of you. As you begin to walk, so
does the treadmill, at the same speed as you. In fact, you are causing the
treadmill to move! You might be getting some small rewards along the way,
but you forget about them soon after you receive them, because your real
goal still sits there. So you speed up the pace, and start running. But the
treadmill follows, and no matter how hard you try, you will only be chasing
an unattainable dream, forever out of your reach. With more money comes
greater and harder aspirations, which are increasingly difficult to achieve.
Another possibility is the relativistic effect, named colloquially ‘keeping
up with the Joneses’, whereby we always compare our achievements with
our neighbours. H.L. Mencken famously said “a wealthy man is one who
earns $100 a year more than his wife’s sister’s husband”. 139 It does not
really matter how rich you are, you just have to be richer than those around
you. Researchers even conducted studies asking people: ‘What would you
rather? Do you want to make seventy thousand dollars if everybody else in
your office is making sixty-five thousand or seventy-five thousand dollars if
everybody else is making eighty thousand?’. Does it matter how much
money you bring home or does it matter how much money you make
relative to other people? In the study people preferred to be making less if
that meant making more than the people around them 140 .
According to urban legends, the opera star Maria Callas and the English
Professor Stanley Fish had the same negotiating strategy. When Fish got hired
into his department, he said, “I don’t want to talk salary. I don’t have a particular
number in mind. I just want to get paid one hundred dollars more than whoever is
the top person in this department.” Now, there is a guy who knows about
happiness (too bad it only works for one in the entire department).
In conclusion, as we quickly adapt to new situations, happiness is
relative, and Easterlin proved that money does not necessarily make
people happier. End of story, let us move along.
Not so fast.

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Chapter 14
Income and Happiness
R ecent studies by Betsey Stevenson and Justin Wolfers, and by Angus
Deaton, based on new data from the Gallup World Poll, find a consistent
cross-country relationship between income and happiness, 141 which seems
to suggest that money does make people happier.
But how can this be? The Easterlin paradox showed exactly the
opposite, did it not? How could two scientifically valid studies that control
for other variables, both coming from respectable and verifiable sources,
arrive at diametrically opposite conclusions? This problem kindled an
intense debate among academics, who have yet to come to a consensus.
As I was eagerly immersing myself in the study of happiness, I stumbled
across the research of Carol Graham. In her two books, Happiness around
the World: the Paradox of Happy Peasants and Miserable Millionaires (Oxford
University Press, 2010) and The Pursuit of Happiness: An Economy of Well-
Being (Brookings Institution Press, 2011), Graham provides a lucid analysis
and valuable insights into the world of happiness studies. As she points out, it
all depends of the question you are asking. Happiness is an umbrella term
that describes a variety of feelings, not a single state of mind. In the Easterlin
study people were asked an open ended question “Generally speaking, how
happy are you with your life?” – “Generally speaking, how satisfied are you
with your life?”). Instead, Gallup World Poll uses Cantril’s “ladder of life”
question “Please imagine a ladder with steps from zero at the bottom to ten at
the top. The top of the ladder represents the best possible life for you and the
bottom of the ladder represents the worst possible life for you. On which step
would you say you personally feel you stand at this time?” As you can see,
these are very different questions, they create different contexts, and
therefore mean different things. The first study measured Emotional Well-
Being, which refers to the emotional quality of an individual’s everyday
experience – the frequency and intensity of experiences of joy, stress,
sadness, anger, and affection that make one’s life pleasant or unpleasant.
The second measured Life Evaluation (or Satisfaction), as in the thoughts that
people have about their life when they think about it. In a sense, both studies
could be right at the same time, and there would be no conflict between them.

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It seems we solved the paradox, and things are finally clear. Except
that they are not. Another aspect to consider is the adaptation
phenomenon. As demonstrated in the previous chapter, as we raise our
standard of living, so too do our expectations rise as well. An analog to
adaptation to lower living standards is what Lora and Graham refer to as
the paradox of unhappy growth. They observed that respondents in
countries with higher growth rates were, on average, less happy than those
in countries with lower growth rates, once average levels of per capita GNP
were accounted for. As it happens, economic growth often accompanies
increases in instability and inequality, which we know makes people very
unhappy. 142 Also, it appears that we are better at adapting to unpleasant
certainty than we are to uncertainty itself. Graham continues:
“While there are clearly stable patterns in the determinants of
happiness worldwide, there is also a remarkable human capacity to adapt to
both prosperity and adversity. Therefore people in Afghanistan are as happy
as Latin Americans – happier than the world average – and Kenyans are as
satisfied with their health care as Americans. Crime makes people
unhappy, but the more of it there is, the less it matters to
happiness; the same goes for corruption. Obese people are less
unhappy when the people around them also are obese. Freedom
and democracy make people happy, but the less common those
conditions are, the less they matter to happiness. The bottom
line is that people can adapt to tremendous adversity and retain
their natural cheerfulness, while they can also have virtually
everything – including good health – and be miserable.” 143 .
As you can see, things start to get very complicated.
While these studies looked at how the economic factors play a role
in people’s happiness between different countries, one could wonder
what happens to people within the same country? Is there a correlation?
Of which kind? And how significant is it?
Nobel laureate economist Daniel Kahneman and his colleague Angus
Deaton at Princeton University recently published a paper in the Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences 144 that addresses just that. They reported on

their analysis of more than 450,000 responses to the Gallup-Healthways Well-
Being Index, a daily survey of 1,000 US residents conducted by the Gallup

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Organisation. The study concluded that their life evaluations – that is, their
considered evaluations of their life against a stated scale of one to ten – rose
steadily with income. So the research shows that, within a country, income does
correlate positively with Life Satisfaction. However, there is a catch. Life
Satisfaction does not increase proportionally with income, but with its logarithm.
Here’s where the chapter on exponential growth gives us again a big help. Say
you make $30,000 a year. An increase of $30,000 gives you a great bump in the
rise of the ladder of Life Satisfaction. But as you climb up the ladder, you have to
exponentially increase the amount of money you make in order to make a dent
on your Life Satisfaction curve. Therefore, for a person making $100 million,
another million or two will not matter that much, but a billion will.
On the other hand, their reported Quality of Emotional Daily Experiences
(experiences of joy, affection, stress, sadness, or anger) levels off after a certain
level. Income above $75,000 annually does not lead to more experiences of
Emotional Happiness (or Well-being), nor to further relief of unhappiness or
stress. Below this income level, respondents reported decreasing happiness and
increasing sadness and stress, implying the pain of life’s misfortunes, including
disease, divorce, and being alone, is exacerbated by poverty.
In conclusion, it appears that money can buy you Life Satisfaction,
but not Emotional Well-being. Lack of money can cause both
dissatisfaction and unhappiness.
Where does this lead us? As we have started to see, this happiness
business is getting more complicated that expected, so before jumping
to conclusions there are a few things to understand about it.

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Chapter 15
Happiness
“Money can’t buy you happiness. But it helps.” 145
“I hope everybody could get rich and famous and will have everything
they ever dreamed of, so they will know that it is not the answer.” 146
H appiness is a very mysterious thing. Its elusiveness is matched only by our
desire to find it. For thousands of years, we have been looking for it. Some seem
to have found it through deep meditation. Others by stripping themselves of all
material possessions. Others have tried the exact opposite, accumulating billions
upon billions of dollars, only to find themselves most rewarded by helping
someone else, setting up non-profit organisations and educational or
philanthropic foundations. Some find joy in simple, everyday moments. According
to some philosophers and psychologists, humans are incapable of long term
happiness by definition. For years social scientists, anthropologists, and
economists have tried to determine what makes people happy. Up until recently,
we had a lot of poetry and art about the subject, but very little data. We relied on
common sense, philosophical insights, personal experiences, epiphanies; but we
had no way of knowing if those opinions reflected reality.
The subjects of happiness, life satisfaction, well-being, ‘the good life’, and
what the Greeks referred to as eudaimonia (a life of virtue and purpose), are
all connected to each other, yet they are very different from one another.
So what do we really know about happiness? We do not know much, but we
do know a few scientific facts that are consistent across cultures and nations.
First, we know that we are not biologically designed to maximise our
happiness. We evolved living in small groups, we made strong bonds with even
smaller circles of friends, we tried to pass on our genes, avoiding predators and
fearing what was unknown. We might have been selected for seeking pleasure
and instant gratification, but happiness is much more complicated than that, and
it does not really come into place, evolutionary speaking.
Second, we know that part of what determines our happiness is genetics.

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We do not know the exact degree that it plays, but we know that it is there. A
recent study by De Neve et al. 147 suggests that as much as one third in the
variation of people’s happiness could be heritable. 148 You might look at this
finding and be disgusted at the thought of genetic determinism; or you might
question its validity. Perhaps genetics does not account for one third of our
happiness, but for much less, or much more. Frankly, I do not think it really
matters (not at this point in time anyway, but maybe it will in 15 years. 149 ) Look
at it this way: the majority of your happiness is not genetically determined, that
means there is a lot of room for improvement! Not to mention that genes are
not the whole story, their expression is what counts, and some of them
depend on epigenetic effects. Our biology might be responsible for a sort of
‘baseline happiness’, what social scientists refer to as ‘set points’; but external
factors, our actions, and our reactions undoubtably play a major role.
Being happy, feeling happy, having happy memories, happy experiences,
these are all different states of mind, and they cannot be represented by a
single unified number. Understanding this fact is key in approaching the issue
of happiness. Sometimes economists refer to Quality of Life, a loose term
which defines the general well-being of people in their lives. That is, how
happy you are. But not quite. Quality of Life is an indicator, a number, which
does not tell much about you. It is a statistic, and a person is not a statistic.
Happiness is also very subjective. What makes you happy might not
work for me, and possibly would not even work for you in a few years
time. We are evolving organisms, our minds are continuously receiving
inputs from the external environment and changing.
Such an unpredictable, mutable and subjective concept – happiness
is serious business.
15.1 Experience Simulations
Let us try a little experiment. Suppose I gave you two possible scenarios
for your life. In the first you win the lottery, and bring home the whooping
sum of $300 million. In the second scenario, you have a terrible accident
and become paraplegic, paralysed from the neck down. The question is,
which scenario do you think will make you happier, and which will make
you miserable, compared to where you stand right now?

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I am fairly confident that you would go for the lottery ticket. With that
kind of money, you could start a new life, rejoice, and begin all sorts of
wonderful adventures. Too bad that is not what happens. Chances are that
after about one year, you will be as happy as you are today. No significant
changes will be registered. In fact, most people who win the lottery actually
become quite miserable, loose most of their friends, their family is
destroyed, along with their lives; whereas the paraplegic will come to
accept his new condition, and learn to live with it. Adaptation. Even locked-
in patients, who are completely paralysed, and can only move an eyelid at
most (thus can still communicate), report levels of happiness about the
same as everyone else. What is going on here? How is this possible?
Dan Gilbert, Professor of Psychology at Harvard University, explains this
phenomenon and much more in his international bestseller Stumbling on
Happiness (Knopf, 2006). Gilbert notes that we tend to greatly overestimate the
effect of major events in estimating our long term happiness. From field studies
to laboratory studies, we see that winning or losing an election, gaining or losing
a romantic partner, getting or not getting a promotion, passing or not passing a
college test, have far less impact, less intensity, and much less duration than
people expect them to have. In fact, a recent study showing how major life
traumas affect people suggests that if it happened over three months ago, with
only a few exceptions, it has no impact whatsoever on your happiness. That is
because the prefrontal cortex, the region of the brain that simulates future events
in our mind (among many other things), is a very bad experience simulator.
Psychologist Ed Diener found that the frequency of your positive
experiences is a much better predictor of your happiness than is the
intensity of your positive experiences 150 . Cultivating and experiencing
many small happy moments is more effective and more rewarding than
having a few sporadic big events. 151
But how can it be that winning or losing an election, gaining or losing a
romantic partner, getting or not getting a promotion, passing or not passing
a college test, have far less impact, less intensity and much less duration
than we expect? One reason is that we synthesise happiness . We think
happiness is something to be found, but instead we create it.
This research is very well-known in psychology and it is called the ‘free

choice paradigm’. It is very simple. You bring in a few objects, say some Monet

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prints, and you ask a subject to rank them from the most to the least
liked. Everybody can rank these Monet prints from the one they like the
most, to the one they like the least. Now you give the subject a choice:
“We happen to have some extra prints in the closet. We’re going to give
you one as your prize to take home. We happen to have number three
and number four”. This is a bit of a difficult choice, because neither one
is preferred strongly to the other, but naturally, people tend to pick
number three because they liked it a little better than number four.
Sometime later – it could be 15 minutes; it could be 15 days – the same
stimuli are put before the subject, and the subject is asked to re-rank the
stimuli. “Tell us how much you like them now.” What happens? Note that this
not in an isolated study, but the same result has been replicated over and
over again, watch as happiness is synthesised. The subject consistently now
ranks the print they chose higher than before, and the one they left out lower.
Or, in plain English: “The one I got is really better than I thought! That other
one I did not get sucks!”. That is the synthesis of happiness.
To prove that this is not delusional thinking, lying, or an error in the study,
they replicated the same experiment with a group of patients who had
anterograde amnesia. These are hospitalised patients who have Korsakoff’s
syndrome, a polyneuritic psychosis that does not allow them to make new
memories. They remember their childhood, but if you walk in and introduce
yourself, and then leave the room, when you come back, they do not know who
you are. They took the Monet prints to the hospital, and asked these patients to
rank them from the one they liked the most to the one they liked the least, just
like before. Then they gave them the choice between number three and number
four. Like everybody else, they said, “Gee, thanks Doc! That’s great! I could use
a new print. I will take number three”. They explained they would have number
three mailed to them. They gathered up the materials and went out of the room,
counted to a half hour, and went back into the room. “Hi, we’re back.” The
patients say, “Ah, Doc, I’m sorry, I have got a memory problem; that is why I am
here. If I have met you before, I do not remember.” “Really, Jim, you do not
remember? I was just here with the Monet prints?” “Sorry, Doc, I do not have a
clue.” “No problem, Jim. All I want you to do is rank these for me from the one
you liked the most to the one you liked the least.”
What do they do? Well, let us first check and make sure they are really

amnesiac. They ask these amnesiac patients to tell them which one they own,

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which one they chose last time, which one is theirs. And what they find is
amnesiac patients just guess. These are normal controls, where if I did this with
you, all of you would know which print you chose. But if I do this with amnesiac
patients, they do not have a clue. They cannot pick their print out of a lineup.
Normal controls synthesise happiness. What do Amnesiacs do? Exactly the
same thing. “The one I own is better than I thought. The one I did not own, the
one I left behind, is not as good as I thought.” These people like better the one
they own, but they do not know they own it. Think about this result. What these
people did when they synthesised happiness is they really, truly changed their
affective, hedonic, aesthetic reactions to that poster. They are not just saying it
because they own it, because they do not know they own it”. 152
As Professor Gilbert observes:
“We smirk because we believe that synthetic happiness is not of the
same quality as what we might call natural happiness. […] Natural
happiness is what we get when we get what we wanted, and synthetic
happiness is what we make when we do not get what we
wanted. And in our society, we have a strong belief that
synthetic happiness is of an inferior kind. Why do we have
that belief? Well, it is very simple. What kind of economic
engine would keep churning if we believed that not getting
what we want could make us just as happy as getting it?” 153
Indeed. The marketing tools used by corporations in order to sell more
products rely on our inability to adequately predict what makes us happy.
And so we continue to fuel the machine of conspicuous consumption –
deluding ourselves that this will alleviate our sense of unease, and that
instant gratification can create real happiness. We know that it does not
work, and even so we keep making the same mistakes, over and over.
But there is hope. Becoming aware truly of this scam can help us escape
the trap, and shift the direction of our lives, towards a more positive, genuine,
and real state of well being – one that is based on empathy, collaboration, the
thrill of discovery, and the drive to do something meaningful.

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Chapter 16
Work and Happiness
I feel like I am dwelling too much on this topic, but at the same time I realise that
I have barely scratched the surface of the study of happiness. A more thorough
analysis would require a series of books on its own, and even then we would only
have an incomplete picture. In this book – as I mentioned before – I decided to
focus the attention on the how happiness related to income, and more
importantly to employment, since this is the main topic of discussion. As we have
seen, research shows that there is a correlation between income and general
well-being (albeit fairly complicated and multifaceted), but it is unclear if there is a
causation, and if so, which way does it go? We know that happier people are
generally richer than the average, but we also know that happy people are less
stressed, more sociable, more productive, and therefore more successful. So
what is causing what exactly? The problem of reverse causation and selection
bias is a serious one. People who are generally lonely and unhappy tend to be
dismissed when looking for a job, they are more likely to become unemployed
and to stay unemployed.
Then there is another question. Would people be just as happy if they
had the same income, but without having to work? Maybe it is not work
itself that matters, but what it represents: Access. Access to a good house,
medical care, vacations with their families, movies with friends.…What if all
those things were provided for, would they be just as happy?
The answer is a resounding…NO. You did not expect that, did you? You
thought I was going to say that if we gave people enough money or access to
what they need, they would not have to worry about petty little things and
could finally concentrate on what really matters in their lives, which will make
them happier. It turns out that just giving people money is not enough. We
know that because people with full unemployment benefits were reportedly
less happy than those who were employed, with otherwise similar
characterises (controlling for other variables). Work does matter, after all.
Unemployment plays such a big role in our happiness that is hard to dismiss
it with a few sentences. Many studies have found, in many countries and many
time periods, that personally experiencing unemployment makes people very

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unhappy. 154    In their groundbreaking study of Britain, Clark and Oswald
summarise their result as follows: “joblessness depressed well-being
more than any other single characteristic, including important negative
ones such as divorce and separation”. 155    Great Scott! More then divorce
and separation? Is being employed such a powerful force in determining
our general well-being? Apparently, it is.
A while back we pondered about the possibility of reverse causation due to
a selection bias in the income determination, could there be the same problem
with employment? In other words, is unemployment causing unhappiness, or is it
the other way round? Many studies with longitudinal data gathered before and
after particular workers lost their jobs, suggest that there is evidence that
unhappy people do indeed perform poorly on the labour market, but the main
causation seems clearly to run from unemployment to unhappiness. 156    Other
studies in social psychology also come to similar conclusions. 157
Let us stop for a moment and look at what we have discovered so far.
Happiness is really complex, but we are beginning to understand it, and we
certainly know more now than we did 20 years ago. We know that genetic,
personal (stable partner, family, mental and physical health, good education)
and social factors (democratic participation, sense of community) play a major
role. We know that we are very bad at predicting our future happiness, as we
tend to overestimate the effect that supposedly major events will have in the
long term. We know that the memories of our experiences are distorted by our
mind, and that we can be easily fooled. We know that we adapt to almost
anything, except very few things (noise, cosmetic surgery 158 ). We know that it
is hard to step off the hedonic treadmill. We know that happiness is relative,
as we tend to compare ourselves with those around us. We know that income
does matter for our life satisfaction (in a log scale), but only up to a certain
level for our emotional happiness (about $75,000). Most importantly, we know
that being employed is crucial to our general well-being.
If working is so important, and we are about to experience massive
unemployment, then we are in for some very big problems. Unemployment leads
to depression, anxiety, loss of self-esteem and of personal control. Numerous
studies have established that unemployed people are in worse mental and
physical health than employed people. 159    As if that was not enough, they have a
greater tendency to consume large quantities of alcohol, their personal

relationships are more strained, they have a higher death rate, and are also more

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likely to commit suicide. Just to put things into perspective, a 1-percentage-point
increase in State unemployment rates in the United States for 1972-1991
predicts an increase of suicides by 1.3% 160 . Now, try to picture what a 25 or 30%
unemployment rate is going to produce. It does not look pretty, does it?
At this point, it would appear that we have no way out. On one side we
know that the profit-based market system requires an increase in
productivity, which is achieved by automation. We have seen how that
could play out – technology advances exponentially but our cultural
adaptation does not. As a result, millions could be out of a job very soon,
and only a few of them will be quick enough to learn new skills so as to find
a job replacement. On the other side, we know that even if we find a way to
provide for the unemployed, they will still live pretty miserable lives.
What should we do? Should we get creative and find them meaningless
jobs, that serve the purpose of giving them the illusion of being helpful (even
though they are really doing nothing productive)? Should we stop automation
by enforcing laws to prevent the collapse of the system? Bear in mind that this
solution would only work for jobs in the public sector, because corporations
know no boundaries, and could not afford to operate at sub-optimal levels of
efficiency for long in the global market. So the states (most of which are broke
already) should somehow hire and pay millions of superfluous workers, in
order to prevent widespread depression, suicides, and other collateral effects.
Before I continue with my wild and ridiculous mental projections, I
think it may be wiser to ask ourselves “Why?”. Why does unemployment
have such disastrous consequences? Why do people have to work in
order to be happy? What is so magical about working?
Social norms greatly affect the subjective well-being of people, and it is
particularly prominent among the unemployed. 161 If the social norm is to
have a job, those who do not feel alienated, ashamed, and are constantly
plagued by a feeling of inferiority. We know how significant that is, given
that we tend to always compare our achievements to those of others.
Interestingly enough, this has also another unexpected consequence. The
unemployed report to feel less miserable if they are surrounded by a majority of
unemployed, as confirmed by many studies. 162 Somewhat paradoxically, a high

level of unemployment will be very detrimental the people’s well-being, but a

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significantly higher level would not be as bad. Before jumping to the
conclusion that we should not worry too much about the future, consider
the amount of pain and suffering that people will experience in-between
phases. Also, what kind of society would that be? Remember that the
reason unemployed people’s happiness rises is because:
1.
They adapt to their new situation, they lower their standards, their
expectations, their dreams.
2.
As it becomes the norm, the general culture of that society moves along
with it, people lose purpose, and instead of being unhappy and miserable
by themselves, they are slightly less unhappy and miserable together.
I do not know about you, but I would not want to live in this kind of
society. I shiver at the thought that this could represent the soon-to-be
destiny of our species.
There has to be another way.
16.1 Flow
“Choose a job you love and you will never have to work a day in your life.”
– Confucius
The concept of flow was proposed by psychologist Mihály Csíkszentmihályi,
and represents the mental state of operation in which a person in an activity is
fully immersed in a feeling of energised focus, full involvement, and success in
the process of the activity. It is a single-minded immersion and it is perhaps
the ultimate in harnessing emotions in the service of performing and learning.
In flow, the emotions are not just contained and channeled, but positive,
energised, and aligned with the task at hand. 163
”The ‘me disappears during flow, and the ‘I’ takes over. A rock climber in
an early study of flow put it this way: ‘You’re so involved in what you’re doing
you aren’t thinking about yourself as separate from the immediate activity.
You’re no longer a participant observer, only a participant. You’re moving in

harmony with something else you’re part of’. Flow is a subjective state that
people report when they are completely involved in something to the point of

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forgetting time, fatigue, and everything else but the activity itself. It is what we
feel when we read a well-crafted novel or play a good game of squash, or take
part in a stimulating conversation. Mark Strand, former Poet Laureate of the
United States, described this state while writing as follows:” 164
You’re right in the work, you lose your sense of time, you’re
completely enraptured, you’re completely caught up in what you are
doing…When you are working on something and you
are working well, you have the feeling that there’s no
other way of saying what you’re saying.
Social norms, adaptation, income, and relative comparison do not fully
explain why work makes us live more fulfilling lives. We know this because
studies have shown that the self-employed are happier, even if that means
working longer hours and/or making less money. 165 The same goes for
voluntary workers, giving their hearts and minds to the non-profit world. 166
These people are not only working on something they enjoy doing, but they
receive even more gratification by the act of helping others.
Another interesting observation comes by looking at the number of
hours worked annually by a person against the average life evaluation.

Figure 16.1: Life evaluation against working hours in OECD countries
(2009). On the y-axis is percentage of people thriving, on the x-axis the

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average annual hours actually worked per worker. Happiness data
comes from the Gallup World Poll 2005-2009 and working hours from
the official OECD library. For a interactive version of the graph visit
Figure 16.2:
As we can see from Figure 16.2 , 167168 people who in live in countries where
they work less are consistently happier than those who work longer hours. Take
Denmark as an example. It comes out on every poll as one of the happiest place
on earth and as much as 82% of the people report to be ‘thriving’ (well-rested,
respected, free of pain and intellectually engaged), yet they only work 1,559
hours annually, 200 hours less than the average of all OECD countries. Compare
it now with South Korea, where people work 2,232 hours, 473 hours more than
the average, and only 28% of them thrive. The same pattens can be observed all
over: in countries where the workweek is shorter (Sweden, Finland, Norway, The
Netherlands) people thrive; in countries with more working hours (Greece,
Poland, Hungary, Russia, Turkey) people are more miserable.
There is an underlying principle at work that goes beyond societies
expectations, status and class, or the income they generate. Independence,
self-determination, freedom, the ability to follow our dreams, the feeling of
creating positive change, being in a state of constant flow. This is what drives
us. This is the difference between living by the day with no particular thrills,
and exploding with energy, living the days to their fullest, savouring every
moment, making them exciting and indispensable. To make a difference, to
transcend our condition, to help others, to create new things that nobody
could ever dream of doing, to go where no one has gone before.
Drive, flow, purpose. Work is merely an enabler of these conditions,
not a requirement.

http://robotswillstealyourjob.com

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Chapter 17
The Purpose of Life
If you live in the United States, Japan, and many countries in Europe,
you probably heard your friends saying how busy their are. “So busy.”
“Crazy busy!” All the time. They can’t even take a walk in the park
without checking the calendar on their smartphone several times over, or
spend unstructured, unplanned time with their kids. They are busy
indeed. And they are also pretty stressed. But why is that?
I believe one reason is our socially-induced, compulsive urge to keep ourselves
occupied, or rather to constantly “look busy”. We start at a very young age, in
school. Why do we have hour-long lectures when our attention span drops after
twenty minutes? 169 Why don’t we let children work at their own pace?
We then continue in the workplace. Why do so many companies check
on their employees as if they were babies? Why do they primarily pay based
on hours of work, instead of performance? Why do we keep meaningless jobs
alive, while desperately trying to create novel ways to keep us occupied?
I had many discussions regarding the issue of technological
unemployment, particularly during my Graduate Study Program at Singularity
University, NASA Ames Research Center, where I had the opportunity to
speak with some of the greatest minds on the field, including the authors of
the book “Race Against the Machine” Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee,
founding executive editor of Wired magazine Kevin Kelly, inventor and futurist
Ray Kurzweil, and science fiction writer Vernor Vinge. I stand by my thesis,
that the economy will not abide in creating new jobs at the same pace with
which technology destroys them. Many disagree with me, and we could have
a discussion about that, but I think this is missing the point.
I can envision a plethora of futures where everyone has a job. One job could be
to show up at the office, sit down, look busy, and read emails all day. Another could
be to look at robots working, and make sure nothing is wrong. The fact that only one
a ten thousand robots fail over the course of a week, and that one supervisor per
facility would suffice matters not. We can have hundreds of supervisors. And then
supervisors of supervisors. And then managers, and managers of managers, up in
the food chain. We can fabricate new diseases, and

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then create professions to cure those fictitious illnesses. Finally – desires,
as economists teach us, are infinite, therefore we can perpetually generate
things to fulfil those desires, however frivolous or whimsical they might be.
While this may sound laughable to some of you, it may also sound striking
similar to what we are already doing today.
After years spent pondering and contemplating on this matter, I
came to this radical conclusion:
We must do away with the absolutely specious notion that everybody
has to earn a living. It is a fact today that one in ten thousand of us can
make a technological breakthrough capable of supporting all the rest. The
youth of today are absolutely right in recognising this nonsense of earning
a living. We keep inventing jobs because of this false idea that everybody
has to be employed at some kind of drudgery because, according to
Malthusian-Darwinian theory, they must justify their right to exist. So we
have inspectors of inspectors and people making instruments for inspectors
to inspect inspectors. The true business of people should be to go back to
school and think about whatever it was they were thinking about before
somebody came along and told them they had to earn a living.
I know, these words are radical. And possibly naive. The result of a
young mind, oblivious to the intricate fabric of society, who has nice dreams,
but no real understanding of complex systems and economic behaviour. As it
turns out, that is almost a word-by-word quote of the great genius futurist
Buckminster Fuller, interviewed in 1970 by New York Magazine. 170
The point is that “We prefer to invent new jobs rather than trying
harder and inventing a new system that wouldn’t require everybody to
have a job.” 171 With this book, I have posited that robots will your job, but
that’s OK. I will go one step further. I would argue that the purpose of life
is to have robots steal your job.
OK, let us be serious – that is not the purpose of life. But today, I think
this is a necessary, yet not sufficient condition for finding your life’s purpose.
I do not know my purpose of life, let alone your purpose, or that of everyone
else on this planet. But I am pretty sure what the purpose of life is not. How many

people have you heard, sitting on their death bed, saying: "Geez, I

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really wish I had spent more time checking that accounting spreadsheet for
errors." Or: "Had I had a 2.5% return of investment on that deal instead of a
pitiful 2%, my life would be whole". Nobody says that. They might be
thinking “I wish I spent more time with my kids”, “I wish I told my husband I
loved him more”, “I wish I confessed to my high school crush that I liked
her”, or “If only I had travelled more, I would have seen the world”.
I was really moved by the story of a woman, who was a terminal
cancer patient. She had two months to live, but her life’s dream was to
learn calculus. Then she discovered Khan Academy, and realised that
she finally had that opportunity. And so she did – she spent the last two
months of her life learning calculus. And she was happy. 172
Another notorious slacker and good for nothing stated that: “The goal of
the future is full unemployment, so we can play. That’s why we have to
destroy the present politico-economic system.” This is no light statement,
considering that it comes from legendary author and futurist Arthur C. Clarke
(2001: A Space Odyssey, Rendezvous with Rama), who first conceived the
idea of using geostationary satellites for telecommunication (we now refer to
the geostationary orbit as the “Clarke Orbit” or the “Clarke Belt” in his honour).
But what does it mean ‘to play’? It might be that Clarke was paraphrasing
Confucius – “Choose a job you love and you will never have to work a day in
your life”. Or maybe he meant something different. Finding a job you love –
one that is fulfilling and that allows to follow your moral code – is very hard
today. In fact – according to Deloitte’s Shift Index – as much as 80% of people
hate their job. 173 We have to adjust to what the economy allows to perform, and
the sad reality is that many jobs are neither fulfilling, nor do they create value
for society. As if that was not enough, they are also going to be automated
fairly soon – I suspect within our lifetime.
But – I am happy to tell you – there is light in the tunnel. The purpose of this
book is not to convince you that automation will make you obsolete, but rather
what to do about it. I pondered, researched, shared ideas and suggestions from
hundreds of people, and I collected them in the third of the book.
This is my gift to you – I hope it can be useful.

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Part III
Solutions

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Chapter 18
Practical Advice for Everyone
F inally, the time you have been waiting for. I apologise for having placed this
section so late in the book, but I am sure you will understand the reason for doing
so. Had I not explained the premises, many of these advices would not make
much sense, and then I would have had to explain the reason for each one
– often resulting in overly long explanations, which would have diverted
the attention from the main focus. But now, you have all the tools and
the correct mindset to evaluate them critically, and they should make
sense right away. In fact, you might have thought of some of them
yourself as you were reading before, and this list will be a nice summary
that organises your thoughts clearly and concisely.
18.1 Need Less, Live More
“The richest person is not the one who has the most, but the one
who needs the least.”
– Anonymous
The economy is evolving rapidly, automation is replacing human
workers, more so every day. Unemployment is rising, and even those
who still have a job are potentially in jeopardy. In a situation like this,
very few are safe. So what choices do you have?
Self help books typically focus on how to maximise your income. Some of
them are useful, more of them are hogwash. If you are lucky enough to pick from
the good pile, and you dedicate a great deal of time and effort, you might be able
to succeed (luck and serendipity also play a major role in the process). The
advices mainly revolve around the following points: build a strong network of
connections and high level friendships, be flexible and self-employed, and learn
how to market yourself. That is it. Typically you will read 400 pages on how to do
that, and then you try it out. While this might work for some people – because it
does work in certain cases – I see several problems with this approach when
talking to a larger public. First of all, it does not scale. The very nature of the
system does not allow everyone to be successful. It is a logical, as well as

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mathematical, impossibility.
Suppose everyone became well connected, street smart, and learned
how to market themselves really well. What would happen? Since the system
requires you to have a competitive advantage over someone else in order to
succeed, those who want to excel will have become even more street smart,
and develop even more sophisticated marketing techniques. These people will
then gravitate towards each other, like more massive bodies in the universe
attracting one another, creating a new elitist network of even stronger
connections. It is a never-ending cycle, where the winners are always very
few, by design. This is not a bad thing per se, a meritocracy revolves around
this very idea that if you are better at doing something than someone else,
you will excel in that area, and your accomplishments will be recognised. I do
not see a problem with that, if you want to take it to the next level. The
problem is that we are not even at the most basic level. There are millions of
people in highly developed countries, and billions in the developing world, who
do not have access to the necessities required to live a healthy and decent
life. Which brings us to the other impossibility.
Should you dedicate your life to becoming more financially
successful, thus ensuring your ability to pursue your dreams? Or should
you stop chasing the unachievable dream of success, strip yourself of
the material goods, and live a life of austerity? Might there be a third
way, one that takes the best of both? Is it possible for everyone to live a
happy life, while pursuing their dreams? It is difficult to say.
The Greeks spoke of virtue (Latin: ‘virtus’, Greek: – ‘arete’), a sort of moral
excellence which valued as a foundation ‘a principled and good moral being’,
thereby promoting collective and individual greatness. In his work Nicomachean
Ethics, Aristotle defined a virtue as a balance point between a deficiency and an
excess of a trait. The point of greatest virtue lies not in the exact middle, but at a
golden mean, sometimes closer to one extreme than the other. For example,
courage is the mean between cowardice and foolhardiness, confidence the mean
between self-deprecation and vanity, and generosity the mean between
miserliness and extravagance. To find the golden mean requires common-sense
smarts, not necessarily high intelligence. In Aristotle’s sense, virtue is excellence
at being human, a skill that helps a person survive, thrive, form meaningful
relationships, and find happiness. Learning virtue is usually difficult at first, but

becomes easier with practice over time until it becomes a

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habit. 174
There is an idea, which takes inspiration from Aristotle’s philosophy,
that is slowly finding its way around think tanks, activist groups, and
communities all around the world. The idea is that instead of trying to make
more and more money or to abandon money altogether, we should try
finding the golden mean by reducing the need for money in the first place.
This usually causes much misunderstanding, so let me be as clear as
possible. Being rich a relative concept. If you make $100,000 a year, but
you have $120,000 of expenses, you are relatively poor. That is, you are
poor relative to the amount of money to feel comfortable with what you
need. If, on the other hand, you make $40,000 (most people 175 do 176 ), but
your expenses fluctuate around $30,000, you are indeed relatively rich.
Reducing your need for money does not mean that you have to live a life of
sacrifice, and give up the things you like. On the contrary. You do not have
to constantly feel bad about what you doing. You do not have to take a u-
turn and flip your life overnight. You can do the things you enjoy, and in
some cases much more, with less. You can live a life of virtue, in the Greek
sense, a life of greatness and fulfilment, without having to earn hundreds of
thousands of dollars, and without giving yourself over to a life of austerity.
Some people refer to this as downshifting, and the idea is pretty
straightforward. Live simpler lives, escape from the rat race of obsessive
materialism and reduce the stress, overtime, and psychological expense that
typically go along with it. It is possible to find an improved balance between
leisure and work, focusing life goals on personal fulfilment and relationship
building instead of the all-consuming pursuit of economic success. There is no
need for dramatic or sudden changes that may jeopardise your stability, you
can start with simple things, make a plan, build upon that, and see yourself
living a better, more fulfilling, and happier life.
It sounds like an impossible win-win scenario, so what is the catch?
The catch is that there is no silver bullet. No formula that will work for
everyone. And most importantly, nobody that will give you a precise list
of instructions that you just have to follow.
Not all of us can be physicists, biologists, computer scientists,

biotechnologists. You have to find out what your strengths are, what you love to

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do, and how that can sustain you. We cannot all be mathematical geniuses
or musical prodigies, but we can all find something that we are good at and
that we enjoy doing. To achieve a life of virtue, full of passion and interest,
while ensuring that you have enough to go by, you have to be smart and
take a look at all the possibilities that come before you. And to do that you
start by studying and learning new things, expanding your horizons.
18.2 Educate Yourself
“Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish
and you feed him for a lifetime.”
– Chinese Proverb 177
This old Chinese proverb has been true for thousands of years. But
given the recent massive decline in fish stocks, 178 I think it needs some
adjustments. So here is my updated version:
“Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish
and you feed him for a little more. Teach him how to be problem
solver, and he can face any challenge that lies ahead of him.”
Whatever list of things to do I can come up with, it will never solve your life’s
problems by itself. It can be a good starting point, an inspiration, but situations
are constantly changing, evolving, and the only way to keep pace with the world
is to educate yourself to be a critical thinker and a problem solver.
Education has always been of great interest to me. I remember very
vividly when I was at school, starting from primary, all the way to high
school. It was one of the most painful periods of my life. I remember the
utter boredom of sitting at my desk, listening to uninspiring lessons,
learning series of rules, memorising numbers and words, looking at the
clock, waiting for the pain to end, when it finally turned 16:30 and I could
go home. But it was not always like that.
My mother is a librarian. When I was in kindergarten, she used to bring me
to the public library where she worked, until she finished her shift. There I was,
sitting at the desk, with nobody around to tell me what to do, or how I should do

it. I had the chance to pick up books of all sorts, well before I was able to read.
My mom told me that, from a very early age, I was fascinated by science books.

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I was looking at drawings of atoms and electromagnetic fields, pictures of
all species of animals, stars and galaxies, mechanical devices, dinosaurs,
and all sorts of other interesting things. I do not remember much, but she
said that, as far back as she can remember, I wanted to know about the
world and explore all branches of knowledge. My enthusiasm and
fascination for our universe were insatiable. Then, the time came for me to
go to school, and I was hit in the face, like a bus at full speed crushing into
a brick wall. I could not understand why the teachers could not – or more
probably did not want to – answer my questions. But most of all, I could not
believe that they were not interested in what they were teaching. I tried,
and tried, and tried, and…nothing. Disappointment preceded surrender.
I was considered a strange looking kid. I was always wondering about what
the biggest animal was, how did we know there were dinosaurs 60 million years
ago, and not 2 million, or 10 million (this was well before the film Jurassic Park
come out), why were elephants so big, why did spiders have eight legs instead of
six, how could the hummingbird fly and how fast did it flap its wings, why and
how did planets form. To my teachers, these were irrelevant questions. I did not
have to know the answer to them in order to pass the tests. They were not in the
curricula. So why did I bother so much wanting to know more?
The frustration reached the point where I just gave up on the school
system, and continued researching on my own. I did not leave school, though.
I did as I was told to do and mostly shut up during the lessons, as required.
But I diverted all my efforts in researching and studying on my own things that
were outside the state requirements. I devoured every edition of the Guinness
book of records and The World Factbook. I simply could not stop. It felt as if I
were being attracted to the data, as if an invisible force was pushing me
towards it. It was only later in life that I realised how to make sense of this
information, how to challenge and verify its authenticity, how to contextualise
it. It was not something that anybody taught me, I had to learn it the hard way.
Now, this was before the Internet became a widespread phenomenon. To
think of the immense effort that I had to put in in order to know and understand
just a little more, and I compare it to how easy it is today, it simply blows my
mind. What required dozens of hours of painful research, often through non-
interactive and quite unattractive books, is now available in seconds, often in
videos, lectures, and conferences held by the most amazing thinkers of our time.

A poor kid in Uganda has access to more knowledge than the president of the

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United States did 30 years ago. Such a dramatic change has no precedent in
human history. The invention of the printing press is a pallid, almost insignificant
event in comparison. Today, it is possible to receive a world-class education,
where the best teachers, coming from the most prestigious universities in the
world, teach any subject, for free. This is such a mind blowing and revolutionary
thought that I am surprised so few people are aware of it.
iTunes is installed on more than 400 million computers worldwide, 179 yet
when I talk to people about it, very few know that it can be used for something
other than music and films. On May 30, 2007, Apple announced the launch of
iTunesU, which delivers university lectures from the major universities around the
world, for free. These are high quality video lectures, often the same that you
would get from a $200,000 degree, only that you can watch them at home, or on
the bus, pause them, re-view them, and they do not cost anything. The materials
are collected from a variety of locations around the world, including colleges,
universities, museums, libraries, and other cultural institutions of educational
value. There are currently more than 100,000 files available for download, from
Oxford, Yale, Harvard, Stanford, Cambridge…There are literally hundreds of
them. This approach was pioneered by OpenCourseWare, a cultural movement
that started in 1999 in Germany, and took off when the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology launched its MIT OpenCourseWare in October 2002. Since then it
has been reinforced by the launch of similar projects at Yale, Michigan
University, and the University of California, Berkeley. Similar institutes in Japan
and China developed, and it quickly spread all over the planet. MIT’s reasoning
behind OCW was to ‘enhance human learning worldwide by the availability of a
web of knowledge’. 180
This immense potential remains largely unexpressed in my view, even
though is quickly catching up. The reason for this is the lack of personal
motivation to follow the courses, as well as the difficulty of the material.
Now a new player has come in, and it has already started to change the
game. It was the late 2004, when Salman Khan was discussing with his little
cousin Nadia about the nature of the universe and other things like that. Nadia
struck him as a highly intelligent young girl, who was ready to begin a career in
the sciences in the near future. When he said that to her parents, they were
startled, because the girl has been struggling with some basic math at school.
Sal could not believe what he just heard. How could someone who was tackling

highly sophisticated issues struggle with basic math? Something was wrong with

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the school system. He began tutoring her over the Internet, and that proved to be
very effective. When other relatives and friends sought his tutelage, he decided it
would be more practical and beneficial to distribute the tutorials on YouTube. It
was November 16, 2006. At the time he was a Hedge Fund analyst, making quite
a lot of money, and in the process of becoming a very successful businessman.
Money, power, stability. What more could anyone ask for?
Purpose . Sal was still working at his job during the day, while
recording micro-lectures for his relatives at night. Suddenly other people
began to watch them. More and more. And they started writing him as
well. One day he received this letter:
“Mr. Khan,
No teacher has ever done me any good – this may sound harsh but I
mean it quite literally. I was force fed medication to keep me from talking
and chastised for not speaking out when called on. Where I am from blacks
are not welcomed with open arms into schools – my mother and her sisters
had to go to a small shack two hours from home when they went to school.
About five years ago my family collected enough money
to move from where i was born, so that I could have a
chance at having an education and living a real life. But
without a real mastery of elementary math I was slow to
progress.
I am now in college and learning more than I ever have in my life. But
an inadequate math background has been holding me back. I found the
Kahn Academy in June of 2009, right after I completed Math
141 (a college algebra course). I have spent the entire
summer on your youtube page. And I just wanted to thank
you for everything you are doing. You are a Godsend. Last
week I tested for a math placement exam and I am now in
Honors Math 200. No question was answered incorrectly. My
placement test holder was so impressed by the breadth of
my knowledge of math that he said I should be in Linear
algebra.

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Mr. Khan, I can say without any doubt that you have
changed my life and the lives of everyone in my family”.

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A few days after that, Sal quit his job to work on the ’Khan Academy’ full-time
( ). The conscience and the realisation that you are helping
other people, building an “emphatic civilisation”, 181 based on the sharing of
scientific knowledge, for the betterment of humankind; that is something worth
waking up for in the morning. “With so little effort on my own part, I can
empower an unlimited amount of people for all time. I can’t imagine a better
use of my time.” – said Sal. The mission of the academy is nothing less than
to “provide a high quality education to anyone, anywhere”.
I bet you remember those times back in college, when you and your
friends tried to figure out the intuition behind a concept, or how to solve a
specific problem. It would take hours, a bunch of minds working non stop to
find a solution, and a considerable number of headaches, when finally
somebody screams ‘Eureka!’ (or ‘Fuck yeah!’, in many cases). The person
then explains the solution to the riddle to everyone else, which typically
takes no more than 10 minutes. Would it not be great if you could just skip
the four hours and have the teacher explain it in an intuitive and practical
manner in minutes? I thought it was a mere dream, until I saw Sal’s videos.
The whole story is absurd and fascinating at the same time. One guy
who takes on MIT, Stanford, and Harvard, becoming more popular and
appreciated than those established institutions throughout the world? One
person who wants to build the biggest online school, centre for reason, art
and science, by himself? Yep, apparently he is really doing it.
It is been a couple of years since I decided I wanted to learn chemistry.
When I discovered MIT OpenCourseWare and iTunesU I was blown away.
Lessons from Stanford, Harvard and MIT recorded, available for free on the
internet? Wow. “I need to take some time off to learn a ton of subjects”, I
thought. But of course, that time never came. I got back from work at 8PM,
feeling exhausted, and while I enjoyed keeping my brain working, I usually
watched a TED talk or a conference from the Singularity University, but was
difficult to follow a course on Quantum Entanglement or Biochemistry at
11PM. With Sal’s videos, in their 13-minute format, I could enjoy learning at
any time of the day. At a lunch break, on the train, after dinner, you name it.
The concepts are easy, very well presented, and I cannot stress this enough,
they are intuitive. I have always been interested in why something happens, how

does it work, what makes it work, what are the conditions under which it does

http://khanacademy.org

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not and so on. Anybody can apply a formula, especially computers. But
can you derive the formula? Can you explain how did they came up with
it? With the advent of Wolfram Alpha, 182 it becomes clear that doing
mechanical calculations by hand is pretty much obsolete nowadays.
What matters most is the idea, the concept, the intuition.
I immediately started to follow the chemistry lessons from Khan
Academy, and I felt the excitement of discovery and understanding every
time I watched one of those videos. It all seems quite strange, but it makes
a whole lot of sense if you contextualise it. The exponential growth of
information technology and the advent of the free software movement has
lead to a groundbreaking shift in our mental paradigm. Information is ever
more accessible, reliable, and most of all free to all. GNU, Linux, Creative
Commons, Wikipedia, OpenCourseWare, and now the Khan academy. It is
a logical consequence of the exponential growth of technology and culture.
Sal expressed his desire to teach as many subjects as possible. As of now
(mid 2012), there are more then 3,200 lectures, spanning mathematics, history,
healthcare and medicine, finance, physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy,
economics, cosmology, organic chemistry, American civics, art history,
microeconomics, and computer science. And it is basically just him teaching
(although it is expanding rapidly with new great teachers). Surely this question
must have crossed your mind: ‘Who is this guy? What qualifies him to teach such
a variety of subjects?’. Sal was valedictorian of his high school class and attained
a perfect score in the math portion of his SATs. He has a Bachelor of Science in
mathematics, another Bachelor in electrical engineering and computer science,
and a Master of Science in electrical engineering and computer science from the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. As if that was not enough, he also holds
a Master of Business Administration from the Harvard Business School. And he
did all that before turning 32. He knows what he is talking about.
I wrote about the Khan Academy back in 2009, when (almost) nobody knew
of it. Now, it is the biggest school in the history of humanity. It already delivered
150 million lectures to millions of students worldwide. And it is just warming up. It
received millions of dollars in donations from The Bill and Melinda Gates
Foundation, Google, and the O’Sullivan Foundation. It was featured on CNN,
PBS, CBS, TED, Charlie Rose, just to name a few. It is expanding and improving
every day. It is being translated in more than 40 languages, and they expect to

completely cover the 10 most spoken languages in

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just a few years. There are some schools running trials to see if this approach
can be integrated in the classical learning environment. The preliminary results
are astounding. Rather than rendering the teachers obsolete, it actually helps
them become better mentors, leaving more time to do one-to-one, real-life
interaction with students. Students can learn on their own, at home, and then
have more productive time in school, by doing exercises together, solidifying their
knowledge, or by teaching each other what they just learned. In Sal’s words:
“This could be the DNA for a physical school where students spend 20% of
their day watching videos and doing self-paced exercises and the rest of the day
building robots or painting pictures or composing music or whatever.” 183
So the teacher becomes more of a mentor, a guide, rather than an
authority figure. They have a dashboard of all of their students, they can
see what they are working on, how well they are doing, and intervene
only when students are struggling on a specific topic.
Sounds incredible. Amazing. Too good to be true. So what is the catch? It
seems unbelievable, but there is no catch. Khan Academy is free. The lessons
are in Creative Commons. The code for the website and the platform is
completely Open Source. You can use it on you own, learn at your own pace.
You can choose to follow only the subjects you like, or you can follow the
suggested path. You can even ask your school to integrate it. Or you can use it
on you own, then go to school and kick ass anyway. The lessons are fun, easy,
and very intuitive. They are expanding rapidly, and improving every day.
What is missing from this picture? Two things: the lack of academic
achievements, and the difficulty of teaching the arts and humanities through this
medium. But I see none of them as an obstacle. As we have seen, things are
evolving rapidly. Anything that is touched by exponentially expanding
technologies follows the curve of accelerating change. 184 The educational system
will have to adjust itself to realities like the Khan Academy, not the other way
around. The reason parents send their children to school is not to learn (sadly),
but to earn a degree, which will make it easier for them to find a job. This
equation is no longer true. As Dale J. Stephens, Michael Ellsberg, and many
others pointed out, traditional education is overrated, and what makes you
competitive in the workforce is not necessarily your academic achievements.
Sure, having a Ph.D. from Stanford helps, but it is not a sufficient requirement for

success anymore. If your goal is to go and work at Google, PayPal,

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Microsoft, or any other of those technology giants, then soon achieving
proficiency on the Khan Academy may look more palatable than a degree
from a traditional institution. Smart universities understand this, and they
are reforming pretty quickly. MIT just launched MITx, which offers a
portfolio of MIT courses for free to a virtual community of learners around
the world. It will also enhance the educational experience of its on-campus
students, offering them online tools that supplement and enrich their
classroom and laboratory experiences. With a small fee, people who follow
the online course can also receive a valid certificate from MIT.
Last autumn, I took part in one of the first experiments of massive online
learning, when Sebastian Thrun, Peter Norving, and Andrew Ng launched the
Stanford courses on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. They were
still rough experiments, with ups and downs, but the results were incredible
nonetheless. Hundreds of thousand of people participated in these 10-week
courses, which were more or less like the ones that regular Stanford students
followed. In the end, if you were good and did your homework right (all
through automated software), other than having acquired a solid knowledge
and understanding of a sophisticated and useful subject, you also received a
statement of accomplishment, which you can then put in your curriculum. The
nice thing is that you followed the course week by week, and you had a class
of thousands of people to work with, ask questions, discuss about the lessons
and the exercises. It was a wonderful experience. Sebastian Thrun was so
excited that he decided to leave his Professorship at Stanford and dedicate
his time to teach to millions of students worldwide, for free ( ).
Sounds familiar?
The approach by Andrew Ng inspired many others, who are now
teaching under the umbrella of a non-profit called ‘Coursera’, with high level
subjects such as Model Thinking, Natural Language Processing, Game
Theory, Probabilistic Graphical Models, Cryptography, Design and Analysis
of Algorithms, Software as a Service, Computer Vision, Computer Science,
Machine Learning, Human-Computer Interaction, Making Green Buildings,
Information Theory, Anatomy, and Computer Security. Needless to say,
this is just the beginning. It is the natural evolution of education when
combined with technology. Embrace change, or die.
So, how does this apply to you? How does this help you? In case you have

not noticed, this is your winning ticket. You can become an expert, or at least

http://udacity.com

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have access to the tools that will allow you to become an expert, at
almost anything, for free . Soon there will be high quality courses on
molecular engineering, nanotechnology, sustainable technologies for the
production of energy, food, houses, anything really. Education will be
ever more relevant, easy, engaging, and most of all, free. Today, the
best investment you can make is in yourself.
The tools of creativity are in everybody’s hands, and they are
becoming increasingly easier and more accessible. You have an
opportunity that nobody else has ever had in human history.
Carpe diem.
18.3 Educate Others
Now, what good is saving yourself, if everyone else fails? Do not keep this
knowledge to yourself, share it with as many people as you can! Do not think
of it as more competition for you. That is the old, myopic vision of self-interest.
The more people become educated and know about these things, the more
they can help solving the challenges we face. Happiness is sharing, and
sharing leads to incredible discoveries. I see one day, not so far way, when
people will be judged not by their ability to outsmart others, but by their ability
to help others. Not to be the best students, but to be the best teachers.
That is a world truly worth living in.
18.4 Grow Your Own Food
This is so obvious it almost makes me feel stupid to say it. Food is a form of
energy, possibly the most important form of energy. It is what our body runs on.
But it is also a form of power. Growing your own food is not just a leisure activity,
or a hobby. It is taking the power back into your hands. Roger Doiron calls this a
Subversive Plot, one that instead of being about secrecy, it promotes openness
and sharing. It is a plot that does not benefit the few at the expenses of the
many, but one that empowers each individual, and when put all together we are
all safer, healthier, more independent. There are several advantages in keeping
a personal garden, I will just list a few of them here.

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Improve your health (and your family’s) . Studies have shown that
most of our illnesses are caused by bad diets and bad food. Not
only eating more fresh fruits and vegetables is one of the most
important things you can do to stay healthy, but if you grow them
yourself your children are twice as likely to eat healthier as well. 185
Save money . This goes without saying. Food prices have gone up
significantly in the last years, and are likely to go up in the future.
Why? Because it takes at least 10 calories of oil (equivalent) for each
calorie of food we produce. Oil prices have gone up, and they can only
go up from now on. Homegrown food can be an excellent supplement
to your groceries, and in a typical family of four you can save up to
$3,000 or more (the exact amount depends on a variety of factors).
Reduce your environmental impact . This may not be of interest to all of
you, but it should. Consider that the ecosystems are all connected, and we
all depend upon them. Even if you do not care about the environment per
se, you should at least know that neglecting it will eventually hit you in the
face. Try not to use chemical pesticides and fertilisers, there are many
internet websites with great guides on how to use natural systems at their
best, with minimum effort and maximum results (see permaculture), even if
you live in the city (urban agriculture, hydroponics/aquaponics gardens).
Enjoy outdoor life . Planting, weeding, watering, and harvesting are
a great way to do some physical activity. Gardening also helps you
relax and have some time to think or let your mind wonder.
Community and family time . Having a garden is a rewarding activity. It
can be a great way to spend some time with your kids, and do something
useful at the same time. Likewise, if you have friends who do not have a
backyard and cannot grow their own food, share your garden! It will also
give you a chance to share your produce with your neighbours, help each
other out, and start rebuilding a sense of community.
Enjoy food that tastes better . The freshest food you can have is that
one that you pick up yourself. When you go to the supermarket, the food
that hit the shelves has been produced far away, harvested, packed,
shipped, moved via trucks, airplanes, trains, boats, containers (oil, oil,
oil). How long has it been sitting there before you picked it up? A day? A
week? A month? Where has it been exactly? Where was it stored? What
did they put in to make it look so flawless (and often tasteless)? Believe
me, when you grab that fruit or veggie that you grew yourself and take a

good juicy bite, you will know that you made the right choice.
Stop being a slave to the food companies . Need I say more?

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18.5 Eat Less Meat
This point is often misunderstood, as it carries a lot of emotional baggage, both
from the pro and the against-meat side of the debate. I do not want to pick either,
I am making a purely analytical statement based on simple physics and biology.
The physics . Producing lots of meat and using it as the primary source of
food is highly inefficient. Intensive livestock production requires large quantities
of harvested feed. According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO),
‘Ranching-induced deforestation is one of the main causes of loss of some
unique plant and animal species in the tropical rain forests of Central and South
America as well as carbon release in the atmosphere.’ It states that ‘Expanding
livestock production is one of the main drivers of the destruction of tropical rain
forests in Latin America, which is causing serious environmental degradation in
the region.’ An earlier FAO study found that 90% of deforestation is caused by
unsustainable agricultural practices. Logging and plantation forestry, though not
as major contributors to deforestation, play a greater role in forest degradation. 186
Raising animals for human consumption accounts for approximately 40% of
the total amount of agricultural output in industrialised countries today and
livestock is the world’s largest land user. Grazing occupies 26% of the earth’s
ice-free terrestrial surface, and feed crop production uses about one third of all
arable land. 187    At a global scale, it has been estimated that livestock contribute,
directly and indirectly, to about 9% of total anthropogenic carbon dioxide
emissions, 37% of methane emissions and 65% of nitrous oxide emissions. 188
Just to give you a sense of the proportions involved, the production of 1 kg of
wheat requires about 1 tonne of water. To produce to same amount of beef, we
need more than 15 tonnes of water. 189    Not to mention other negative externalities
of meat production, such as the loss of biodiversity and loss of local livestock
breeds, the production and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant and pathogenic
bacteria in animals and food, the release of naturally-occurring and synthetic
hormones, ectoparasiticides and derivatives, the accumulation of heavy metals,
and persistent organic pollutants.
The biology . Excessive meat consumption (particularly red meat) has
been linked to many health problems, such as colon cancer, 190
oesophageal, lung, pancreatic and endometrial cancer, 191    breast cancer, 192
stomach cancer, 193 lymphoma, 194    bladder cancer, 195    lung cancer, 196    various

cardiovascular diseases, 197 diabetes, 198 obesity, 199 hypertension and arthritis. 200

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I think that is quite enough.
The conclusion . Does this mean we should all become vegan? No. From
the ethical perspective there is an intense debate going on, so I will leave it at
that. As for the rest, even given the evidence above, there is absolutely no
consensus around the fact that ‘meat is bad’ per se. The physical and biological
evidence simply suggests that overproduction and overconsumption of meat is
not such a great idea. Then, in addition to the physical reality, there is also the
human aspect. Many people like to eat meat. Lots of delicacies in cuisines from
all around the world have meat in their dishes. Should we be expected to willingly
(or worse, forcefully) cast all of that aside and start living the vegan way? I
propose a more common sense approach. Why do we not try and reduce meat
consumption? It puts less strain on the environment, and it is healthier for us.
You do not have to abandon meat altogether, just try not to eat it 14 times per
week. Maybe start with 10, then eventually go to 5, or 2. See how it goes.
Experiment. It does not have to feel like a sacrifice. Just try it out, and if you
really cannot live without two meals of meat a day, then so be it. If, on the other
hand, you find yourself living just as well, but with half or a fraction of the amount
of meat you used to consume, then even better! You will live healthier, help the
environment, and save some money too!
18.6 Hungry, Hungry, Houses (Save Energy)
When people talk about energy problems and their solutions these days, they
associate it with renewable energy. The widespread idea is that the only problem
is the source (hydrocarbon, which is very limited and takes a long time to form),
and that if we just switched to solar, wind, geothermal, hydro, biomass, biofuel,
tidal, or wave (which are renewable) then we would all be OK.
It is a bit like saying that if a barrel is leaking water because it has
more holes than Swiss cheese, the solution is to pump more water in.

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Figure 18.1: A comic strip I did back in 2009 for Blog Action Day.
Making energy from renewable resources in your own house is great, but
before you even start thinking about that, you should take care of big elephant in
the room. Most of the energy we use is actually wasted. And I am not talking
about the kids keeping the lights on around the house (although it is better not to
do that). Yes, we should not waste tap water when brushing our teeth, but
compare that to the amount of drinkable water we waste every time we flush the
toilet and the teeth-cleaning saving looks just laughable. Energy is wasted in
heating, bad insulation systems, old appliances, bad designs, bad habits, and
most of all bad thinking. Why would you install 10KW of solar photovoltaics,

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when you could retrofit your house first, and then need only a fraction of those?
Buildings are the ultimate end-users for 68% of coal and 55% of natural gas
in the United States. There is a huge opportunity to mitigate fossil fuel
consumption in this sector, and it has yet to be exploited. Also, consider that
energy is not just electricity or oil. Water is energy, and by cutting your water
consumption in half you need half the amount of gas to heat, half the electricity to
move the pumps. We do not think about it in that way, but everything is
connected, and everything that moves needs energy. Ceteris paribus, retrofitting
is always cheaper and more efficient than simply switching to another source of
energy. That means it has a greater return of investment, it costs less, and saves
more. There are a million things you do, but here are just a few:
LED lightbulbs . The are less energy hungry, they do not contain
toxic chemicals, and they last longer. And for those who love the
yellowish “old style” feeling, they come in colours, too.
High efficiency household appliances . In the EU they have
classes A++ and A+++, in the United States they are certified by the
Energy Star. They really save a lot of energy.
Programmable thermostats that make use of Artificial Intelligence
software. These beauties can save up to 50% of your annual
consumption (the Nest is a good example of such a system. 201 ).
Hot water heater ‘blanket’ . Newer heaters have relatively high
insulation, so to see if an Insulation Blanket is right for you, just put
your hand on the outside of the heater. If it feels warm, then you can
save money by wrapping it. 202
Standby power reduction . Save money with a few ’smart’ power
strips for your electronics where it is convenient. They automatically
sense the sleep mode, shut off phantom loss and also shut off any
’associated’ electronics that you plug into the same strip. 203
Reduce water use by installing aerators and low-flow shower heads
(again, another 50% savings).
A conservative estimate says that the tuneups listed above have an
average payback time of one year or less, a return of investment of
100%, and when combined can give you annual savings of more than a
$1,000. That is, every year. And with rising costs of electricity, gas, and

water, savings can only increase.

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You can get creative and find many other ideas, and there is a plethora of
websites run by enthusiasts dedicated to home retrofitting. Green And Save
has an excellent table with all kinds of retrofitting (tuneups, remodelling,
advanced systems), complete with payback time, added cost, annual savings,
10-year savings, and return of investment. 204 Then, if you want to get serious
you can do deep energy retrofitting that makes use of integrative design 205 ,
starting with insulating your walls, roof, basements, ducts, and replacing
windows. This can take more time and money upfront, but it will prove itself in
the long run, not just in saving but also in the quality of life of your home.
Remember that you do not have to do everything at once, and you do
not have to do everything. Be smart and make use of the right technologies
according to your living and environmental conditions, your house design,
and your habits. According to the Green and Save simulation, if you did all
the tuneups, remodelling and advanced systems retrofitting, for an
investment cost of $86,000 you can save up to $300,000 in 20 years. Of
course your house will be slightly different, and you might want to choose
to do only a few fixes, but it gives you a sense of proportion. Table 18.1 is a
summary of the Return of Investment Tables.
Green Tuneups
Payback Time
Added cost 10-year savings
ROI
Annual savings
1.2 years
$1,320 $11,36
0
96.5%
$1,136
Green remodel
Payback Time
Added cost 10-year savings
ROI
Annual savings
4.2 years
$15,814 $43,48
0
26.8%

$4,348

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Green advanced systems
Payback Time Added cost 20-year savings ROI
Annual savings
8.7 years $69,590 $182,170 11.8%
$7,309
Table 18.1: Summary of house retrofit savings.
18.7 Make Your Own Energy
Energy independence used to be very hard. Today, it seems like a crime
not doing it. While the cost of fossil fuels has gone up, the cost of
renewable technologies has drastically fallen.
Solar is already cheaper than nuclear 206 , and in some places (like Italy
and Spain) it will become cheaper than oil starting next year, possibly even
without incentives 207 208 ). Solar
is an exponentially growing technology, where we consistently observe a drop
in costs and a rise in efficiency. 209 Depending on where you live, hot water
solar panels have a payback time of 4-10 years, photovoltaics of 6-12 years,
and hot air collectors of 1-2 years. Consider that these technologies operate
at a minimum of 80% their original efficiency up until 30 years of use (they
have a warranty), but even after that period they still work, just slightly less
efficiently. Also, solar photovoltaics drop in cost by about half every two years,
it already became incredibly cheap compared to what it was just five years
ago, and it will continue to improve.
There are heat pumps, wind turbines, various systems of
microgeneration and about a myriad of technologies available to help
you generate the energy you need. But remember, that has to be the last
step of the way. Savings come first, production follows .
The most important form of energy is that of our brains. Use it wisely.

18.8 Ditch the Car

(with incentives this becomes an even easier task

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Having a car is convenient. You can use it whenever you want, move around with
ease, do long trips, go to work, hang around with friends. Life would not be the
same without a car. If you live in a rural area, you do not really have a choice,
without a car you are stuck in the middle of nowhere. However, if you live in the
city (most people do), owning a car may be more of a hassle than a convenience.
Here is a few reasons why you should consider not owning a car:
Save money . You may associate the cost of the car with the cost of gas
prices. Given how they rise every single day, just this fact should make
you wonder if it is really worth it, but in fact there are many other things to
consider. Payment, repair, maintenance, insurance, depreciation…the
true cost of owning a car is something between $5,000 and $15,000
annually (depending on the car, the location, and its usage). 210    That is a
lot of money. Think about how much you could save by using a
combination of public transport, bicycle, walking, and the occasional car
rental whenever needed. Reduce accidents . If you tried to license a
technology that injures 1.6 million people and kills another 40,000 every
year in Europe alone, they’d never let you open your business. Yet that is
exactly what car accidents do. 211    Things will change when self-driving cars
become ubiquitous, but then again, by that time almost nobody will need
to own a car. Why go through all the hassle, when you can just call the
closest automated car with your cellphone, hop in, and let it drive you
around? Payments can be done automatically with the phone, cars will
be operating at maximum efficiency, at a fraction of the cost.
Cleaner air . Until we switch to fully electric cars, powered by all-
renewable energies, cars will pollute. The more people use them,
the less liveable the city is, it is as simple as that.
Rediscover your community . Research has shown a direct
correlation between the amount of traffic on a street and the number
of neighbours people know by name. The fewer cars there are, the
more likely people are to spend time outside their front doors. If you
want to get to know people in your area, walk. 212
Avoid traffic and stress . Particularly useful in rush hours, using a bike
can save you a considerable amount of time, not to mention stress.
Be healthier . In 2010, the CDC reported higher numbers once more,
counting 35.7% of American adults as obese, and 17% of American
children. 213    As of February 2012 experts predict that over half the United

States population will be obese in just 3 years compared to a 1/3 of the

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United Kingdom who could be obese by 2020. 214 Walking, biking,
running, skating, whatever you decide, will make you healthier. Not
just that, but you will be saving a hell of a lot of money in health care
(medicines, visits, surgery and who knows what as a consequence
of neglecting your body). Also, you might not need to go to the gym
after all, which saves you again more money.
In case you really need a car for some special circumstances, you can
always resort to carsharing, a very popular system that is growing rapidly
around the world. Carsharing is different from a typical rental services and
offers many advantages, as it is not limited by office hours; reservation,
pickup, and return is all self-service; vehicles can be rented by the minute, by
the hour, as well as by the day; locations are distributed throughout the
service area, and often located for access by public transportation; insurance
and fuel costs are included in the rates. Many parallel system have evolved
out of this idea, such as peer-to-peer car rental system in Germany, The
Netherlands, the UK, the US, Canada, Spain, and Slovenia. 215
Of course there is the good old carpooling, which is now much
easier thanks to the Internet and mobile apps. There are many websites
that help you find a ride, you can even choose the kind of person you
would like to share the car with, based on your tastes in music, movies,
art, or sports. And, why not, you could even find your partner this way!

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Chapter 19
Make the Future
“The best way to predict the future is to create it.”
– Peter F. Drucker 216
It used to be the case that great social change could come from the
minds and determination of extraordinary individuals. Then everything
changed. After the second industrial revolution, as societies increased in
complexity, larger and larger investments were required to invent,
experiment, and distribute the fruits of one’s ideas – until the amount of
money necessary for making anything non-trivial happen became so
massively gargantuan that only large corporations could afford it.
Today, we are on the verge of a new industrial revolution, one that takes the
power back to the people – the makers, the hackers, the industrious inventors
and creators that are quickly shaping the future. It is the emergence of the DIY
(Do It Yourself) community of innovators that are building the physical, digital,
and cultural tools for a new society. These silent heroes often do not have a
name, or a face, but we are collectively eating the fruits of their work every day.
And we can do so because they are building new things, writing code, creating
beautiful works of art, and releasing them under Free/Open Source licences.
I believe we are at the dawn of a new civilisation.
19.1 Support Open Source Projects
Whenever I utter the words “Open Source”, people either do not know
what they mean, or they think about software. “Isn’t that like the Linux
thing?”. Sure. Linux, GNU, and thousands of other projects are Free and
Open Source, but they are just an infinitesimal part of the whole.
Open Source is not just software. It is a philosophy. It is the idea that
sharing is better than secrecy, it is the proof that cooperation is more
effective than ruthless competition; and that by opening up the blueprints,
the development of science, culture, the arts, and everything that is positive
accelerates. It is possibly the most outstanding example of all human

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achievements, the light in the tunnel of our gloomy idiosyncrasies, a
triumph of transcendence from our primitive condition. It is what gives
me hope for the future of humanity, the reason I think we can evade the
path of self-destruction, and move forward as a species.
Over the past 30 years, the Open Source philosophy has pervaded
every aspect of our lives, and everything it touched was made better. It
is an inconceivable force, inspiring millions of people to create positive
change in the world. What may have started as ‘just software’ 217 moved
on to virtually every other field of science, the arts, and even our culture
at large. We have open hardware (e.g. Arduino, a microcontroller
platform for hobbyists, artists and designers), open beverages (Open
Cola and Open Beer!), open books, open films, open robotics, open
design, open journalism, and even experiments of open governance. 218
Open Source pioneer Linus Torvalds, father of Linux, famously said: 219
“The future is Open Source everything.”
In order to understand what this means, we need to look no further than the
pages of this very book you are holding right now. The development of ‘Robots
will steal your job, but that is OK: how to survive the economic collapse and be
happy’ was possible thanks to a crowdfunding campaign that I lunched on a
website. The software used to write the book was mostly Free and Open Source
(FOSS), running on an operating system which heavily relies on FOSS to work. 220
The very browser you used to find my book is probably FOSS, too. Google
Chrome, Firefox, Safari, they are all FOSS. But also Wikipedia, Creative
Commons, many Flickr photos and videos on YouTube and Vimeo are released
under some sort of free/open licenses. More recently, there has been a wave of
Open Source projects throughout the whole spectrum, even physical objects
such as flashlights, sensors, bicycles, solar panels, and 3D printers.
Internet communities such as IndieGoGo and Kickstarter are great places to
start directly supporting Open Source projects that will help you live a better life.
The concept is simple. Somebody has a great idea that they would like to
develop, they tell that to the community and ask for certain amount of money to
complete or to continue the project. People who are interested pitch in, and they
get rewards for that. Over 90% of the money goes to the original artist/inventor,

but what they create benefits the whole community. Many choose to release the

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source code/technical specifics to the public, Open Source.
This is a great way to support what you like, how you like. You can
choose which projects to support, and the amount of money you want to
pledge. It gives you a sense of fulfilment and power. It makes you feel
part of a community of like-minded people. And most of all, it is fair.
There are no under-the-table-games, no special interests, no bribing of
government officials. It is meritocracy at its best.
To put things in perspective, Kickstarter is on track to distribute over
$150 million dollars to its users’ projects in 2012, or more than entire
fiscal year 2012 budget for the National Endowment of the Arts (NEA),
which was $146 million. 221
We cannot expect governments to solve all of our problems. Of course, it
would be nice if public money were spent wisely and on programmes that
helped everyone, operating at maximum efficiency. But we all know that for as
much as we try, this often remains only wishful thinking. We must not loose
faith in our governments completely, but we should not wait and pretend that
some day everything will be magically fixed. We must take things in our own
hands, and accelerate positive change.
My advice is to support with as much as you can great Open Source
projects that are fundamental to the development of humanity, such as
Wikipedia, Creative Commons, The Electronic Frontier Foundation, as
well as many micro projects of your interest. Whatever you can donate
will work. $50, $20, or even $1 can make the difference. It will not only
help out the creator and the community at large, but also you directly. If
you can reduce your dependence on money by utilising something that
was created through an Open Source project, which you helped co-fund,
you are in the sweet spot. Once something goes Open Source, it is
available to the entire human race, forever. It is a win-win situation.
Now, to a more pragmatic approach. I can imagine you thinking
“Yeah, this is all very nice, but I can’t live off Wikipedia”. Actually, I would
object even to that (inexhaustible source of knowledge and references),
but I get what you mean. Physical stuff. Things that you can use to live.
Right. I will just give you one example, but there are many.

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Marcin Jakubowski is an incredible man. There are plenty of people
who talk about building a better world. Many have great ideas, too, futuristic
visions of how the world could be, if we just wanted to. But one of them is
actually building it. His goal: no less than creating a post-scarcity society,
where people have to work only 1-2 hours per day to live, so that they can
use the remaining time for higher purposes. He is building the foundation
for the next paradigm in social evolution, and he is open-sourcing all of it. A
visionary, but with solid grounding. The story is best told by Marcin himself,
who spoke at TED in 2011. This talk has been watched more than 1.5
million times and it was translated in 41 languages. 222
“I started a group called Open Source Ecology. We’ve
identified the 50 most important machines that we think
it takes for modern life to exist – things from tractors,
bread ovens, circuit makers. Then we set out to create
an Open Source, DIY, do it yourself version that anyone
can build and maintain at a fraction of the cost. We call
this the Global Village Construction Set.
So let me tell you a story. I finished my 20s with a Ph.D. in fusion
energy, and I discovered I was useless. I had no practical skills. The world
presented me with options, and I took them. I guess you can
call it the consumer lifestyle. So I started a farm in Missouri
and learned about the economics of farming. I bought a
tractor – then it broke. I paid to get it repaired – then it broke
again. Then pretty soon, I was broke too.
I realised that the truly appropriate, low-cost tools that I needed to
start a sustainable farm and settlement just did not exist yet. I needed tools
that were robust, modular, highly efficient and optimised, low-cost, made
from local and recycled materials that would last a lifetime, not designed
for obsolescence. I found that I would have to build them myself. So I did
just that. And I tested them. And I found that industrial productivity can be
achieved on a small scale.
So then I published the 3D designs, schematics, instructional videos
and budgets on a wiki. Then contributors from all over the world began

showing up, prototyping new machines during dedicated project visits. So
far, we have prototyped eight of the 50 machines. And now the project is

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beginning to grow on its own.

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We know that Open Source has succeeded with tools for managing
knowledge and creativity. And the same is starting to happen with
hardware too. We’re focusing on hardware because it is
hardware that can change people’s lives in such
tangible material ways. If we can lower the barriers to
farming, building, manufacturing, then we can unleash
just massive amounts of human potential.
That’s not only in the developing world. Our tools are being made for
the American farmer, builder, entrepreneur, maker. We’ve seen lots of
excitement from these people, who can now start a
construction business, parts manufacturing, organic CSA or
just selling power back to the grid. Our goal is a repository of
published designs so clear, so complete, that a single burned
DVD is effectively a civilisation starter kit.
I have planted a hundred trees in a day. I have pressed 5,000 bricks in
one day from the dirt beneath my feet and built a tractor in six days. From
what I have seen, this is only the beginning.
If this idea is truly sound, then the implications are
significant. A greater distribution of the means of
production, environmentally sound supply chains, and a
newly relevant DIY maker culture can hope to transcend
artificial scarcity. We’re exploring the limits of what we all
can do to make a better world with open hardware
technology.“
Together, we can begin to transition towards of society of openness that
benefits all, instead of one of secrecy that serves the powerful. Author Clay
Shirky pointed out that Wikipedia represents the cumulation of 100 million
hours of human thought. With 100 million hours of thought and collaboration
we were able to create the largest and most complete encyclopaedia of all
time, “a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access
to the sum of all human knowledge. That’s what we’re doing”. 223 Compare that
to television watching. Two hundred billion hours of television is watched, in
the U.S. alone, every year. Put another way, we have 2,000 Wikipedia
projects a year spent watching television, and 100 million hours (1 Wikipedia

project) every weekend, simply watching the ads. 224

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Just think about what we could achieve if we were able to capture
even a fraction of that time and use it for something useful. The possibilities
are endless – together we can create a truly wonderful world.

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It has already begun. Join in ☺
19.2 Vote with your Wallet (not what you think)
We know that politics is largely influenced by big businesses, which have the
power to lobby extensively. As far as I am concerned voting does not happen
in the voting booth as much as it happens at the mall. If you think about it, you
effectively have more voting power when you decide to buy something,
because you influence businesses in their strategies, which in turn has an
effect on politics. If there is one thing corporations understand is profit, and
more specifically the loss of profit. Walmart did not start its eco-business
because they had a change of heart; suddenly wanting to help the
environment, providing people healthier foods and better products. They did it
because they saw a market in there, a shift in interest from the public. If there
is a market somewhere, somebody will fill that gap. Essentially, you really are
voting with your wallet, every day of your life, you just did not notice.
Next time you go to the mall and pick something up, ask yourself if
you really need it. Will it just give you temporary satisfaction, or will it
really serve you well? Do you really need that 20th pair of jeans? What
about the other 19? Are they not good enough? Then why did you buy
them? Or did you like them at first, but then quickly changed your mind?
Get rid of things you do not need. Sell them on eBay, at the street
market, give them away as presents, it does not matter. Buy smart (more
on this later), and stop being a slave to the corporate machine, take back
control over your life. They want us to think that freedom is the liberty to
choose between 200 brands of toothpaste.
Taste real freedom.
19.3 Work Less, be Self-Employed
Go back and have a glance at the last thirty pages or so. You might have noticed
that they all had something in common. They were ideas on how to save money,
but without having to sacrifice the things you liked. In fact, they might even make
you live healthier, less stressed, and happier lives. Add everything up and you
will see that by following this advice you can save several thousands of dollars

every year. This is money that you used to need, but you do not anymore.

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So what can you do with this extra money? You be smart and spend it on things
you will actually enjoy (see the chapter on how to spend smart), or you could be
even smarter and see this as an opportunity to work less. That’s right. If you
need less money, why not go part-time? Why not change job and do something
that you really like, but that does not pay as much as the other (less satisfying)
job? Having lessened the need for money in the first place, reducing the
workweek could be the first step towards a more fulfilling and less stressful life.
This should be obvious by now, and it is not a radical idea. A group
of economists at the British think tank New Economics Foundation (NEF)
has recommended moving to a shorter workweek, publishing a report
outlining the motivations and the general plan: “A ‘normal’ working week
of 21 hours could help to address a range of urgent, interlinked
problems: overwork, unemployment, overconsumption, high carbon
emissions, low well-being, entrenched inequalities, and the lack of time
to live sustainably, to care for each other, and simply to enjoy life”. 225
The report continues:
“A much shorter working week would change the tempo of our
lives, reshape habits and conventions, and profoundly alter the
dominant cultures
of western society. Arguments for a 21-hour week fall
into three categories, reflecting three interdependent
‘economies’, or sources of wealth, derived from the
natural resources of the planet, from human resources,
assets and relationships, inherent in everyone’s
everyday lives, and from markets. Our arguments are
based on the premise that we must recognise and value
all three economies and make sure they work together
for sustainable social justice.
Safeguarding the natural resources of the planet . Moving towards
a much shorter working week would help break the habit of living to work,
working to earn, and earning to consume. People may
become less attached to carbon-intensive consumption
and more attached to relationships, pastimes, and

places that absorb less money and more time. It would

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help society to manage without carbon-intensive
growth, release time for people to live more sustainably,
and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

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Social justice and well-being for all . A 21-hour ‘normal’ working
week could help distribute paid work more evenly across the population,
reducing ill-being associated with unemployment, long working hours and
too little control over time. It would make it possible for paid and unpaid
work to be distributed more equally between women and men; for parents
to spend more time with their children – and to spend that time differently;
for people to delay retirement if they wanted to, and to have more time to
care for others, to participate in local activities and to do
other things of their choosing. Critically, it would enable the
‘core’ economy to flourish by making more and better use of
unmodified human resources in defining and meeting
individual and shared needs. It would free up time for people
to act as equal partners, with professionals and other public
service workers, in co-producing well-being.
A robust and prosperous economy . Shorter working hours
could help to adapt the economy to the needs of society and
the environment, rather than subjugating society and
environment to the needs of the economy. Business would
benefit from more women entering the workforce; from men
leading more rounded, balanced lives; and from reductions in
workplace stress associated with juggling paid employment
and home-based responsibilities. It could also help to end
credit-fueled growth, to develop a more resilient and adaptable
economy, and to safeguard public resources for investment in
a low-carbon industrial strategy and other measures to support
a sustainable economy.”
Such an economy, one that approaches the steady-state advocated by Herman
Daly and others, would also have the great value of being resilient and
adaptable. There are many necessary conditions to achieve before the 21-hour
workweek can be put into practice, and the report outlines a transition with
lucidity and valuable insight. Simply reducing the workweek, ceteris paribus,
could potentially backfire, as we have seen in previous experiments (France
2000-2008), there needs to be some adjustments to go along with it. People
need time to adapt, so there should be a transitional period that lasts a few
years, a fair living and income must be met, social norms and expectations must
change, not to mention genre relationship. But above all, the overall culture must

change. People need to see the merit and the need for a different system, so that
they themselves will ask for it, instead of resisting it.

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My advice to you would be to make a plan that, over the course of a few

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years, will allow you to transition towards a reduced workweek, or to a
job that pays less but gives you more satisfaction. Escaping the labour-
for-income trap is not an easy task, and should be taken seriously, or
else you might find yourself in a very uncomfortable situation (especially
if you have a family that depends on you for living). Use the resources in
this book, begin exploring the new possibilities, and do not be afraid to
ask for help from your friends, family, or even strangers. Once you begin
to open up yourself to a different way of living, you will find communities
of people willing to give advice, enthusiastic, and alive.
This is your life. Live it to its fullest.
19.4 Don’t Be a Dick
This is a largely overlooked aspect in the world of activism. I have been
involved with non-profit organisations and social movements for a long
time. Having started a few of them myself, I know how painful it can be for
those who are not active members to have somebody school them about
how they should live their lives. There is nothing more infuriating than being
told that everything you have been doing for your whole life is wrong, and
that you should change it. Even if that were true – and is many cases is not
– it still would be the wrong approach in getting them to join you.
First of all, it is a horrible communication strategy. Very few people are
open minded enough to challenge their beliefs and their habits, which have
accompanied them for their entire lives, and discard them in a few seconds.
And even in the rare events when that happens, it could have been achieved
much more efficiently by utilising a different strategy, rather than making them
feeling guilty and inadequate. It is hard enough to get by these days, the last
thing people need is for some bourgeois self-righteous environmentalist to
climb up the pedestal and start lecturing you. If you want people to join you,
you must show the value of what you are proposing, you must lead by
example. I know, action is a lot harder than talking about stuff, and sometimes
you may be overwhelmed by the events around you. It cannot be helped, we
are inside a system, and in some way we have to work with the tools we have
at our disposal to transition towards a better society. That, or isolating yourself
from the rest of the world. I think the latter is a rather myopic and selfish way
of responding to the problem, so I will focus on the former option.

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We are running out of time, but that is no reason for hurrying and making
a mess of things. Instead, we need to realise that we must find the most
efficient and effective way in transitioning to the new system. Before you do
anything, ask yourself the question: how effective is it? Think about the issue
of meat consumption. Most vegans I know are quite vocal about their choice,
and if that was the whole story it would not be much of an issue. The problem
is that some of them are obnoxiously arrogant and violent in their approach.
Those who disagree with them are seen as murderers, or looked over with
contempt, sometimes even disgust. Just by looking at vegan activists leaflets
and websites you can spot the obvious scare tactics, trying to feed from the
empathy of the viewer and spark an emotional reaction. If the goal is to scare,
outrage, and distance people from you, this is certainly an effective way to
achieve just that. If, on the other hand, your goal is to make people more
conscious and aware of a particular problem, you might want to start by
respecting them, and showing the merits of your way of living.
Again, ask yourself, is it easier to convert 10% of the people to eat no meat
at all, or is it easier to convince 50% to eat less meat? The answer is very simple,
and the concept is well developed by Graham Hill in his short book Weekday
Vegetarian: Finally, a Palatable Solution and TED Talk Why I’m a weekday
vegetarian. 226 Imagine yourself being committed to the cause. At some point, you
will look at your last hamburger, or your last steak, and you will know that you will
not be having any more of those, forever. Many people are not quite ready for
that. So what if you were to start a more gradual, easier approach? A weekday
vegetarian seems like a more reasonable and palatable solution, one that most
people would be willing to adopt, without having to drastically and dramatically
change their habits. Yet, by cutting meat to only once or twice per week, you
would have essentially reduced your meat consumption by 70-80%.
The same line of thinking works for every aspect of our lives. It is
very difficult to be 100% consistent with your values, but you can strive
for an honest, non-hypocritical way of living, without making yourself
unbearable to live with.

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Chapter 20
How to Be Happy
D uring my research, I spent a great deal of time reading books from the self
help category. I travelled to twenty countries, spent thousands of dollars on
seminars, dug deep into the abyss of happiness, so that you did not have to.
So here is the moment you have all been waiting for, the very
reason you bought this book. I am going to give you the definitive and
final secret to happiness. A secret that has been kept for millennia,
passed on from genius to genius, from Leonardo Da Vinci to Albert
Einstein, now finally to be revealed. Ready? Here it is.
If something is going wrong with your life, it is because you are
sending out negative vibrations, which then come back to you amplified.
So you should force yourself to think positively all the time.

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Change your thoughts, change your life, change the Universe.
Changing your habits. Eat better, get more exercise. All these things
will have a snowball effect and your life will take a dramatic shift in
the positive direction.
If you want to be rich and famous, think and act like a rich and famous
person. Buy first class tickets on the plane, surround yourself with rich
people. You will become one of them sooner than you think.
I believe it is called quantum mechanics. Or something. Oh wait, or
was it vibrations? Yeah, that sounds better. Vibrations. Quantum
vibrations! That must be it. 227
OK, let us be serious now. While I enjoy picking on the self-help
idiocy wave that has invaded the United States and the UK these last
five years, there are some suggestions that might actually help you, if
you approach them with a bit of scientific rigour.
I imagine you must be pretty tired of reading about things that do not work,
scientific analyses with no clear distinction between correlation and causation,
and plain old common sense masqueraded as hidden truth. How about some
practical suggestions, things that you can apply in your daily life, that you would
not already know? You know my position regarding self-help. I think it is mostly a
pseudoscientific scam that greedy people play on the desperate and the gullible.
However, if taken seriously, there are some things you could try, and that might
actually help you live a happier life. Please note that you should not take this
advice as a unidirectional todo list, as an instruction manual that you just have to
follow, and everything will magically fix itself. The following is an organic,
evolving and ever-changing list, the result of rigorous scientific experiments,
tested on large groups of people over long periods of time, and that consistently
show a pattern. 228 This does not mean that they will work for everyone, at all
moments of their lives. But it is better than nothing or pseudoscientific mumbo
jumbo. Remember that these are not rules, they are advice. They are not
instructions, they are suggestions. Be smart.
I cannot promise you happiness, but I can promise to present you only the
things that research shows to be effective, and that I also tried myself, first hand.
This is the closest I will get to a “self-help guide”. Actually, see it more of a set

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of suggestions on how to go about creating lasting positive change, but
with the benefit of the doubt. Try them yourself, at your own pace,
without stress. With that in mind, let us begin.
20.1 Live Smart
Mindfulness Meditation
Contrary to what many self-help positive psychology books might want you to
believe, pushing aside bad memories and sad thoughts, trying to replace them
only with the happy, even forcing yourself to do so, does not work. Instead,
take some time every day for yourself to let your mind roam free. Find a quiet
spot, turn off the cell phone, close your eyes, breath slowly, and try to relax.
This will allow your body and mind to create connections and learn from the
overwhelming amount of stimuli that you are constantly exposed to.
Write down things that need resolution
It does not really matter if you actually come up with solutions (although
it would be best if you did), the act of externalising the problems you
think you are facing helps you focus and put them in perspective.
Typically, we tend to overestimate the importance or the effect that
certain events have in our lives, and let our unrestricted feelings be the
driver of our mood. This way you can approach things more rationally.
Write down good things that happened to you today
Small things matter, even if we tend to let them pass by. At the end of the day,
take a moment and think about three things for which you are grateful, three
good things that you did, or that happened to you today. Please note that you
are not forcing yourself to be happy or to only have happy thoughts, you are
just reminding yourself to recall the happy things that you might otherwise
forget. As you step down the hedonic treadmill, you will learn to appreciate life
a little more, and put yourself in a good mood while doing it.
Exercise
Our body is an extension of our mind. The nervous system stretches out to our
arms, legs, muscles. Experimental evidence shows that people who exercise are
happier than those who do not (in controlled conditions). You do not have to take

expensive courses or do extreme sports. Start with something simple, even a

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10-20 minute run will do. If you can, take the bike instead of the car. In
time, you will begin to notice that it will make you feel better (and you will
gain in physical shape, too).
In fact, there is a plethora of studies that show walking as nature’s
best medicine. It appears that simply walking at least 30 minutes per day
is the single best thing you can do for your health. 229 If you can limit sitting
and sleeping to 23 and 1 /
2
hours per day or less, you are on the right track
to be healthier and happier.
Random acts of kindness
Research shows that people helping others reported increased levels of
happiness. Imagine you find a $10 bill on the street. If you spend that money for
yourself, you will be much less happy than you would have been, had you spent
it for someone else. Buy your friends a cup of coffee, a dinner, a concert ticket to
their favourite band. But random acts of kindness need not to be necessarily
monetary. They could take the form of a handmade present. An unexpected
phone call to a distant friend, or to a relative you rarely see. A song performed
with friends. Big or small, it does not matter. The crucial aspects are two:
randomness and kindness. If you start giving a present every month to your
partner, they will make a habit out of that, and create an expectation, which will
then result in less happiness, and plain dissatisfaction when the present does not
come, or when it feels cheap, not genuine. The unexpected nature of the act
makes it more powerful, the less they expect it, the greater the effect will be.
Cultivate new experiences
Following the same line as the previous point, trying new things will help you
step down from the hedonic treadmill and hedonic adaptation trap. Again, they
do not have to be big. If you are right handed, try brushing your teeth with
your left hand. Going back home tonight, take a route you have never taken
before. Taste a food you have never heard of. Try a new sport. Remember, do
not exaggerate any of this advice. Compulsively switching from one thing to
another without taking a breath will not do you much good. Be balanced.
Set small, realistic goals
We like to dream big, and if our goal is particularly positive and fulfilling we will

experience the sense of flow and drive that we talked about before. That is

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all well and good, but we must not forget that life is made of many moments,
and each one counts. Set yourself very small goals, even ridiculously easy
goals, like a 1-minute run out of the blue. Remember when you were a child
and you tried to avoid the imaginary river of lava, jumping from sofa to sofa? It
is sort of the same thing. Drinking a glass of water? See if you can do it in five
seconds. You have to finish a book soon? Try setting the goal of reading two
pages before the hour. Two pages seems easy and effortless, so you just do
it. Once you in the mindset of reading, you are more likely to keep reading.
20.2 Spend Smart
We have seen how earning above an income of $75,000 annually bears little to
no relationship with your general happiness. That is because other factors kick
in, like our personal relationships, family, friends, aspirations, dreams. But who
said those are mutually exclusive things? A recent paper published in the Journal
of Consumer Psychology explains just how “If money doesn’t make you happy,
then you probably aren’t spending it right”. 230 We tend to spend a lot of money on
things that provide us an ephemeral instant satisfaction, instead of those what
will make us happier. Our failure to predict the hedonic consequences of the
future is one reason, coupled with the fact that very few approach the question of
happiness with a scientific basis. We tend to rely on our gut feeling, which, as we
have seen, is almost certainly wrong. The work conducted by Dan, Gilbert, and
Wilson is impressive to say the least. It is the result of many years of thorough
and meticulous research, and it references more papers than most of us could
bear to read. So, if you do not feel like reading thousands of pages of scientific
research, here is an 8-point summary that will help you get started.
Buy experiences instead of things
“Go out and buy yourself something nice” is the advice we often give to friends
who just got some bad news; alas, it might be a very bad one. The pleasure as a
result of the acquisition of material possession does not last very long. We get
used to things pretty quickly. Things remain the same, and they are difficult to
share. Experiences are different. They are as unique as the people who are
having them. Experiences can be anticipated, lived, and then remembered. But
most importantly, we can share experiences with other people, and other people
– as we are now about to see – are our greatest source of happiness.
Help others instead of yourself

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Human beings are the most social animals on this planet. We are the
only species that creates complex social networks even with those who
are not directly related with us. Spending money on ourselves makes us
significantly less happy than spending it on other people. Be it on charity
or on your friends, giving money away improves your general well-being.
Even small amounts count, and even thinking about it helps, prosocial
spending has a surprisingly powerful impact on social relationships.
Buy many small pleasures instead of few big ones
“Adaptation is a little bit like death: we fear it, fight it, and sometimes forestall
it, but in the end, we always lose. And like death, there may be benefits to
accepting its inevitability.” Because we adapt to just about anything, few large
purchases are not a very smart idea; it is better to learn and savour the
experience that comes with many small things. The more difficult it is to
understand, explain, and thus adapt to a new situation, the more exciting it
becomes. Small frequent pleasures are unpredictable, they surprise us, they
are novel. Having a beer with friends after work is never the same as having
the same beer with your girlfriend, but the kitchen table you bought last week
stayed pretty much the same. Embrace the excitement of novelty and
uncertainty of cultivating many small experiences.
Buy less insurance
If the bad news is that we adapt to good things, the good news is that we
adapt to bad things as well. Virtually anything can happen to us, and over a
year or less, it has little to no impact on our general well-being. It is like a
psychological immune system, that protects us from bad experiences.
Buying expensive extended warranties to guard against the loss of
consumer goods may be unnecessary emotional protection. People seek
extended warranties and generous return policies so as to prevent future
regrets, but research suggests that the warranties may be unnecessary for
happiness and the return policies could actually undermine it.
Pay now and consume later
Immediate gratification can lead you to make purchases you cannot afford, or
may not even truly want. Impulse buying also deprives you of the distance
necessary to make reasoned decisions. It eliminates any sense of anticipation,

which is a strong source of happiness. Delaying consumption provides the

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benefit of anticipation, but it may also promote happiness in two other
ways. First, it may alter what you choose (and you might make a better,
more informed decision), second it may create uncertainty (which is
again a good thing). For maximum happiness, savour (or even prolong!)
the uncertainty of deciding whether to buy, what to buy, and the time
waiting for the object of your desire to arrive.
Think about what you are not thinking about
When we consider a future purchase we tend to give extreme importance to
features that have little to do with what will actually improve our experience
once we acquire it. We look at major features, like how beautiful a house
looks from the outside, instead of the little things that will actually impact our
living there. We overestimate the importance of major features, whereas
happiness lies in the little, everyday things. Before making a major purchase,
consider the mechanics and logistics of owning this thing, and where your
actual time will be spent once you own it. Try to imagine a typical day in your
life, in some detail, hour by hour: how will it be affected by this purchase?
Beware of comparison shopping
One of the dangers of comparison shopping is that that the comparisons we
make when we are shopping are not the same comparisons we will make when
we consume what we shopped for. In other words, the reasons for which we buy
something are not the reasons for which we will enjoy having that thing. Do not
get tricked into comparing for the sake of comparison; try to weight only those
criteria that actually matter to your enjoyment or the experience.
Follow the herd instead of your head
Do not overestimate your ability to independently predict how much you will
enjoy something. We are, scientifically speaking, very bad at this. But if
something reliably makes others happy, it is likely to make you happy, too.
Thanks to the Internet we have a profusion of websites where people can
review a purchase, and how much they enjoyed it. Weight other people’s
opinions and user reviews heavily in your purchasing decisions, picture
yourself owning it and see how it could play out.
We know that money is not the cause of happiness, but it can be an enabler, if

used correctly. Follow these eight steps before you decide to spend your

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money. That is, if you need to spend it at all!

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Chapter 21
The Future is Beautiful
O ne of my favourite films of all time is the philosophical oneiric adventure in
rotoscope written and directed by Richard Linklater, Waking Life (2001). 231 This
film has had a profound impact in my life and in the way I look at the world.
There is a scene in particular, which I think captures the essence of being
alive, in light of the future to come, and I would like to share it with you.
Man on the Train : Hey, are you a dreamer?
Wiley : Yeah.
Man on the Train : I haven’t seen too many around lately. Things have
been tough lately for dreamers. They say dreaming is dead, no one does
it anymore. It is not dead it is just that it is been forgotten, removed from
our language. Nobody teaches it so nobody knows it exists. The dreamer
is banished to obscurity. Well, I’m trying to change all that, and I hope
you are too. By dreaming, every day. Dreaming with our hands and
dreaming with our minds. Our planet is facing the greatest problems it is
ever faced, ever. So whatever you do, don’t be bored.
This simple, often forgotten, fact is even more true today. Since the
dawn of human history, going back some 200 thousand years, we have
gazed up at the stars, or looked into the fire and let our imagination run
wild. Our evolved neocortex allowed us to develop language, abstract
thought, and desires. We have transcended our condition, since we
decided that we would not just stand by and passively accept the fate
that the elements made for us. We were able to imagine a different
world, a better future, and we had the power to make it a reality.
The world is a very big place, yet it is also quite small. It is our
society – a complex organism, seemingly impossible to understand or
control, yet a few simple but powerful ideas could change everything.
We are made to believe that our actions, what an individual does, cannot

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possibly hope to have an impact on millions, or even billions of people.
For thousands of years, one could only hope to change a little bit history
in the course of their entire life. Maybe you could impact a hundred, or a
few thousand people at most. Today, I can literally change for the better
the lives of more people in ten years than anybody ever did in human
history. And so can you. This is a privilege that nobody had before. To
think that we are the first generation to live this opportunity is exhilarating
to say to least. It is electrifying. It is awe-inspiring. It is beautiful.
I want to leave you with the last sentence by the Man on the Train, speaking
Linklater’s mind, and my own:
“This is absolutely the most exciting time we could have possibly
hoped to be alive. And things are just starting”.

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Chapter 22
How a Family Can Live Better by Spending Smart
I n this book I outlined the various ways one can transition towards a better
way a spending money, by downshifting. This is an example of the essential
expenses that a fairly typical Italian family of four people has to sustain. Of
course, families have different sizes, different needs, and in different countries
that are different legislations, taxes, and hence costs. For example, in the
United States taxes are paid after, while in Italy and most of Europe they are
detracted from the pay check (which covers most medical bills and other
services offered by the state). I know, there are many differences, but I
wanted to frame the problem – using real data – to give some perspective.
I took the data from my own family’s 2011 expenses – a family of four (my
parents, my brother, and my sister), living in northern Italy, middle class. I divided
the expenses by category, and converted from Euros to US Dollars; the total
came out to be $45,400. You can see the result in Table 22.1 . I have only listed
the essential expenses, those that I think are necessary for a decent life.

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Total 45,400
Table 22.1: Approximate expense in 2011 of my family (four people).
At first glance we can immediately spot the outliers. Cars are the top
expense – $15,000. I divided the expenses of the cars in leasing cost (average of
$20,000 per car, spread over an average lifespan of 8 years), 232 and the annual
costs of insurances, taxes, gasoline, maintenance and repair – about $7,500).
My mother works nearby the house, so she happily takes the bike. My brother
has many colleagues at work, and decides to car pool with them, sharing the cost
of gasoline. We still need a car though, my father travels extensively, and
generally speaking having at least one car is essential in the family.
Next, food is ‘eating up’ $12,000 a year. By growing our own food,
we can save up to $3,000 (we have seen this in Chapter 18.4 , Grow
Your Own Food). The costs of electricity and gas ($2,000 and $3,000,
respectively) can also be reduced by retrofitting.
On the other hand, travel costs have gone up – since we rely more
on public transport and car-pooling.
Given the adjustments just mentioned, this is what the new table of
costs looks like:

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Table 22.2: A projection of reduced expenses by spending smart.
Table 22.2 shows the projection of reduced expenses. We are down
to $29,400 from the initial sum of $45,400. Of course, this cannot be
achieved in one year, retrofits and alternative energy sources can take
anything from 3 months to 8 years to pay for themselves. We have to
take this experiment for what it is – a multi-year plan, not a quick fix that
will magically solve everything.

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Chapter 23
Growth
I n his 2012 State of the Union Address, Barack Obama laid out a plan to
‘put America back on its feet’. Almost all of the proposition had one
common, basic assumption. If we want to get better, we need to ‘grow the
economy’. Every single policy that was proposed had as underlining
principle that economic growth through employment of labour is the driving
force that will restore balance and make everyone happier.
Sounds reasonable. Every industrialised nation has experienced an
increase in the quality of life of its citizens, thanks to economic growth. We have
grown our way out of poverty, so to speak. We have gone from a primarily
agrarian culture, to the unstoppable mechanical machine of mass production,
which has globalised the planetary market. Economic growth has given us all the
wonderful things that make our lives easier, and generally better. Roads, lights,
trains, electricity, airplanes, running water in our houses, computers, cellphones,
flatscreen TVs, the Internet, modern medicine. We have extended our lives by a
factor of two in less than a century. Another way of putting it, economic growth
not only made our lives more enjoyable, but also twice as long.
Good. Great. Fantastic! We should then follow this path indefinitely, it
will solve all our problems, and we will always live better and better! Before
we rush to conclusions, let us see for how long can we keep this up.
Growth and Energy Consumption
“We were hunters and foragers. The frontier was everywhere.
We were bounded only by the earth in the ocean and the sky.
The open road still softly calls. Our little terraqueous globe is the
madhouse of those hundred, thousand, millions of worlds. We
who cannot even put our own planetary home in order, riven with
rivalries and hatreds, are we to venture out into space? By the
time we are ready to settle even the nearest of planetary
systems, we will have changed. The simple passage of so many
generations will have changed us. Necessity will have changed

us. We are an adaptable species. It will not be we who reach
Alpha Centauri and the

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other nearby stars. It will be a species very much like us.
But with more of our strengths and fewer of our
weaknesses. More confident, far-seeing, capable and
prudent. For all of our failings, despite our limitations and
fallibilities, we humans are capable of greatness.”
– Carl Sagan, The Pale Blue Dot
N ot so long ago, we were nomads, living off what we could hunt and pick up
on our way. We were humans, yes, but for hundreds of thousand of years, we
lived very differently from how we live today. We lived in small tribes, subject
to the elements of nature, striving to survive. Then something changed us.
First the agricultural, then the industrial revolution, coupled with the discovery
of cheap and abundant energy, lead us to an era of scientific discovery,
exploration, and seemingly boundless growth. This has brought us all modern
comforts that we now take for granted. The computer or the book you are
holding to read this very sentence, the artificial light in the room you are using
to see the pages, the heating or air conditioning system to keep you
comfortable, the electricity that runs your house; all this could not have been
possible without the convergence of human ingenuity, technology, energy,
and an economic system to drive them all.
Take the US as an example. Plotting the data from the Energy Information
Agency on US energy use since 1650 we see a remarkably smooth trajectory in
the energy consumption curve, steady at almost 3% per year.

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Figure 23.1: Total US Energy consumption in all forms since 1650. Data
source: EIA. Image Courtesy of prof. Tom Murphy.
In Figure 23.1 you can see total US energy consumption in all forms
since 1650. The vertical scale is logarithmic, so that an exponential
curve resulting from a constant growth rate appears as a straight line.
The red line corresponds to an annual growth rate of 2.9%. 233
Now let us perform a thought experiment. Assuming we continue on
this trajectory, how far can we go, trying to catch the ‘Road Runner of
infinite energy’, until we realise there is nothing below us, and that we
will eventually fall down the cliff like Wile E. Coyote? To make things
easier, let us take the conservative estimate of 2.3% growth per year,
instead of the 3% we have experienced in reality. This fits nicely with our
Fermi guesstimate of the thought experiment, because every 100 years
we have a factor of 10 increase 234 , which simply means that after a
century we multiply by ten the amount from where we started.
Today we use globally an average of 15 terawatts (TW) of power. Being 7
billion of us, that means that we should consume a little over 2 kilowatts (KW) pro
capita. The US and Canada use about 10 KW pro capita, or almost five times

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what they should, if we wanted to distribute the pie fairly among nations. In
contrast Europeans, although they have a standard of living similar to North
Americans, can manage pretty well with only half of that (Italy uses 3.6 KW,
the U.K. Is at 4.2). Mexico is right in the middle at 2 KW, and at the opposite
end of the spectrum, in Bangladesh, people use a mere 0.2 KW per capita, on
average. 235 Now imagine we cover all the Earth’s land surface with high
efficiency solar panels (operating at 20%), we can extract 7,000 TW of power,
or about 470 times our current use. Remember that at 2.3% growth we get a
factor of 10 every 100 years, so 15 TW quickly becomes 150. If we wait for
another 100 years we get 1500 TW. In 300 years we have reached 15,000
TW, more than double the amount of energy gathered by a planet’s worth of
solar energy. Take a step back and we see that in a mere 270 years following
this path, all the Earth’s surface covered with solar panels will not be enough
to provide for our hungry needs. 270 years might seem like a long time, but in
terms of civilisation’s history is just the blink of an eye.
But why am I so pessimistic? Surely by that time we will have exceeded the
20% efficiency of solar panels. New minds, new technology, infinite possibilities!
OK, let us laugh in the face of thermodynamics (that bitch!), we will operate at
100% efficiency. That only buys us a factor of five, or about 70 years. Remember
that we just covered all the Earth land area (who needs food anyway?), so why
stop there? We have the oceans, too. Let us make a gigantic array of solar
photovoltaics, as big as entire surface of the Earth, operating at the impossible
efficiency of 100%. Never mind the fact that virtually all life would be destroyed
(including us), we need more energy! This helps (the imaginary) us for another
55 years at most. To sum up, in about 400 years of growth we used up all the
available energy on Earth coming from the Sun.
But, you might object, we have other energies! Need I remind you
that biomass, wind, and hydroelectricity all derive from the sun’s
radiation? What about fossil fuels? First off, we know that they are going
to disappear pretty quickly, and that they will be depleted before the end
of the century. Secondly, fossil fuels come from the Sun, too. They are
dead plants that over millions of years became concentrated forms of
hydrocarbon energy. As of today, we have only three energy sources
that do not come from sunlight: nuclear, geothermal, and tidal processes
(which are derived from the Moon’s gravitation pull), the latter two of
which are inconsequential for this analysis, at a few terawatts apiece.

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At this point, I know you Star Trek fans will be outraged by my simple-
mindedness and lack of vision. Why confine ourselves to the Earth? Clearly the
future is in space. Why don’t we build a Dyson sphere and surround the entire
Sun with solars panels? And while we are at it, let us make them ultra thin (4
am thick), with perfect 100% efficiency. Never mind the fact that we
would need to the use an Earth’s worth of materials. At 2.3%
growth rate, we only get 1,300 years of energy.
Obviously I’m not making any sense, why would we want to use up the
very source of life of this planet? Let the Sun be, and use other stars, we
have a whole galaxy as our backyard! 100 billion stars, all waiting to be
sucked up by our energy ‘black hole’. Never mind the small problem of
circumventing the speed of light (we will have cracked it by that time), let us
assume that interstellar travel is doable. Recall that each factor of ten takes
us 100 years down the road. One-hundred billion is eleven factors of ten,
so the milky way only gives us 1,100 additional years. Exponential growth.
In about 2,500 years from now, we would be using a large galaxy’s worth of
energy. That is, assuming we can achieve perfect efficiency (impossible?),
circumvent the limitations of the speed of light (highly improbable), and that
the energy utilised to gather and transport that of another star is less than
what we get out of it (I would not bet on it).
Suppose we overcome those ‘minor’ engineering issues. Surely by that time
we will have negative energy ships that fold space-time, we will have mastered
quantum mechanics and its mysterious tunnelling effects; nuclear fusion will be a
piece of cake! And that can provide infinite energy and abundance forever, right?
Well, to put it simply, no. No matter what the technology, a sustained 2.3%
energy growth rate would require us to produce as much energy as the entire
sun within 400 years. Even if we build a nuclear fusion power plant, it is going to
run a little warm. Thermodynamics requires that if we generated sun-comparable
power on Earth, the surface of the Earth – being smaller than that of the sun –
would have to be hotter than the surface of the Sun! 236
These results are obviously ludicrous. It is clear that we are not going to boil
ourselves alive, and we will not make the planet completely inhospitable for our
species. From a purely mathematical and physical perspective, we know one
thing: we are not going to continue to grow at an exponential rate of energy
consumption. It is simply impossible. No matter the technology, no matter how

inventive and smart we become, no matter the energy source, thermodynamics

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would not allow it. That means that if we still buy into the growth
paradigm, it should be based on some sort of growth that does not
require either physical (goods) or energetic resources. What does that
mean? The only way to keep growing without breaking the laws of
physics, is to produce only intangible goods and services.
Let us all be musicians, writers, psychologists, massage therapists!
And let us all sell each other every conceivable moment of our lives. Not
only our knowledge and expertise, but also our intellectual and creative
capabilities, our ideas, and, why not, our intimacy. And always at a
higher price. We will be living in virtual worlds, like Second Life, or an
evolution of Facebook and Twitter. And we will spend our time selling
each other digital goods with digital currencies. We already begun the
gamification in many aspects of our lives, why not take it the next level?
Everything is going to be a big, big game. What a bright future awaits us.
Sounds absurd? Yes, I agree. But it is the only way you can keep
this growth business up, without crashing into something that is not just
absurd, it is also plain impossible.
It is quite striking that these results are as uncontroversial as they are
ignored by mainstream economists. I could not find a single economist who
would debate the physicists and the mathematicians about the accuracy of this
analysis. They simply choose to ignore it. But for how long can we continue to
play this game of “don’t see, don’t hear, don’t tell”? Even people like Ray
Kurzweil, who have a remarkable understanding of what exponential growth
means and how it affects the global economy, do not seem to be bothered in the
least by these results. Do not get me wrong, Ray is a pretty smart guy, so if he is
not concerned maybe I am missing something. So I talked to economists and
futurists, I read their books, but I did not find a solution to this conundrum.
According to them, the economy will find a way, because…well because it
always finds a way. This sort of tautology would be understandable if it was
supported by some evidence other than the past growth on this planet, which
never approached the physical limits of what is actually feasible.
One of the few criticisms I have heard against the impossibility of
continuous growth is that I was not considering the most important aspect of
the market system: efficiency. The argument goes as follows. As technology

progresses efficiency increases, therefore there is no reason to worry, and the

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market self-adjusts. I want you to understand why people who make this
claim are either wrong and unaware of it, or they are simply lying. Giving
the benefit of the doubt, I would argue that in most cases they are very
sincere. They just have no idea what they are talking about.
Let us see the how the efficiency argument plays out. One thing to
understand is that regardless of the technology you use, regardless of how
smart you are, or how good you are as an entrepreneur, there are physical
limits to the efficiency gains you can achieve. No matter how hard you try, you
cannot exceed the efficiency of 100%. Actually, thermodynamics does not
even allow you to reach 100% efficiency, but we can get close enough for any
practical purposes. Fossil-fuel and nuclear power plants operate at 30-40%
efficiency, and automobiles operate at 15-25% efficiency. Heat engines
therefore account for about two-thirds of the total energy use in the US (27%
in transportation, 36% in electricity production, a bit in industry). Professor of
Physics Tom Murphy, who originally made this analysis, continues:
“The efficiency of gasoline-powered cars cannot easily improve by
any large factor, but the effective efficiency can be improved significantly
by transitioning to electric drive trains. While a car getting 40 m.p.g. may
have a 20% efficient gasoline engine, a battery-powered drive train might
achieve something like 70% efficiency (85% efficiency in
charging batteries, 85% in driving the electric motor). The
factor of 3.5 improvement in efficiency suggests effective
mileage performance of 140 m.p.g. One caution, however: if
the input electricity comes from a fossil-fuel power plant
operating at 40% efficiency and 90% transmission efficiency,
the effective fossil-to-locomotion efficiency is reduced to 25%,
and is not such a significant step. […] Given that two-thirds of
our energy resource is burned in heat engines, and that these
cannot improve much more than a factor of two, more
significant gains elsewhere are diminished in value. For
instance, replacing the 10% of our energy budget spent on
direct heat (e.g., in furnaces and hot water heaters) with heat
pumps operating at their maximum theoretical efficiency
effectively replaces a 10% expenditure with a 1% expenditure.
A factor of ten sounds like a fantastic improvement, but the
overall efficiency improvement in society is only 9%. Likewise

with light bulb replacement: large gains in a small sector. We

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should still pursue these efficiency improvements with vigour,
but we should not expect this gift to provide a form of unlimited
growth.” 237

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To sum up, the most we might expect to achieve is to double net
efficiency increase, before theoretical limits and engineering realities
clamp down. At the present 1% overall rate, this means we might expect
to run out of gain this century. So much for the efficiency argument.
You must forgive me if I stress this point to the point of exhaustion, but I
feel compelled to repeat and emphasise what I wrote earlier: what we
described is irrespective of the technology, the time, or the market. This is
physics. No matter what we do, with a 2.3% growth per year (which is much
lower than the rate of the last 150 years), we hit the physical limits in a few
decades at best. Not exactly a plan for long term survival, is it? Without
projecting too much into the future, practical limits to efficiency will affect most
of us within our lifetime, and most certainly that of our children’s. This is no
laughing matter. Next time you hear somebody claiming that economic growth
can continue forever, and that you just do not get it because you are not
taking efficiency into account, you know what to respond.
To conclude, I would like to take and look at it from a larger perspective.
As Prof. Murphy pointed out, we, as a society, are like children asking their
parents for a pony. We have not learned to take care of our gerbil (peak oil,
environmental degradation), yet we are asking for a pony (fusion or whatever
supposedly infinite supply of energy we have in mind, space colonisation,
infinite growth). This is quite arrogant and irresponsible at the same time.
We ought to be better than spoiled little children. It is time to grow
up and move forward.

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Last thank you note
As promised, a last thank you note to some remarkable individuals who
supported me during the IndieGoGo crowdfunding campaign: Maurizio Bisogni,
Susi Guarise, Simone Roda, Alessandro Ronca, Sirio Marchi, Lorenzo Grespan,
Søren Lassen Schmidt, Steve Friedrich, and Jason Souders.
Thank you again.
Notes
1 I should say AFK. I believe the Internet is real.
2 US Posts Stronger Solid Growth in July, Mokoto Rich, 2011. The
New York Times.
fears.html?
3 Private Sector Up, Government Down, David Leonhardt, 2011. The
New York Times.
4 Jobs Deficit, Investment Deficit, Fiscal Deficit, Laura D’Andrea
Tyson, 2011. The New York Times.
deficit/
5 The Employment Situation, 2012. Bureau Of Labor Statistics
6 Civilian Labor Force Participation Rate. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
7 Race Against The Machine: How the Digital Revolution is Accelerating
Innovation, Driving Productivity, and Irreversibly Transforming Employment
and the Economy, Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, 2011. Digital
Frontier Press.
8 The End of Work Website, Jeremy Rifkin.

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/06/business/economy/us-posts-solid-job-gains-amid-
http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/05/private-sector-up-government-down/
http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/07/29/jobs-deficit-investment-deficit-fiscal-
http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/empsit.pdf
http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS11300000
http://raceagainstthemachine.com
http://www.foet.org/books/end-work.html

pagewanted=all

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9 The End of Work, Wikipedia.
10 A rough 10 years for the middle class, Annalyn Censky, 2011.
CNNMoney.
.
11 22 Statistics That Prove That The Middle Class Is Being Systematically
Wiped Out Of Existence In America, Michael Snyder, 2010. Business
Insider.
existence-in-america-2010-7
12 US Congressional Budget Office, 2011. Graphics adapted from Mother
Jones.
13 Building a Better America – One Wealth Quintile at a Time, Michael
I. Norton, Dan Ariely. Journal Perspectives on Psychological
Science.
14 I highly recommend the four-part video series Everything is a Remix by
Kirby Ferguson, one of the best piece of work I have ever seen on this
subject.
15 The Skilled Labourer 1760-1832, Hammond, J.L.; Hammond,
Barbara, 1919. London: Longmans, Green and co.; p. 259.
16 Difference Engine: Luddite legacy, 2011. The Economist.
17 Productivity and unemployment, 2003. Marginal Revolution.
18 Harmonised unemployment rate by gender. Eurostat.

19 American Notes: Vonnegut’s Gospel, 1970. Time Magazine.

20 Sustainability 101: Arithmetic, Population, and Energy, Albert
Bartlett.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_of_Work
http://money.cnn.com/2011/09/21/news/economy/middle_class_income/index.htm
http://www.businessinsider.com/22-statistics-that-prove-the-middle-class-is-being-
http://motherjones.com/politics/2011/02/income-inequality-in-america-chart-graph
http://pps.sagepub.com/content/6/1/9
http://www.everythingisaremix.info
http://www.archive.org/details/skilledlabourer00hammiala
http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/11/artificial-intelligence
http://www.marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2003/12/productivity_an.html
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878826,00.html

systematically-wiped-out-of-
tab=table&language=en&pcode=teilm020&tableSelection=1&plugin=1

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http://jclahr.com/bartlett/

21 The reason is for this quite simple. 70 is approximately 100ln(2) . So,
doublingtime 100ln(2) 69:3 . If you want the time to triple the formula is:
triplingtime 100ln(3) 109:8 . The time to grow n-times is 100ln(n) .

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22 Rule of 70. Wikipedia.
23 According to other accounts, it was a legendary Dravida
VellalarDravidian peoples is a term used to refer to the diverse
groups of people who natively speak languages belonging to the
Dravidian language family. Populations of speakers of around 220
million are found mostly in Southern India. Vellalars (also, Velalars,
Vellalas) were, originally, an elite caste of Tamil agricultural landlords
in Tamil Nadu, Kerala states in India and in neighbouring Sri Lanka;
they were the nobility, aristocracy of the ancient Tamil order
(Chera/Chola/Pandya/Sangam era) and had close relations with the
different royal dynasties.
named Sessa or Sissa. There exist many different
variation of the same story, one set in the Roman Empire involving a brave
general and his Cæsar, another with two merchants at the market, all
different situations producing the same result.
24 Image courtesy of Wikipedia.
25 Cramming more components onto integrated circuits, Gordon E.
Moore, 1965. Electronics Magazine. p. 4.
26 The Law of Accelerating Returns March 7, Ray Kurzweil, 2001.
27 The Chinese room is a thought experiment presented by John Searle. It
supposes that there is a program that gives a computer the ability to
carry on an intelligent conversation in written Chinese. If the program is
given to someone who speaks only English to execute the instructions
of the program by hand, then in theory, the English speaker would also
be able to carry on a conversation in written Chinese. However, the
English speaker would not be able to understand the conversation.
Similarly, Searle concludes, a computer executing the program would
not understand the conversation either.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_70
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_peoples
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellalar
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_and_chessboard_problem
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wheat_Chessboard_with_line.svg
http://download.intel.com/museum/Moores_Law/Articles-
http://www.kurzweilai.net/the-law-of-accelerating-returns
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/chinese-room/

Press_Releases/Gordon_Moore_1965_Article.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_room

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28 A ‘facepalm’ is the physical gesture of placing one’s hand flat across
one’s face or lowering one’s face into one’s hand or hands. The gesture
is found in

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many cultures as a display of frustration, disappointment, embarrassment,
shock, or surprise. It has been popularised as an Internet meme based on
an image of the character Captain Jean-Luc Picard performing the gesture
in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode “DéjàQ”.
29 Intelligence Without Reason, Rodney A. Brooks, 1991.
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Artificial Intelligence
Laboratory.
30 On Intelligence: How a New Understanding of the Brain will Lead
to the Creation of Truly Intelligent Machines, Jeff Hawkins, 2004;
The Emotion Machine: Commonsense Thinking, Artificial
Intelligence , and the Future of the Human Mind, Marvin Minsky,
2006
31 The example is taken from The Lights in the Tunnel: Automation,
Accelerating Technology and the Economy of the Future, Martin
Ford, 2009. CreateSpace. pp.64-67.
32 “In reality, there is another factor that might slow the adoption of full
automation in Radiology: that is malpractice liability. Because the result
of a mistake or oversight in reading a medical scan would likely be dire
for the patient, the maker of a completely automated system would
assume huge potential liability in the event of errors. This liability, of
course, also exists for radiologists, but it is distributed across thousands
of doctors. However, it is certainly possible that legislation and/or court
decisions will largely remove this barrier in the future. For example, in
February 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in an 8-1 decision that, in
certain cases, medical device manufacturers are protected from product
liability cases as long as the FDA has approved the device. In general,
we can expect that non-technological factors such as product liability or
the power of organised labor will slow automation in certain fields, but
the overall trend will remain relentless” from: The Lights in the Tunnel:
Automation, Accelerating Technology and the Economy of the Future,
Martin Ford, 2009. CreateSpace. p.67.

33 Can AI Fight Terrorism?, Juval Aviv, 2009. Forbes.

http://picardfacepalm.com/
http://people.csail.mit.edu/brooks/papers/AIM-1293.pdf
http://www.forbes.com/2009/06/18/ai-terrorism-interfor-opinions-contributors-artificial- intelligence-09-juval-aviv.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facepalm

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34 Smart CCTV System Would Use Algorithm to Zero in on Crime-Like

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Behavior, Clay Dillow, 2011. Popular Science.
35 The offshoring of radiology: myths and realities, Martin Stack, Myles
Gartland, Timothy Keane, 2007. SAM Advanced Management Journal.
36 Comparing machines and humans on a visual categorization test,
François Fleuret, Ting Li, Charles Dubout, Emma K. Wampler, Steven
Yantis, and Donald Geman, 2011. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences.
37 The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology,
Kurzweil, 2005. Penguin Books.
38 According to the Japan Vending Machine Manufactures
Association website, there are 8,610,521 vending machines in
Japan, or one machine for every 14 people.
39 Amazon buys army of robots, Julianne Pepitone, 2012. CNN
Money.
40 Tesco Homeplus Virtual Subway Store in South Korea.
41 The Weight of Walmart (Infographic)
42 Strikes End at Two Chinese Automotive Suppliers, 2010. Reuters.
43 Table 3. The Circuits Assembly Top 50 EMS Companies, 2009.
Circuits Assembly.
44 Forbes Global 2000: The World’s Biggest Companies – Hon Hai
Precision Industry, 2010. Forbes.

45 Which is the world’s biggest employer?, 2012. BBC News.

http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2011-08/new-cctv-system-would-use-behavior-
http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_028630757731_ITM
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/10/11/1109168108.full.pdf
http://www.jvma.or.jp/information/qa_01.html
http://money.cnn.com/2012/03/20/technology/amazon-kiva-robots/index.htm?hpt=hp_t3
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGaVFRzTTP4
http://frugaldad.com/2011/12/01/weight-of-walmart-infographic/
http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE66L0A220100722
http://circuitsassembly.com/cms/images/stories/ArticleImages/1003/1003buetow_table3.pdf
http://www.forbes.com/companies/hon-hai-precision/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17429786

recognition-zero-crimes

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46 Apple partnership boosting Foxconn market share, 2010. CNET.

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http://news.cnet.com/8301-13579_3-20011800-37.html
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-07/30/c_131018764.htm
http://singularityhub.com/2012/06/06/companies-making-the-necessary-transition-from-
http://shanghaiist.com/2010/05/20/foxconn-security-guards-beating.php
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1285980/Revealed-Inside-Chinese-suicide-sweatshop-
http://www.economist.com/node/16231588
http://singularityhub.com/2012/06/06/canon-camera-factory-to-go-fully-automated-phase-out-
http://www.businessinsider.com/credit-suisse-chinese-automation-boom-2012-8
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/16/magazine/how-computerized-tutors-are-learning-to-teach-
http://on.wsj.com/pC7IrX

47 Foxconn to replace workers with 1 million robots in 3 years, July
2011. Xinhuanet News.
48 Companies Making The Necessary Transition From Industrial To
Service Robots, 2012. Singularity Hub.
industrial-to-service-robots/
49 emphFoxconn Factories Are Labour Camps: Report. South China
Morning Post.
50 Foxconn Security Guards Caught Beating Factory Workers, 2010.
Shanghaiist.
51 Revealed: Inside the Chinese Suicide Sweatshop Where Workers
Toil in 34-Hour Shifts To Make Your iPod, 2010. Daily Mail
(London).
workers-toil-34-hour-shifts-
make-iPod.html
52 Suicides at Foxconn, 2010. The Economist.
53 Canon Camera Factory To Go Fully Automated, Phase Out Human
Workers, June 2012. Singularity Hub.
human-workers/
54 China Is Replacing Its Workers With Robots, 2012. Business
Insider.
55 The Machines Are Taking Over, Sep. 14, 2012. The New York
Times
humans.html
56 Why Software Is Eating The World, 2011. The Wall Street Journal.
57 In the TV series Star Trek, a replicator works by rearranging
subatomic particles, which are abundant everywhere in the

universe, to form molecules and arrange those molecules to form

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the object. For example, to create a pork chop, the replicator would
first form atoms of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, etc., then arrange
them into amino acids, proteins, and cells, and assemble the
particles into the form of a pork chop.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicator_(Star_Trek)
http://www.forbes.com/sites/gcaptain/2012/03/06/will-3d-printing-change-the-world/print/
http://www.ops-uk.com/3d-printers/objet-connex
http://www.pcworld.com/article/198201/iphone_4s_retina_display_explained.html
http://www.explainingthefuture.com/3dprinting.html
http://www.ted.com/talks/lisa_harouni_a_primer_on_3d_printing.html
http://www.reuters.com/video/2012/02/27/3dprinted-prosthetics-offer-amputees-ne?
http://wsutoday.wsu.edu/pages/publications.asp?Action=Detail&PublicationID=29002&TypeID=1
http://www.economist.com/node/15543683
http://www.bespokeinnovations.com/content/what-drives-us
http://www.thingiverse.com
http://torrentfreak.com/first-downloaded-and-3d-printed-pirate-bay-ship-arrives-120205/

http://www.youtube.com/watch?&v=Hdpf-MQM9vY

58 Will 3D Printing Change The World?, 2012. Forbes.
59 Objet Connex 3D printers.
60 iPhone 4’s Retina Display Explained, Chris Brandrick, 2010. PC
World.
61 3D printing.
62 A primer on 3D printing, Lisa Harouni, 2001. TEDSalon London Spring
2011.
63 3Dprinted prosthetics offer amputees new lease on life, 2012.
Reuters.
videoId=230878689
64 3D printer used to make bone-like material, 2011. Washington State
University.
65 Making a bit of me, a machine that prints organs is coming to
market, 2010. The Economist.
66 What drives us. Bespoke.
67 Thingiverse.
68 First Downloaded and 3D Printed Pirate Bay Ship Arrives, 2012.
TorrentFreak.
69 30-storey building built in 15 days Construction time lapse.
YouTube.

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70 Time lapse captures 30-story hotel construction that took just 15
days to build, 2012. The Blaze.
71 Annenberg Foundation Puts Robotic Disaster Rebuilding Technology on
Fast

http://www.theblaze.com/stories/time-lapse-captures-30-story-hotel-construction-that-took-

just-15-days-to-build/

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Track, 2005. University of Southern California School of Engineering.
72 House-Bot, December 30, 2005. The Science Channel.
73 Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries Summary, 2010. Bureau of
Labour Statistics.
74 Caterpillar Inc. Funds Viterbi ‘Print-a-House’ Construction
Technology, 2008. University of Southern California School of
Engineering.
75 Colloquium with Behrokh Khoshnevis, 2009. Massachusetts Institute of
Technology.
76 GSP-09 Team Project: ACASA, 2009. YouTube.
77 Problem?
78 Are Sportswriters Really Necessary? Narrative Science’s software
takes sports stats and spits out articles, Justin Bachman, 2010.
Newsweek.
79 Garry Kasparov vs. Deep Blue, Frederic Friedel. Daily Chess
Columns.
80 In computer science, brute-force search or exhaustive search, also
known as generate and test, is a trivial but very general problem-solving
technique that consists of systematically enumerating all possible
candidates for the solution and checking whether each candidate
satisfies the problem’s statement. For example, a brute-force algorithm
to find the divisors of a natural number n is to enumerate all integers
from 1 to the square-root of n, and check whether each of them divides
n without remainder.

http://viterbi.usc.edu/news/news/2005/news_20051110.htm
http://bls.gov/news.release/cfoi.nr0.htm
http://viterbi.usc.edu/news/news/2008/caterpillar-inc-funds.htm
http://www.media.mit.edu/node/2277
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=172Wne1t_2Q
http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=trolling
http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/10_19/b4177037188386.htm
http://www.chessbase.com/columns/column.asp?pid=146
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brute-force_search

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81 Chatbots fail to convince judges that they’re human, 2011. New
Scientist.
82 Did you Know?, Jeopardy!

http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/onepercent/2011/10/turing-test-chatbots-kneel-bef.html
http://www.jeopardy.com/showguide/abouttheshow/showhistory/

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83 Computer Program to Take On ’Jeopardy!’, John Markoff, 2009.
The New York Times.
84 According to IBM, Watson is a workload optimised system designed
for complex analytics, made possible by integrating massively parallel
POWER7 processors and the IBM DeepQA software to answer
Jeopardy! questions in under three seconds. Watson is made up of a
cluster of ninety IBM Power 750 servers (plus additional I/O, network
and cluster controller nodes in 10 racks) with a total of 2880
POWER7 processor cores and 16 Terabytes of RAM. Each Power
750 server uses a 3.5 GHz POWER7 eight-core processor, with four
threads per core. The POWER7 processor’s massively parallel
processing capability is an ideal match for Watson’s IBM DeepQA
software which is embarrassingly parallel (that is a workload that is
easily split up into multiple parallel tasks).
85 Instant Reaction: Man-Made Minds, David Ferrucci, 2011. World
SCience Festival.
86 IBM’s Watson heads to medical school, Nick Wakeman, 2011.
Washington Technology.
Wikipedia, Watson.
87 Mission Control, Built for Cities. I.B.M. Takes ‘Smarter Cities’
Concept to Rio de Janeiro, Natasha Singer, 2012. New York
Times.
88 Will IBM Watson Be Your Next Mayor?, 2012. Slashdot.
89 Computers to Acquire Control of the Physical World, P. Magrassi, A.
Panarella, N. Deighton, G. Johnson, 2001. Gartner research report. T-14-0301.
90 A World of Smart Objects, P. Magrassi, T. Berg, 2002. Gartner
research report. R-17-2243.

91 The Internet of Things. Wikipedia.

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/27/technology/27jeopardy.html
http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/power/advantages/watson/index.html
http://worldsciencefestival.com/blog/instant_reaction_man_made_minds
http://washingtontechnology.com/articles/2011/02/17/ibm-watson-next-steps.aspx
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_\%28computer
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/04/business/ibm-takes-smarter-cities-concept-to-rio-de-
http://yro.slashdot.org/story/12/04/27/0029256/will-ibm-watson-be-your-next-mayor
http://www.gartner.com/DisplayDocument?id=366151

janeiro.html?pagewanted=all

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things

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92 Study: Intelligent Cars Could Boost Highway Capacity by 273%, 2012.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
273
93 INTERNET USAGE STATISTICS. The Internet Big Picture. World
Internet Users and Population Stats.
94 Freedom on the Net 2011 – A Global Assessment of Internet and
Digital Media Freedom, 2011. Freedom House.
95 Internet censorship in the United States. Wikipedia.
96 PROTECT IP / SOPA Breaks The Internet, Kirby Ferguson, 2012.
97 Stop Online Piracy Act. Wikipedia.
98 Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement What is ACTA?. Electronic
Frontier Foundation.
99 Extracts from the Slashdot discussion on SOPA, 2012. Slashdot.
100 The Top 0.1% Of The Nation Earn Half Of All Capital Gains, Robert
Lenzner, 2011. Forbes.
101 A nationally representative and continuing assessment of English
language literary skills of American Adults, National Assessment of
Adult Literacy (NAAL). National Center for Education Statistics.
102 Human Development Report 2009: Overcoming barriers: Human
mobility and development, 2009. United Nations Development
Programme.

http://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/artificial-intelligence/intelligent-cars-
http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/freedom-net-2011
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_United_States
http://vimeo.com/31100268
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Act
https://www.eff.org/issues/acta
http://tech.slashdot.org/story/11/12/16/1943257/congresss-techno-ignorance-no-longer-funny
http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertlenzner/2011/11/20/the-top-0-1-of-the-nation-earn-half-
http://nces.ed.gov/naal/kf_demographics.asp
http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf

could-boost-highway-capacity-by-
of-all-capital-gains/

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103 Americans’ Global Warming Concerns Continue to Drop, 2010.
Gallup.

http://www.gallup.com/poll/126560/americans-global-warming-concerns-continue-drop.aspx

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104
105
106
107
108
or Latino
109
110
to date. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
111
112
113
Global.
114
2010. TED Global.
115

Climate scepticism ’on the rise’, BBC poll shows, 2010. BBC.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8500443.stm
Climate change: How do we know?. NASA.
http://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/
Climate Change Skeptic Results Released Today, 2011. Slashdot.
http://news.slashdot.org/story/11/10/31/1255205/climate-change-skeptic-results-released-
Robotic Nation, Marshall Brain.
http://marshallbrain.com/robotic-nation.htm
Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic
ethnicity. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/lf/aat11.txt
Employment Situation Summary. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm
Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 1940
ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/lf/aat1.txt
Eurozone Unemployment Hits 10.9%, A Record High, 2012. Huffington
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/02/eurozone-unemployment-hits-record-
The 86 million invisible unemployed, Annalyn Censky, 2012.
CNNMoney.
http://money.cnn.com/2012/05/03/news/economy/unemployment-rate/index.htm
Ken Robinson says schools kill creativity. Ken Robinson, 2006. TED
http://www.ted.com/talks/ken_robinson_says_schools_kill_creativity.html
Sir Ken Robinson: Bring on the learning revolution!, Ken Robinson,
http://www.ted.com/talks/sir_ken_robinson_bring_on_the_revolution.html
I obviously do not think people are “excess baggage”, quite the
opposite. But in the eyes of a multinational corporation inefficient
workers mean loss of profit, and this is what they ultimately mean

to them. Very few enlightened companies value people over
profits.

today
post.
high_n_1470237.html

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116
Jason

Facebook faces EU curbs on selling users’ interests to advertisers,
Lewis, 2011. The Telegraph.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/8917836/Facebook-faces-EU-curbs-on-selling-

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users-interests-to-advertisers.html
117 Does Facebook sell my information?. Facebook.
118 Albert Einstein quotes. ThinkExist.
119 Neuroplasticity refers to the susceptibility to physiological changes of
the nervous system, due to changes in behaviour, environment,
neural processes, or parts of the body other than the nervous system.
It occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes due to
learning, to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in
response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognised in
healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain
damage. Recent findings revealing that many aspects of the brain
remain plastic even into adulthood.
References:
Pascual-Leone, A., Freitas, C., Oberman, L., Horvath, J. C., Halko,
M., Eldaief, M. et al. (2011). Characterizing brain cortical plasticity
and network dynamics across the age-span in health and disease
with TMS-EEG and TMS-fMRI. Brain Topography, 24, 302-315.
Pascual-Leone, A., Amedi, A., Fregni, F., & Merabet, L. B. (2005). The
plastic human brain cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 28, 377-
401. Rakic, P. (January 2002). Neurogenesis in adult primate neocortex:
an evaluation of the evidence. Nature Reviews Neuroscience.
120 Cluster munitions are prohibited for those nations that ratify the Convention
on Cluster Munitions, adopted in Dublin, Ireland in May 2008. The
Convention entered into force and became binding international law upon
ratifying states on 1 August 2010, six months after being ratified by 30
states; as of August 2011, a total of 108 states had signed the Convention
and 60 of those have ratified it. However, these type of bombs are still
found extensively in wars and internal conflicts around the world. They are
either produced and distributed by states that did not ratify, or they find
their way around through the black market. I could also have used another

example, but I think you get the point.

https://www.facebook.com/help/?faq=152637448140583
http://thinkexist.com/quotation/if_you_can-t_explain_it_simply-you_don-t/186838.html

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121 Corruption Perceptions Index 2010: In detail, 2010. Transparency
International.

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http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/in_detail
http://cep.lse.ac.uk/about/news/IntergenerationalMobility.pdf
http://www.equalitytrust.org.uk/docs/problems-of-relative-deprivation.pdf
http://www.thenation.com/article/155801/city-ruins
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_watched_television_broadcast
http://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/11/28/black.friday.violence/index.html

122 Intergenerational mobility in Europe and North America, Blanden
J., Gregg P., Machin S., 2005. London: Centre for Economic
Performance, London School of Economics.
123 The problems of relative deprivation: why some societies do better
than others, Richard Wilkinson, Kate Pickett, 2007. Social Science
and Medicine 2007; 65. pp. 1965-78.
124 A Treatise of the Laws of Nature, Richard Cumberland, 2005.
Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. pp. 523-24.
125 Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Book 2, Chapter 21,
Section 51, John Locke, 1690.
126 Justifying America: The Declaration of Independence as a
Rhetorical Document, Stephen Lucas in Thomas W. Benson, ed.,
American Rhetoric: Context and Criticism, 1989.
127 City of Ruins, Chris Hedges, 2010. The Nation.
128 Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution, Martin Luther King
Jr., 31 March 1968, sermon at the National Cathedral; published in
A Testament of Hope, 1986
129 American Idol has consistently been the most popular show in the
recent history of American television.
130 Several acts of violence were reported on Black Friday over the
course of the past few years.
WalMart worker dies in rush; two killed at toy store, 2008. CNN.
Black Friday shopper arrested on weapons, drug charges in Boynton Beach
| boynton, arrested, beach - Top Story - WPEC 12 West Palm
Beach, 2011. CBS.

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http://www.cbs12.com/news/boynton-4729776-arrested-beach.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)\#Violence
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/nov/07/one-per-cent-wealth-
http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1107/1107.5728v2.pdf
http://slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=180945&cid=14970571
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2010/12/15/science.1199644
http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2008/04/16/business/Easterlin1974.pdf

http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1015962107
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2011/oct/30/daniel-kahneman-cognitive-

Black Friday – Violence. Wikipedia.
131 The 1% are the very best destroyers of wealth the world has ever
seen, George Monbiot, 2011. The Guardian.
132 How cognitive illusions blind us to reason, Daniel Kahneman, 2011.
The
Guardian.
illusion-extract
133 Disordered Personalities at Work, Belinda Jane Board and
Katarina Fritzon, 2005. Psychology, Crime & Law, Vol. 11(1). pp.
17-32.
134 The network of global corporate control, Stefania Vitali, James B.
Glattfelder, and Stefano Battiston, 2011. ETH Zurich, Kreuzplatz 5,
8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
135 Adapted from an anonymous comment on Slashdot.
136 Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books,
Jean-Baptiste Michel, Yuan Kui Shen, Aviva Presser Aiden, Adrian
Veres, Matthew K. Gray, William Brockman, The Google Books
Team, Joseph P. Pickett, Dale Hoiberg, Dan Clancy, Peter Norvig,
Jon Orwant, Steven Pinker, Martin A. Nowak, and Erez Lieberman
Aiden, 2010. Science.
137 Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical
Evidence, Richard A. Easterlin, 1974. University of Pennsylvania.
138 The happiness-income paradox revisited, Richard A. Easterlin, Laura
Angelescu McVey, Malgorzata Switek, Onnicha Sawangfa, and Jacqueline
Smith Zweig, 2010. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

destroyers.Emphasismine.

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139 Money Doesn’t Make People Happy, 2006. Forbes.

http://www.forbes.com/2006/02/11/tim-harford-money_cz_th_money06_0214harford.html

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140 Psychology 110 Lecture 20 – The Good Life: Happiness, Prof. Paul
Bloom. Yale University.
141
Economic Growth and Subjective Well-Being: Re-Assessing the
Easterlin Paradox, Betsey Stevenson and Justin Wolfers, 2008.
Brookings Panel on Economic Activity.
Income, Health, and Well-Being around the World: Evidence from
the Gallup World Poll, Angus Deaton, 2008. Journal of Economic
Perspectives, 22(2). pp. 53-72.
142 Does Inequality Make Us Unhappy?, Jonah Lehrer, 2011. Wired.
143 The Pursuit of Happiness: An Economy of Well-Being, Carol
Graham, 2011. Brookings Institution Press. p. 22.
144 High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-
being, Daniel Kahneman and Angus Deaton, 2010. Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences.
145 Adapted from Spike Milligan’s Money can’t buy you happiness but it
does bring you a more pleasant form of misery and many other
variations.
146 This quote is supposedly attributed to Jim Carrey, but I could only
find one mildly reputable source. Regardless, I think it is a great
quote.
147 Genes, Economics, and Happiness, Jan-Emmanuel De Neve,
James H. Fowler, Bruno S. Frey, 2010. CESifo Working Paper
Series 2946, CESifo Group Munich.

http://oyc.yale.edu/psychology/psyc-110/lecture-20
http://bpp.wharton.upenn.edu/betseys/papers/Happiness.pdf
http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/jep.22.2.53
http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/11/does-inequality-make-us-unhappy/
http://www.pnas.org/content/107/38/16489.full
http://thinkexist.com/quotation/money_can-
t_buy_you_happiness_but_it_does_bring/220031.html
http://goo.gl/7Am3s
http://jhfowler.ucsd.edu/genes_economics_and_happiness.pdf

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148 “Studies comparing identical twins with non-identical twins have helped
to establish the heritability of many aspects of behaviour. Recent work
suggests

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that about one third of the variation in people’s happiness is heritable. Jan-
Emmanuel De Neve has taken the study a step further, picking a popular suspect
– the gene that encodes the serotonin-transporter protein, a molecule that
shuffles a brain messenger called serotonin through cell membranes – and
examined how variants of the 5-HTT gene affect levels of happiness. The
serotonin-transporter gene comes in two functional variants – long and short –
and people have two versions (known as alleles) of each gene, one from each
parent. After examining genetic data from more than 2,500 participants in the
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, De Neve found that people
with one long allele were 8% more likely than those with none to describe
themselves as very satisfied with life and those with two long alleles were
17% more likely of describing themselves as very satisfied. Interestingly
enough, there is a notable variation across races with Asian Americans in the
sample having on average 0.69 long genes, white Americans with 1.12, and
black Americans with 1.47. ’It has long been suspected that this gene plays a
role in mental health but this is the first study to show that it is instrumental in
shaping our individual happiness levels,’ writes De Neve. ’This finding helps to
explain why we each have a unique baseline level of happiness and why
some people tend to be naturally happier than others, and that is in no small
part due to our individual genetic make-up.”’, 2011. Slashdot.
149 Genetic engineering, personalised medicine, all fascinating fields to
discuss, which will undoubtably be at the centre of attention in a few
years.
150 Happiness is the Frequency, Not the Intensity, of Positive Versus
Negative Affect, Ed Diener, Ed Sandvik and William Pavot, 2009.
Social Indicators Research Series, 2009, Volume 39. pp. 213-231.
151 Discoveries at the Diener’s Lab, Prof. Ed Diener, University of
Illinois.
152 The example was adapted from the talk Dan Gilbert asks: Why are
we happy?, Dan Gilbert, 2004. TED Global.
153 Dan Gilbert, Why are we happy?, Dan Gilbert, 2004. TED Global.

. Emphasis mine.

http://science.slashdot.org/story/11/10/18/0515236/the-genetics-of-happiness
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_10
http://internal.psychology.illinois.edu/~ediener/discoveries.html
http://www.ted.com/talks/dan_gilbert_asks_why_are_we_happy.html
http://www.ted.com/talks/dan_gilbert_asks_why_are_we_happy.html

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154 For a survey, see Darity and Goldsmith, 1996. Bj orklund and Eriksson
(1998)

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and Korpi (1997) provide evidence for Scandinavian countries,
Blanchflower and Oswald (2004b) for the United Kingdom and the
United States, Winkelmann and Winkelmann (1998) for Germany, and
Ravallion and Lokshin (2001) for Russia.
155 Unhappiness and Unemployment, Andrew E. Clark and Andrew J.
Oswald, 1994. The Economic Journal Vol. 104, No. 424 (May, 1994).
pp. 648-659.
156 See, e.g., Winkelmann and Winkelmann 1998 for German panel
data, or Marks and Fleming (1999) for Australian panel data, the
latter considering in detail various effects on mental health.
157 For a survey, see Murphy and Athanasou (1999).
158 “There are some very interesting exceptions. For instance, we do not get
used to noise. A lot of research suggests that if your environment is noisy,
for example they are doing construction around you, you can not get used
to it. Your happiness drops and it does not come back up. Your system
cannot habituate to continued noise. We adapt to good things, winning the
lottery, winning a prize, getting an ‚ÄùA ‚Äù in a course. We adapt, we get
used to it, also with some surprising exceptions. One of the other surprises
from happiness research is the effects of cosmetic surgery like breast
enhancement and breast reduction. One of the big surprises is it makes
people happier and then they stay happier. And one explanation for this is
how we look is very important. It is very important for how other people see
us and how we see ourselves, and you never get used to looking in a
certain way. So, if you look better it just makes you happier all the time.” –
Psychology 110 Lecture 20 - The Good Life: Happiness, prof. Paul Bloom.
Yale University.
159 Veum Goldsmith and Darity (1996).
160 Ruhm (2000).
161 Stutzer and Lalive (2004).

162 Clark and Oswald (1994).

http://www.jstor.org/stable/2234639
http://oyc.yale.edu/psychology/psyc-110/lecture-20

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163 Handbook of Positive Psychology, Jeanne Nakamura and Mihály
Csíkszentmihályi, 2001. pp.89-101.

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164 Handbook of competence and motivation, Mihály Csíkszentmihályi,
Sami Abuhamdeh, and Jeanne Nakamura, 2005. Chapter 32 –
Flow.
165 Bruno S. Frey (2008), Hamilton (2000), Ryan and Deci (2000).
166 Meier and Stutzer (2008).
167 Table: The World’s Happiest Countries, 2010. Time Magazine.
168 Average annual hours actually worked per worker. OECD library,
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
169 The Essential 20: Twenty Components of an Excellent Health Care
Team, Dianne Dukette and David Cornish, 2009. RoseDog Books. pp.
72-73.
170 The New York Magazine Environmental Teach-In, Elizabeth
Barlow, 30 March 1970. New York Magazine. p. 30.
. Fuller was of course
also an architect, an engineer, an author, a designer, a most notable
systems theorist, and he is considered by many to be one of the greatest
thinkers of the last century; having coined the terms “Spaceship Earth”,
ephemeralization, and synergetic, among others.
171 Philippe Beaudoin, 2012.
172 Rice University’s 2012 commencement, Salman Khan, 2012.
commencement
173 80% Hate Their Jobs – But Should You Choose A Passion Or A
Paycheck?, 2010. Business Insider.
174 Virtue. Wikipedia.

http://academic.udayton.edu/jackbauer/CsikFlow.pdf
http://www.forbes.com/2010/07/14/world-happiest-countries-lifestyle-realestate-gallup-
http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=ANHRS
http://books.google.com/books?id=cccDAAAAMBAJ\&printsec=frontcover\#PPA30,M1
https://plus.google.com/u/0/107988469357342173268/posts/2MVoo5KG1eP
http://www.khanacademy.org/talks-and-interviews/v/salman-khan-at-rice-university-s-2012-
http://articles.businessinsider.com/2010-10-04/strategy/30001895_1_new-job-passion-careers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue

table.html?partner=popstories

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175 Average Salary In United States.

http://www.averagesalarysurvey.com/article/averagesalary-in-united-states/15200316.aspx

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176 National Average Wage Index. The United States Social Security
Administration.
177 Regrettably, the origin of this quote is unknown, although it is
generally cited as being Chinese. Over the years, the quote has
been misattributed to Confucius, Lao Tzu, Laozi, and Guan Zhong.
This is a Chinese Proverb, which loosely means “It is better to
teach someone how to do something than to do it for them”.
178 Decline in fish stocks, 1999. World Resources Institute.
179 iPhone 5 announcement: 3 important things to watch, 2012. MSN
Finance.
watch
180 Why MIT decided to give away all its course materials via the
Internet, C. M. Vest, 2004. The Chronicle of Higher Education,
50(21), B20.
181 See The Empathic Civilization: The Race to Global Consciousness
in a World in Crisis, Jeremy Rifkin, 2009. Tarcher.
182 Wolfram Alpha is an online service that answers factual queries
directly by computing the answer from structured data, rather than
providing a list of documents or web pages that might contain the
answer as a search engine might. The goal is to “make all
systematic knowledge immediately computable and accessible to
everyone.”
183 College 2.0: A Self-Appointed Teacher Runs a One-Man ‘Academy’
on YouTube, Jeffrey R. Young, 2010. The Chronicle of Higher
Education.
184 Accelerating change. Wikipedia.

185 Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

http://www.ssa.gov/oact/COLA/AWI.html
http://goo.gl/XdvT9
http://www.wri.org/publication/content/8385
http://finance.ninemsn.com.au/newsbusiness/motley/8531541/iphone-5-announcement-3-
http://www.wolframalpha.com/about.html
http://chronicle.com/article/A-Self-Appointed-Teacher-Runs/65793/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerating_change
http://eatright.org/cps/rde/xchg/ada/hs.xsl/home_7018_ENU_HTML.htm

important-things-to-

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186 FAO – Cattle ranching is encroaching on forests in Latin America,
2005. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2005/102924/

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187 Ethics and Climate Change in Asia and the Pacific (ECCAP)
Project, Robert A. Kanaly, Lea Ivy O. Manzanero, Gerard Foley,
Sivanandam Panneerselvam, Darryl Macer, 2010. Working Group
13 Report, Energy Flow, Environment and Ethical Implications for
Meat Production.
188 Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options, H.
Steinfeld et al, 2006. Livestock, Environment and Development.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
189 Water footprints of nations, AK Chapagain, AY Hoekstra, 2004.
Value of Water Research Report Series (UNESCO-IHE) 6.
190 Eating Lots of Red Meat Linked to Colon Cancer. American Cancer
Society.
191 Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a
Global Perspective, 2007. World Cancer Research Fund. p. 116.
192 Breast Cancer Risk Linked To Red Meat, Study Finds, Rob Stein,
2006. The Washington Post.
193 Study Links Meat Consumption to Gastric Cancer. National Cancer
Institute.
194 Study links red meat to some cancers. CNN.
195 Associations between diet and cancer, ischemic heart disease, and
all-cause mortality in non-Hispanic white California Seventh-day
Adventists. The American journal of clinical nutrition 70 (3 Suppl):
532S-538S.
196 Lung cancer risk and red meat consumption among Iowa women,
M. C. R. Alavanja et al, 2011. Lung Cancer 34.1. pp. 37-46.

http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001897/189774e.pdf
ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a0701e/a0701e00.pdf
http://www.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Report16Vol1.pdf
http://209.135.47.118/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Eating_Lots_of_Red_Meat_Linked_to_Colon
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/13/AR2006111300824.html
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/prevention-genetics-causes/causes/meatconsumption
http://www.cnn.com/US/9604/30/meat.cancer/
http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10479227

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197 Relationship between meat intake and the development of acute
coronary syndromes: the CARDIO2000 case-control study,
Kontogianni et al, 2007. European journal of clinical nutrition 62.2.
pp. 171-177.

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198 Dietary Fat and Meat Intake in Relation to Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
in Men, R.M. Van Dam, W. C. Willett, E.B. Rimm, M. J. Stampfer,
F. B. Hu, 2002. Diabetes Care 25 (3).
199 Meat consumption is associated with obesity and central obesity
among US adults, Y. Wang, M. A. Beydoun, 2009. International
Journal of Obesity 33 (6). pp. 621-628.
200 Dietary risk factors for the development of inflammatory
polyarthritis: evidence for a role of high level of red meat
consumption, D.J. Pattison et al, 2004. Arthritis & Rheumatism
50.12. pp. 3804-3812.
201 The Nest, an example of a Learning Thermostat.
202 Hot Water Heater ‘Blanket’.
203 Standby Power Reduction.
204 Master ROI Table.
205 Integrative Design: A Disruptive Source of Expanding Returns to
Investments in Energy Efficiency, Amory Lovins, 2010. Rocky Mountain
Institute.
206 Solar and Nuclear Costs – The Historic Crossover, John O.
Blackburn and Sam Cunningham, 2010. Duke University. NC
WARN: Waste Awareness & Reduction network.
207 Mapping Solar Grid Parity, John Farrell.
208 ReMapping Solar Grid Parity, John Farrell.
209 Smaller, cheaper, faster: Does Moore’s law apply to solar cells?,

Ramez Naam, 2011. Scientific American.

http://www.nest.com
http://www.greenandsave.com/utility_savings/gas/hot_water_heater_blanket.html
http://www.greenandsave.com/utility_savings/electric/standby_power_reduction.html
http://www.greenandsave.com/master_roi_table.html
http://www.rmi.org/Knowledge-Center/Library/2010-09_IntegrativeDesign
http://www.ncwarn.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/NCW-SolarReport_final1.pdf
http://energyselfreliantstates.org/content/mapping-solar-grid-parity
http://www.energyselfreliantstates.org/content/remapping-solar-grid-parity-incentives

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http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/2011/03/16/smaller-cheaper-faster-does- moores-law-apply-to-solar-

cells/

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210 The True Cost Of Owning A Car, 2008. Investopedia.
211 Road accident statistics in Europe, 2007. CARE and national data,
European Union.
212 Cars and community – is it possible to have both?, 2009.
213 National Obesity Trends, 2010. CDC – National Center for Health
Statistics.
214 Over half the US will be obese by 2015, YouTube.
215 Peer-to-peer car rental. Wikipedia.
216 This quote is attributed to Peter Drucker, but many people expressed
similar ideas – Alan Curtis Kay at a 1971 meeting of PARC said: “The best
way to predict the future is to invent it”. More recently, Peter Diamandis is
famous for his phrase: “The best way to predict the future is to make it
yourself.”
217 Do not underestimate the importance of software. Most of the things
that help us live better are software. Medical equipment, servers,
personal computers, cellphones, electronics, street-lights, the
Internet…think about how many things we take for granted, that could
not exist without software.
218 Open Source. Wikipedia.
219 Can We Open Source Everything? The Future of the Open
Philosophy. University of Cambridge.
220 L A TEX– a document preparation system.
Open at the source. Apple.

http://www.investopedia.com/articles/pf/08/cost-car-ownership.asp\#axzz1u18EBznk
http://ec.europa.eu/sverige/documents/traffic_press_stats.pdf
http://makewealthhistory.org/2009/06/22/cars-and-community-is-it-possible-to-have-both/
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/trends.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXNe3LHlVxU
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer_car_rental
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source
http://www.sms.cam.ac.uk/media/517352;jsessionid=62FE4CCB3807753999235E2EA54E5009
http://www.latex-project.org/
http://www.apple.com/opensource/

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221 Kickstarter Expects To Provide More Funding To The Arts Than
NEA, Carl Franzen, 2012.

http://idealab.talkingpointsmemo.com/2012/02/kickstarter-expects-to-provide-more-funding-

to-the-arts-than-nea.php

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222 Marcin Jakubowski: Opensourced blueprints for civilization, Marcin
Jakubowski. TED.
223 Jimmy Wales interviewed by Miller, Rob ‘Roblimo’. Wikipedia
Founder Jimmy Wales Responds, 2004. Slashdot.
224 Gin, Television, and Social Surplus, Clay Shirky, 2010. Archived
from the original on 2010-10-16.
for-the-mouse.html
225 21 hours Why a shorter working week can help us all to flourish in
the 21st century, Anna Coote, Jane Franklin and Andrew Simms,
2010. new economics foundation.
226 Graham Hill: Why I’m a weekday vegetarian, Graham Hill, 2010.
TED.
227 Over the past few years, I noticed that new age spiritualists, mystics,
various charlatans, self help gurus, and a whole range of
pseudoscientists took the liberty of using the word quantum in very
strange contexts, associating it with things that have nothing to with
quantum mechanics, and bear no relationship with science in
general. In case you are interested in what real quantum mechanics
is, I suggest these excellent free online lectures by prof. Leonard
Susskind from Stanford University.
Course | Modern Physics: Quantum Mechanics
Course | Quantum Entanglements: Part 1 (Fall 2006)
Course | Quantum Entanglements: Part 3 (Spring 2007)
228 For the scientific evidence in support of the list, see The Happiness
Advantage: The Seven Principles of Positive Psychology That Fuel

http://www.ted.com/talks/marcin_jakubowski.html
http://slashdot.org/story/04/07/28/1351230/wikipedia-founder-jimmy-wales-responds
http://replay.web.archive.org/20101016111844/http://www.herecomeseverybody.org//2008//04//l
http://neweconomics.org/sites/neweconomics.org/files/21_Hours.pdf
http://www.ted.com/talks/graham_hill_weekday_vegetarian.html
http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL84C10A9CB1D13841
http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLA27CEA1B8B27EB67
http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5F9D6DB4231291BE

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Success and Performance at Work, Shawn Achor, 2010; and Help!: How to
Become Slightly Happier and Get a Bit More Done, Oliver Burkeman, 2011.

This document is produced by free version of Print2Flash. Visit <a target='_blank' href='http://www.print2flash.com'>www.print2flash.com</a> for more information

229 23 and 1 /
2
hours: What is the single best thing we can do for our health?,
Dr.
Mike Evans.
230 If money doesn’t make you happy, then you probably aren’t
spending it right, Elizabeth W. Dunn, Daniel T. Gilbert, Timothy D.
Wilson, 2011. Journal of Consumer Psychology.
231 Waking Life is an American animated film (rotoscoped based on live
action), directed by Richard Linklater and released in 2001. The
entire film was shot using digital video and then a team of artists
using computers drew stylized lines and colors over each frame. The
film focuses on the nature of dreams, consciousness, and
existentialism. The title is a reference to philosopher George
Santayana’s maxim: “Sanity is a madness put to good uses; waking
life is a dream controlled”. Wikipedia.
232 Consumer Reports says the average life expectancy of a new
vehicle these days is around 8 years or 150,000 miles.
233 Galactic-Scale Energy, Prof. of Physics Tom Murphy, 2011. Do the
Math.
234 Remember the rule of 70, the number of years to double a quantity at a
fixed rate of growth, which was derived by taking 100 times the natural
logarithms of
2. 100ln(2) 69:3147181 . To get a factor of ten we use 100ln(10) 230:258509 . Now take
230
/
100
2:3 . Therefore, 2.3% is the rate at which we get a factor of 10 increase
every 100 years.
235 Energy Use per Capita, 2012. World Bank. Explore it interactively
with Google Public Data.
236 Galactic-Scale Energy, Prof. of Physics Tom Murphy, 2011. Do the
Math.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?&v=aUaInS6HIGo
http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~dtg/DUNN\%20GILBERT\%20&\%20WILSON\%20(2011).pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waking_Life
http://www.consumerreports.org
http://physics.ucsd.edu/do-the-math/2011/07/galactic-scale-energy
http://goo.gl/olcMQ

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http://physics.ucsd.edu/do-the-math/2011/07/galactic-scale-energy/
http://physics.ucsd.edu/do-the-math/2011/07/can-economic-growth-last

237 Can Economic Growth Last?, Prof. Tom Murphy, 2011.

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Bibliography
[1] Achor, Shawn. The Happiness Advantage: The Seven Principles of Positive
Psychology That Fuel Success and Performance at Work (2010), Crown
Business. ISBN-10: 0307591549, ISBN-13: 978-0307591548
[2] Brown, Lester R. Plan B 4.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization (2009). W. W.
Norton & Company. ISBN: 978-0393071030. http://www.earth-
policy.org/books/pb4
[3] Brynjolfsson, Erik and McAfee, Andrew. Race Against the Machine: How
the Digital Revolution is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, and
Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy (2012). Digital
Frontier Press. ISBN-10: 0984725113, ISBN-13: 978-0984725113.
[4] Burkeman, Oliver. Help!: How to Become Slightly Happier and Get a Bit
More Done (2011). Canongate Books Ltd. ISBN-10: 0857860267, ISBN-
13: 978-0857860262.
[5] Cumberland, Richard. A Treatise of the Laws of Nature (2005).
Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.
[6] Diamandis, Peter H., Kotler, Steven. Abundance: The Future Is Better Than
You Think (2012). Free Press. ISBN-10: 1451614217, ISBN-13:
978-1451614213.
[7] Ford, Martin. The Lights in the Tunnel: Automation, Accelerating
Technology and the Economy of the Future, (2009). ISBN-10:
1448659817, ISBN-13: 978-1448659814.
[8] Frey, Bruno S. Happiness: A Revolution in Economics, (2008). The MIT
Press. ISBN-10: 0262062771, ISBN-13: 978-0262062770.
[9] Fuller, R. Buckminster. Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth
(1968, 2008 reprint). Lars Muller Publishers. ISBN-10: 3037781262,
ISBN-13: 978-3037781265.
[10] Fuller, R. Buckminster. Critical Path (1982). St. Martin’s Griffin. ISBN-
10: 0312174918, ISBN-13: 978-0312174910.
[11] Gilbert, Dan. Stumbling on Happiness (2007), Vintage. ISBN-10:
1400077427, ISBN-13: 978-1400077427.

This document is produced by free version of Print2Flash. Visit <a target='_blank' href='http://www.print2flash.com'>www.print2flash.com</a> for more information

[12] Graham, Carol. Happiness Around the World: The Paradox of Happy
Peasants and Miserable Millionaires, (2010). Oxford University Press,
USA. ISBN-10: 0199549052, ISBN-13: 978-0199549054.
[13] Graham, Carol. The Pursuit of Happiness: An Economy of Well-
Being Publisher, (2011). Brookings Institution Press. ISBN-10:
0815721277, ISBN-13: 978-0815721277.
[14] Locke, John. Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Vol. 2 (1690).
[15] Lucas, Stephen E., Justifying America: The Declaration of
Independence as a Rhetorical Document. American Rhetoric:
Context and Criticism, Thomas W. Benson, ed. Carbondale:
Southern Illinois University Press. (1989).
[16] King, Martin Luther Jr. Remaining Awake Through a Great
Revolution, sermon at the National Cathedral, 31 March 1968,
published in A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and
Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr. (1990). HarperOne. ISBN-10:
0060646918, ISBN-13: 978-0060646912.
[17] Kurzweil, Ray. The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers
Exceed Human Intelligence (1999). Viking Adult. ISBN 0-670-88217-8.
[18] Kurzweil, Ray. The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend
Biology (2005). Viking Adult. ISBN 978-0670033843.
[19] Pink, Daniel. Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us
(2009). Riverhead. ISBN-10: 1594488843, ISBN-13: 978-1594488849.
[20] Reich, Robert B. Aftershock: The Next Economy and America’s
Future (2011). ISBN-10: 0307476332, ISBN-13: 978-0307476333.
[21] Rifkin, Jeremy. The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor
Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era (1995). Putnam
Publishing Group. ISBN 0-87477-779-8.
[22] Rifkin, Jeremy. The Empathic Civilization: The Race to Global
Consciousness In a World In Crisis (2010). Jeremy P. Tarcher.
ISBN 1-58542-765-9.
[23] Rifkin, Jeremy. The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power Is

http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10616

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Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World (2011).
Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-11521-7.
[24] Sapolsky, Robert M. Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: An Updated
Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping. (2006). The
Norton Psychology Reader. Edited by Gary Marcus. New York: W.
W. Norton & Company.
[25] Shirky, Clay. Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without
Organizations (2008). Penguin Group. ISBN 978-1594201530.
[26] Shirky, Clay. Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a
Connected Age (2010). Penguin Group. ISBN 978-1594202537.
[27] Wujec, Tom. IMAGINE DESIGN CREATE: How Designers,
Architects, and Engineers Are Changing Our World (2011). Melcher
Media. ISBN-10: 1595910662. ISBN-13: 978-1595910660.

ActionScript [AS3]

Section 1
//BaseScrollPane (fl.containers.BaseScrollPane)
package fl.containers {
	import fl.controls.*;
	import flash.display.*;
	import fl.core.*;
	import flash.events.*;
	import flash.geom.*;
	import fl.events.*;

	public class BaseScrollPane extends UIComponent {

		protected var defaultLineScrollSize:Number;// = 4
		protected var _maxHorizontalScrollPosition:Number;// = 0
		protected var vScrollBar:Boolean;
		protected var disabledOverlay:Shape;
		protected var hScrollBar:Boolean;
		protected var availableWidth:Number;
		protected var _verticalPageScrollSize:Number;// = 0
		protected var vOffset:Number;// = 0
		protected var _verticalScrollBar:ScrollBar;
		protected var useFixedHorizontalScrolling:Boolean;// = false
		protected var contentWidth:Number;// = 0
		protected var contentHeight:Number;// = 0
		protected var _horizontalPageScrollSize:Number;// = 0
		protected var background:DisplayObject;
		protected var _useBitmpScrolling:Boolean;// = false
		protected var contentPadding:Number;// = 0
		protected var availableHeight:Number;
		protected var _horizontalScrollBar:ScrollBar;
		protected var contentScrollRect:Rectangle;
		protected var _horizontalScrollPolicy:String;
		protected var _verticalScrollPolicy:String;

		protected static const SCROLL_BAR_STYLES:Object = {upArrowDisabledSkin:"upArrowDisabledSkin", upArrowDownSkin:"upArrowDownSkin", upArrowOverSkin:"upArrowOverSkin", upArrowUpSkin:"upArrowUpSkin", downArrowDisabledSkin:"downArrowDisabledSkin", downArrowDownSkin:"downArrowDownSkin", downArrowOverSkin:"downArrowOverSkin", downArrowUpSkin:"downArrowUpSkin", thumbDisabledSkin:"thumbDisabledSkin", thumbDownSkin:"thumbDownSkin", thumbOverSkin:"thumbOverSkin", thumbUpSkin:"thumbUpSkin", thumbIcon:"thumbIcon", trackDisabledSkin:"trackDisabledSkin", trackDownSkin:"trackDownSkin", trackOverSkin:"trackOverSkin", trackUpSkin:"trackUpSkin", repeatDelay:"repeatDelay", repeatInterval:"repeatInterval"};

		private static var defaultStyles:Object = {repeatDelay:500, repeatInterval:35, skin:"ScrollPane_upSkin", contentPadding:0, disabledAlpha:0.5};

		public function BaseScrollPane(){
			contentWidth = 0;
			contentHeight = 0;
			contentPadding = 0;
			vOffset = 0;
			_maxHorizontalScrollPosition = 0;
			_horizontalPageScrollSize = 0;
			_verticalPageScrollSize = 0;
			defaultLineScrollSize = 4;
			useFixedHorizontalScrolling = false;
			_useBitmpScrolling = false;
			super();
		}
		protected function handleWheel(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			if (((((!(enabled)) || (!(_verticalScrollBar.visible)))) || ((contentHeight <= availableHeight)))){
				return;
			};
			_verticalScrollBar.scrollPosition = (_verticalScrollBar.scrollPosition - (_arg1.delta * verticalLineScrollSize));
			setVerticalScrollPosition(_verticalScrollBar.scrollPosition);
			dispatchEvent(new ScrollEvent(ScrollBarDirection.VERTICAL, _arg1.delta, horizontalScrollPosition));
		}
		public function get verticalScrollPosition():Number{
			return (_verticalScrollBar.scrollPosition);
		}
		protected function drawDisabledOverlay():void{
			if (enabled){
				if (contains(disabledOverlay)){
					removeChild(disabledOverlay);
				};
			} else {
				disabledOverlay.x = (disabledOverlay.y = contentPadding);
				disabledOverlay.width = availableWidth;
				disabledOverlay.height = availableHeight;
				disabledOverlay.alpha = (getStyleValue("disabledAlpha") as Number);
				addChild(disabledOverlay);
			};
		}
		public function set verticalScrollPosition(_arg1:Number):void{
			drawNow();
			_verticalScrollBar.scrollPosition = _arg1;
			setVerticalScrollPosition(_verticalScrollBar.scrollPosition, false);
		}
		protected function setContentSize(_arg1:Number, _arg2:Number):void{
			if ((((((contentWidth == _arg1)) || (useFixedHorizontalScrolling))) && ((contentHeight == _arg2)))){
				return;
			};
			contentWidth = _arg1;
			contentHeight = _arg2;
			invalidate(InvalidationType.SIZE);
		}
		public function get horizontalScrollPosition():Number{
			return (_horizontalScrollBar.scrollPosition);
		}
		public function get horizontalScrollBar():ScrollBar{
			return (_horizontalScrollBar);
		}
		override public function set enabled(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			if (enabled == _arg1){
				return;
			};
			_verticalScrollBar.enabled = _arg1;
			_horizontalScrollBar.enabled = _arg1;
			super.enabled = _arg1;
		}
		public function get verticalLineScrollSize():Number{
			return (_verticalScrollBar.lineScrollSize);
		}
		public function get horizontalScrollPolicy():String{
			return (_horizontalScrollPolicy);
		}
		protected function calculateAvailableSize():void{
			var _local1:Number;
			var _local2:Number;
			var _local3:Number;
			var _local4:Number;
			var _local5:Number;
			_local1 = ScrollBar.WIDTH;
			_local2 = (contentPadding = Number(getStyleValue("contentPadding")));
			_local3 = ((height - (2 * _local2)) - vOffset);
			vScrollBar = (((_verticalScrollPolicy == ScrollPolicy.ON)) || ((((_verticalScrollPolicy == ScrollPolicy.AUTO)) && ((contentHeight > _local3)))));
			_local4 = ((width - (vScrollBar) ? _local1 : 0) - (2 * _local2));
			_local5 = (useFixedHorizontalScrolling) ? _maxHorizontalScrollPosition : (contentWidth - _local4);
			hScrollBar = (((_horizontalScrollPolicy == ScrollPolicy.ON)) || ((((_horizontalScrollPolicy == ScrollPolicy.AUTO)) && ((_local5 > 0)))));
			if (hScrollBar){
				_local3 = (_local3 - _local1);
			};
			if (((((((hScrollBar) && (!(vScrollBar)))) && ((_verticalScrollPolicy == ScrollPolicy.AUTO)))) && ((contentHeight > _local3)))){
				vScrollBar = true;
				_local4 = (_local4 - _local1);
			};
			availableHeight = (_local3 + vOffset);
			availableWidth = _local4;
		}
		public function get maxVerticalScrollPosition():Number{
			drawNow();
			return (Math.max(0, (contentHeight - availableHeight)));
		}
		public function set horizontalScrollPosition(_arg1:Number):void{
			drawNow();
			_horizontalScrollBar.scrollPosition = _arg1;
			setHorizontalScrollPosition(_horizontalScrollBar.scrollPosition, false);
		}
		public function get horizontalLineScrollSize():Number{
			return (_horizontalScrollBar.lineScrollSize);
		}
		public function set verticalPageScrollSize(_arg1:Number):void{
			_verticalPageScrollSize = _arg1;
			invalidate(InvalidationType.SIZE);
		}
		public function get verticalScrollPolicy():String{
			return (_verticalScrollPolicy);
		}
		protected function setHorizontalScrollPosition(_arg1:Number, _arg2:Boolean=false):void{
		}
		public function get useBitmapScrolling():Boolean{
			return (_useBitmpScrolling);
		}
		protected function handleScroll(_arg1:ScrollEvent):void{
			if (_arg1.target == _verticalScrollBar){
				setVerticalScrollPosition(_arg1.position);
			} else {
				setHorizontalScrollPosition(_arg1.position);
			};
		}
		public function set verticalLineScrollSize(_arg1:Number):void{
			_verticalScrollBar.lineScrollSize = _arg1;
		}
		public function get verticalScrollBar():ScrollBar{
			return (_verticalScrollBar);
		}
		protected function setVerticalScrollPosition(_arg1:Number, _arg2:Boolean=false):void{
		}
		public function set horizontalPageScrollSize(_arg1:Number):void{
			_horizontalPageScrollSize = _arg1;
			invalidate(InvalidationType.SIZE);
		}
		override protected function draw():void{
			if (isInvalid(InvalidationType.STYLES)){
				setStyles();
				drawBackground();
				if (contentPadding != getStyleValue("contentPadding")){
					invalidate(InvalidationType.SIZE, false);
				};
			};
			if (isInvalid(InvalidationType.SIZE, InvalidationType.STATE)){
				drawLayout();
			};
			updateChildren();
			super.draw();
		}
		public function set horizontalScrollPolicy(_arg1:String):void{
			_horizontalScrollPolicy = _arg1;
			invalidate(InvalidationType.SIZE);
		}
		override protected function configUI():void{
			var _local1:Graphics;
			super.configUI();
			contentScrollRect = new Rectangle(0, 0, 85, 85);
			_verticalScrollBar = new ScrollBar();
			_verticalScrollBar.addEventListener(ScrollEvent.SCROLL, handleScroll, false, 0, true);
			_verticalScrollBar.visible = false;
			_verticalScrollBar.lineScrollSize = defaultLineScrollSize;
			addChild(_verticalScrollBar);
			copyStylesToChild(_verticalScrollBar, SCROLL_BAR_STYLES);
			_horizontalScrollBar = new ScrollBar();
			_horizontalScrollBar.direction = ScrollBarDirection.HORIZONTAL;
			_horizontalScrollBar.addEventListener(ScrollEvent.SCROLL, handleScroll, false, 0, true);
			_horizontalScrollBar.visible = false;
			_horizontalScrollBar.lineScrollSize = defaultLineScrollSize;
			addChild(_horizontalScrollBar);
			copyStylesToChild(_horizontalScrollBar, SCROLL_BAR_STYLES);
			disabledOverlay = new Shape();
			_local1 = disabledOverlay.graphics;
			_local1.beginFill(0xFFFFFF);
			_local1.drawRect(0, 0, width, height);
			_local1.endFill();
			addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_WHEEL, handleWheel, false, 0, true);
		}
		protected function calculateContentWidth():void{
		}
		public function get verticalPageScrollSize():Number{
			if (isNaN(availableHeight)){
				drawNow();
			};
			return (((((_verticalPageScrollSize == 0)) && (!(isNaN(availableHeight))))) ? availableHeight : _verticalPageScrollSize);
		}
		protected function drawLayout():void{
			calculateAvailableSize();
			calculateContentWidth();
			background.width = width;
			background.height = height;
			if (vScrollBar){
				_verticalScrollBar.visible = true;
				_verticalScrollBar.x = ((width - ScrollBar.WIDTH) - contentPadding);
				_verticalScrollBar.y = contentPadding;
				_verticalScrollBar.height = availableHeight;
			} else {
				_verticalScrollBar.visible = false;
			};
			_verticalScrollBar.setScrollProperties(availableHeight, 0, (contentHeight - availableHeight), verticalPageScrollSize);
			setVerticalScrollPosition(_verticalScrollBar.scrollPosition, false);
			if (hScrollBar){
				_horizontalScrollBar.visible = true;
				_horizontalScrollBar.x = contentPadding;
				_horizontalScrollBar.y = ((height - ScrollBar.WIDTH) - contentPadding);
				_horizontalScrollBar.width = availableWidth;
			} else {
				_horizontalScrollBar.visible = false;
			};
			_horizontalScrollBar.setScrollProperties(availableWidth, 0, (useFixedHorizontalScrolling) ? _maxHorizontalScrollPosition : (contentWidth - availableWidth), horizontalPageScrollSize);
			setHorizontalScrollPosition(_horizontalScrollBar.scrollPosition, false);
			drawDisabledOverlay();
		}
		protected function drawBackground():void{
			var _local1:DisplayObject;
			_local1 = background;
			background = getDisplayObjectInstance(getStyleValue("skin"));
			background.width = width;
			background.height = height;
			addChildAt(background, 0);
			if (((!((_local1 == null))) && (!((_local1 == background))))){
				removeChild(_local1);
			};
		}
		public function set horizontalLineScrollSize(_arg1:Number):void{
			_horizontalScrollBar.lineScrollSize = _arg1;
		}
		public function get horizontalPageScrollSize():Number{
			if (isNaN(availableWidth)){
				drawNow();
			};
			return (((((_horizontalPageScrollSize == 0)) && (!(isNaN(availableWidth))))) ? availableWidth : _horizontalPageScrollSize);
		}
		public function get maxHorizontalScrollPosition():Number{
			drawNow();
			return (Math.max(0, (contentWidth - availableWidth)));
		}
		protected function setStyles():void{
			copyStylesToChild(_verticalScrollBar, SCROLL_BAR_STYLES);
			copyStylesToChild(_horizontalScrollBar, SCROLL_BAR_STYLES);
		}
		protected function updateChildren():void{
			_verticalScrollBar.enabled = (_horizontalScrollBar.enabled = enabled);
			_verticalScrollBar.drawNow();
			_horizontalScrollBar.drawNow();
		}
		public function set verticalScrollPolicy(_arg1:String):void{
			_verticalScrollPolicy = _arg1;
			invalidate(InvalidationType.SIZE);
		}
		public function set useBitmapScrolling(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			_useBitmpScrolling = _arg1;
			invalidate(InvalidationType.STATE);
		}

		public static function getStyleDefinition():Object{
			return (mergeStyles(defaultStyles, ScrollBar.getStyleDefinition()));
		}

	}
}//package fl.containers 
Section 2
//ScrollPane (fl.containers.ScrollPane)
package fl.containers {
	import fl.controls.*;
	import flash.display.*;
	import fl.core.*;
	import flash.events.*;
	import fl.managers.*;
	import fl.events.*;
	import flash.net.*;
	import flash.system.*;
	import flash.ui.*;

	public class ScrollPane extends BaseScrollPane implements IFocusManagerComponent {

		protected var scrollDragHPos:Number;
		protected var loader:Loader;
		protected var yOffset:Number;
		protected var currentContent:Object;
		protected var xOffset:Number;
		protected var _source:Object;// = ""
		protected var scrollDragVPos:Number;
		protected var _scrollDrag:Boolean;// = false
		protected var contentClip:Sprite;

		private static var defaultStyles:Object = {upSkin:"ScrollPane_upSkin", disabledSkin:"ScrollPane_disabledSkin", focusRectSkin:null, focusRectPadding:null, contentPadding:0};

		public function ScrollPane(){
			_source = "";
			_scrollDrag = false;
			super();
		}
		public function get source():Object{
			return (_source);
		}
		public function set source(_arg1:Object):void{
			var _local2:*;
			clearContent();
			if (isLivePreview){
				return;
			};
			_source = _arg1;
			if ((((_source == "")) || ((_source == null)))){
				return;
			};
			currentContent = getDisplayObjectInstance(_arg1);
			if (currentContent != null){
				_local2 = contentClip.addChild((currentContent as DisplayObject));
				dispatchEvent(new Event(Event.INIT));
				update();
			} else {
				load(new URLRequest(_source.toString()));
			};
		}
		public function get bytesLoaded():Number{
			return (((((loader == null)) || ((loader.contentLoaderInfo == null)))) ? 0 : loader.contentLoaderInfo.bytesLoaded);
		}
		protected function doDrag(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			var _local2:*;
			var _local3:*;
			_local2 = (scrollDragVPos - (mouseY - yOffset));
			_verticalScrollBar.setScrollPosition(_local2);
			setVerticalScrollPosition(_verticalScrollBar.scrollPosition, true);
			_local3 = (scrollDragHPos - (mouseX - xOffset));
			_horizontalScrollBar.setScrollPosition(_local3);
			setHorizontalScrollPosition(_horizontalScrollBar.scrollPosition, true);
		}
		override protected function keyDownHandler(_arg1:KeyboardEvent):void{
			var _local2:int;
			_local2 = calculateAvailableHeight();
			switch (_arg1.keyCode){
				case Keyboard.DOWN:
					verticalScrollPosition++;
					break;
				case Keyboard.UP:
					verticalScrollPosition--;
					break;
				case Keyboard.RIGHT:
					horizontalScrollPosition++;
					break;
				case Keyboard.LEFT:
					horizontalScrollPosition--;
					break;
				case Keyboard.END:
					verticalScrollPosition = maxVerticalScrollPosition;
					break;
				case Keyboard.HOME:
					verticalScrollPosition = 0;
					break;
				case Keyboard.PAGE_UP:
					verticalScrollPosition = (verticalScrollPosition - _local2);
					break;
				case Keyboard.PAGE_DOWN:
					verticalScrollPosition = (verticalScrollPosition + _local2);
					break;
			};
		}
		protected function doStartDrag(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			if (!enabled){
				return;
			};
			xOffset = mouseX;
			yOffset = mouseY;
			scrollDragHPos = horizontalScrollPosition;
			scrollDragVPos = verticalScrollPosition;
			stage.addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_MOVE, doDrag, false, 0, true);
		}
		public function get content():DisplayObject{
			var _local1:Object;
			_local1 = currentContent;
			if ((_local1 is URLRequest)){
				_local1 = loader.content;
			};
			return ((_local1 as DisplayObject));
		}
		public function get percentLoaded():Number{
			if (loader != null){
				return (Math.round(((bytesLoaded / bytesTotal) * 100)));
			};
			return (0);
		}
		protected function endDrag(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			stage.removeEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_MOVE, doDrag);
		}
		public function update():void{
			var _local1:DisplayObject;
			_local1 = contentClip.getChildAt(0);
			setContentSize(_local1.width, _local1.height);
		}
		override protected function setHorizontalScrollPosition(_arg1:Number, _arg2:Boolean=false):void{
			var _local3:*;
			_local3 = contentClip.scrollRect;
			_local3.x = _arg1;
			contentClip.scrollRect = _local3;
		}
		public function refreshPane():void{
			if ((_source is URLRequest)){
				_source = _source.url;
			};
			source = _source;
		}
		protected function passEvent(_arg1:Event):void{
			dispatchEvent(_arg1);
		}
		protected function calculateAvailableHeight():Number{
			var _local1:Number;
			_local1 = Number(getStyleValue("contentPadding"));
			return (((height - (_local1 * 2)) - ((((_horizontalScrollPolicy == ScrollPolicy.ON)) || ((((_horizontalScrollPolicy == ScrollPolicy.AUTO)) && ((_maxHorizontalScrollPosition > 0)))))) ? 15 : 0));
		}
		public function load(_arg1:URLRequest, _arg2:LoaderContext=null):void{
			if (_arg2 == null){
				_arg2 = new LoaderContext(false, ApplicationDomain.currentDomain);
			};
			clearContent();
			initLoader();
			currentContent = (_source = _arg1);
			loader.load(_arg1, _arg2);
		}
		override protected function handleScroll(_arg1:ScrollEvent):void{
			passEvent(_arg1);
			super.handleScroll(_arg1);
		}
		override protected function setVerticalScrollPosition(_arg1:Number, _arg2:Boolean=false):void{
			var _local3:*;
			_local3 = contentClip.scrollRect;
			_local3.y = _arg1;
			contentClip.scrollRect = _local3;
		}
		protected function initLoader():void{
			loader = new Loader();
			loader.contentLoaderInfo.addEventListener(ProgressEvent.PROGRESS, passEvent, false, 0, true);
			loader.contentLoaderInfo.addEventListener(Event.COMPLETE, onContentLoad, false, 0, true);
			loader.contentLoaderInfo.addEventListener(Event.INIT, passEvent, false, 0, true);
			contentClip.addChild(loader);
		}
		override protected function draw():void{
			if (isInvalid(InvalidationType.STYLES)){
				drawBackground();
			};
			if (isInvalid(InvalidationType.STATE)){
				setScrollDrag();
			};
			super.draw();
		}
		override protected function configUI():void{
			super.configUI();
			contentClip = new Sprite();
			addChild(contentClip);
			contentClip.scrollRect = contentScrollRect;
			_horizontalScrollPolicy = ScrollPolicy.AUTO;
			_verticalScrollPolicy = ScrollPolicy.AUTO;
		}
		public function set scrollDrag(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			_scrollDrag = _arg1;
			invalidate(InvalidationType.STATE);
		}
		protected function clearContent():void{
			if (contentClip.numChildren == 0){
				return;
			};
			contentClip.removeChildAt(0);
			currentContent = null;
			if (loader != null){
				try {
					loader.close();
				} catch(e) {
				};
				try {
					loader.unload();
				} catch(e) {
				};
				loader = null;
			};
		}
		override protected function drawLayout():void{
			super.drawLayout();
			contentScrollRect = contentClip.scrollRect;
			contentScrollRect.width = availableWidth;
			contentScrollRect.height = availableHeight;
			contentClip.cacheAsBitmap = useBitmapScrolling;
			contentClip.scrollRect = contentScrollRect;
			contentClip.x = (contentClip.y = contentPadding);
		}
		override protected function drawBackground():void{
			var _local1:DisplayObject;
			_local1 = background;
			background = getDisplayObjectInstance(getStyleValue((enabled) ? "upSkin" : "disabledSkin"));
			background.width = width;
			background.height = height;
			addChildAt(background, 0);
			if (((!((_local1 == null))) && (!((_local1 == background))))){
				removeChild(_local1);
			};
		}
		public function get bytesTotal():Number{
			return (((((loader == null)) || ((loader.contentLoaderInfo == null)))) ? 0 : loader.contentLoaderInfo.bytesTotal);
		}
		protected function onContentLoad(_arg1:Event):void{
			var _local2:*;
			update();
			_local2 = calculateAvailableHeight();
			calculateAvailableSize();
			horizontalScrollBar.setScrollProperties(availableWidth, 0, (useFixedHorizontalScrolling) ? _maxHorizontalScrollPosition : (contentWidth - availableWidth), availableWidth);
			verticalScrollBar.setScrollProperties(_local2, 0, (contentHeight - _local2), _local2);
			passEvent(_arg1);
		}
		public function get scrollDrag():Boolean{
			return (_scrollDrag);
		}
		protected function setScrollDrag():void{
			if (_scrollDrag){
				contentClip.addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_DOWN, doStartDrag, false, 0, true);
				stage.addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_UP, endDrag, false, 0, true);
			} else {
				contentClip.removeEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_DOWN, doStartDrag);
				stage.removeEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_UP, endDrag);
				removeEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_MOVE, doDrag);
			};
			contentClip.buttonMode = _scrollDrag;
		}

		public static function getStyleDefinition():Object{
			return (mergeStyles(defaultStyles, BaseScrollPane.getStyleDefinition()));
		}

	}
}//package fl.containers 
Section 3
//BaseButton (fl.controls.BaseButton)
package fl.controls {
	import flash.display.*;
	import fl.core.*;
	import flash.events.*;
	import flash.utils.*;
	import fl.events.*;

	public class BaseButton extends UIComponent {

		protected var _selected:Boolean;// = false
		private var unlockedMouseState:String;
		protected var pressTimer:Timer;
		protected var mouseState:String;
		protected var background:DisplayObject;
		private var _mouseStateLocked:Boolean;// = false
		protected var _autoRepeat:Boolean;// = false

		private static var defaultStyles:Object = {upSkin:"Button_upSkin", downSkin:"Button_downSkin", overSkin:"Button_overSkin", disabledSkin:"Button_disabledSkin", selectedDisabledSkin:"Button_selectedDisabledSkin", selectedUpSkin:"Button_selectedUpSkin", selectedDownSkin:"Button_selectedDownSkin", selectedOverSkin:"Button_selectedOverSkin", focusRectSkin:null, focusRectPadding:null, repeatDelay:500, repeatInterval:35};

		public function BaseButton(){
			_selected = false;
			_autoRepeat = false;
			_mouseStateLocked = false;
			super();
			buttonMode = true;
			mouseChildren = false;
			useHandCursor = false;
			setupMouseEvents();
			setMouseState("up");
			pressTimer = new Timer(1, 0);
			pressTimer.addEventListener(TimerEvent.TIMER, buttonDown, false, 0, true);
		}
		protected function endPress():void{
			pressTimer.reset();
		}
		public function set mouseStateLocked(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			_mouseStateLocked = _arg1;
			if (_arg1 == false){
				setMouseState(unlockedMouseState);
			} else {
				unlockedMouseState = mouseState;
			};
		}
		public function get autoRepeat():Boolean{
			return (_autoRepeat);
		}
		public function set autoRepeat(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			_autoRepeat = _arg1;
		}
		override public function set enabled(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			super.enabled = _arg1;
			mouseEnabled = _arg1;
		}
		public function get selected():Boolean{
			return (_selected);
		}
		protected function mouseEventHandler(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			if (_arg1.type == MouseEvent.MOUSE_DOWN){
				setMouseState("down");
				startPress();
			} else {
				if ((((_arg1.type == MouseEvent.ROLL_OVER)) || ((_arg1.type == MouseEvent.MOUSE_UP)))){
					setMouseState("over");
					endPress();
				} else {
					if (_arg1.type == MouseEvent.ROLL_OUT){
						setMouseState("up");
						endPress();
					};
				};
			};
		}
		public function setMouseState(_arg1:String):void{
			if (_mouseStateLocked){
				unlockedMouseState = _arg1;
				return;
			};
			if (mouseState == _arg1){
				return;
			};
			mouseState = _arg1;
			invalidate(InvalidationType.STATE);
		}
		protected function startPress():void{
			if (_autoRepeat){
				pressTimer.delay = Number(getStyleValue("repeatDelay"));
				pressTimer.start();
			};
			dispatchEvent(new ComponentEvent(ComponentEvent.BUTTON_DOWN, true));
		}
		protected function buttonDown(_arg1:TimerEvent):void{
			if (!_autoRepeat){
				endPress();
				return;
			};
			if (pressTimer.currentCount == 1){
				pressTimer.delay = Number(getStyleValue("repeatInterval"));
			};
			dispatchEvent(new ComponentEvent(ComponentEvent.BUTTON_DOWN, true));
		}
		public function set selected(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			if (_selected == _arg1){
				return;
			};
			_selected = _arg1;
			invalidate(InvalidationType.STATE);
		}
		override public function get enabled():Boolean{
			return (super.enabled);
		}
		override protected function draw():void{
			if (isInvalid(InvalidationType.STYLES, InvalidationType.STATE)){
				drawBackground();
				invalidate(InvalidationType.SIZE, false);
			};
			if (isInvalid(InvalidationType.SIZE)){
				drawLayout();
			};
			super.draw();
		}
		protected function setupMouseEvents():void{
			addEventListener(MouseEvent.ROLL_OVER, mouseEventHandler, false, 0, true);
			addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_DOWN, mouseEventHandler, false, 0, true);
			addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_UP, mouseEventHandler, false, 0, true);
			addEventListener(MouseEvent.ROLL_OUT, mouseEventHandler, false, 0, true);
		}
		protected function drawLayout():void{
			background.width = width;
			background.height = height;
		}
		protected function drawBackground():void{
			var _local1:String;
			var _local2:DisplayObject;
			_local1 = (enabled) ? mouseState : "disabled";
			if (selected){
				_local1 = (("selected" + _local1.substr(0, 1).toUpperCase()) + _local1.substr(1));
			};
			_local1 = (_local1 + "Skin");
			_local2 = background;
			background = getDisplayObjectInstance(getStyleValue(_local1));
			addChildAt(background, 0);
			if (((!((_local2 == null))) && (!((_local2 == background))))){
				removeChild(_local2);
			};
		}

		public static function getStyleDefinition():Object{
			return (defaultStyles);
		}

	}
}//package fl.controls 
Section 4
//Button (fl.controls.Button)
package fl.controls {
	import flash.display.*;
	import fl.core.*;
	import fl.managers.*;

	public class Button extends LabelButton implements IFocusManagerComponent {

		protected var emphasizedBorder:DisplayObject;
		protected var _emphasized:Boolean;// = false

		private static var defaultStyles:Object = {emphasizedSkin:"Button_emphasizedSkin", emphasizedPadding:2};
		public static var createAccessibilityImplementation:Function;

		public function Button(){
			_emphasized = false;
			super();
		}
		override public function drawFocus(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			var _local2:Number;
			var _local3:*;
			super.drawFocus(_arg1);
			if (_arg1){
				_local2 = Number(getStyleValue("emphasizedPadding"));
				if ((((_local2 < 0)) || (!(_emphasized)))){
					_local2 = 0;
				};
				_local3 = getStyleValue("focusRectPadding");
				_local3 = ((_local3)==null) ? 2 : _local3;
				_local3 = (_local3 + _local2);
				uiFocusRect.x = -(_local3);
				uiFocusRect.y = -(_local3);
				uiFocusRect.width = (width + (_local3 * 2));
				uiFocusRect.height = (height + (_local3 * 2));
			};
		}
		public function set emphasized(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			_emphasized = _arg1;
			invalidate(InvalidationType.STYLES);
		}
		override protected function draw():void{
			if (((isInvalid(InvalidationType.STYLES)) || (isInvalid(InvalidationType.SIZE)))){
				drawEmphasized();
			};
			super.draw();
			if (emphasizedBorder != null){
				setChildIndex(emphasizedBorder, (numChildren - 1));
			};
		}
		public function get emphasized():Boolean{
			return (_emphasized);
		}
		override protected function initializeAccessibility():void{
			if (Button.createAccessibilityImplementation != null){
				Button.createAccessibilityImplementation(this);
			};
		}
		protected function drawEmphasized():void{
			var _local1:Object;
			var _local2:Number;
			if (emphasizedBorder != null){
				removeChild(emphasizedBorder);
			};
			emphasizedBorder = null;
			if (!_emphasized){
				return;
			};
			_local1 = getStyleValue("emphasizedSkin");
			if (_local1 != null){
				emphasizedBorder = getDisplayObjectInstance(_local1);
			};
			if (emphasizedBorder != null){
				addChildAt(emphasizedBorder, 0);
				_local2 = Number(getStyleValue("emphasizedPadding"));
				emphasizedBorder.x = (emphasizedBorder.y = -(_local2));
				emphasizedBorder.width = (width + (_local2 * 2));
				emphasizedBorder.height = (height + (_local2 * 2));
			};
		}

		public static function getStyleDefinition():Object{
			return (UIComponent.mergeStyles(LabelButton.getStyleDefinition(), defaultStyles));
		}

	}
}//package fl.controls 
Section 5
//ButtonLabelPlacement (fl.controls.ButtonLabelPlacement)
package fl.controls {

	public class ButtonLabelPlacement {

		public static const TOP:String = "top";
		public static const LEFT:String = "left";
		public static const BOTTOM:String = "bottom";
		public static const RIGHT:String = "right";

	}
}//package fl.controls 
Section 6
//Label (fl.controls.Label)
package fl.controls {
	import fl.core.*;
	import flash.text.*;
	import fl.events.*;

	public class Label extends UIComponent {

		protected var actualHeight:Number;
		protected var _html:Boolean;// = false
		protected var actualWidth:Number;
		protected var defaultLabel:String;// = "Label"
		protected var _savedHTML:String;
		public var textField:TextField;

		private static var defaultStyles:Object = {textFormat:null, embedFonts:false};

		public function Label(){
			defaultLabel = "Label";
			_html = false;
			super();
			text = defaultLabel;
			actualWidth = _width;
			actualHeight = _height;
		}
		public function get autoSize():String{
			return (textField.autoSize);
		}
		public function get selectable():Boolean{
			return (textField.selectable);
		}
		public function set text(_arg1:String):void{
			if (_arg1 == text){
				return;
			};
			if (((componentInspectorSetting) && ((_arg1 == defaultLabel)))){
				return;
			};
			_html = false;
			textField.text = _arg1;
			if (textField.autoSize != TextFieldAutoSize.NONE){
				invalidate(InvalidationType.SIZE);
			};
		}
		public function get wordWrap():Boolean{
			return (textField.wordWrap);
		}
		public function set condenseWhite(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			textField.condenseWhite = _arg1;
			if (textField.autoSize != TextFieldAutoSize.NONE){
				invalidate(InvalidationType.SIZE);
			};
		}
		public function set selectable(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			textField.selectable = _arg1;
		}
		public function set autoSize(_arg1:String):void{
			textField.autoSize = _arg1;
			invalidate(InvalidationType.SIZE);
		}
		public function set wordWrap(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			textField.wordWrap = _arg1;
			if (textField.autoSize != TextFieldAutoSize.NONE){
				invalidate(InvalidationType.SIZE);
			};
		}
		override public function get height():Number{
			if (((!((textField.autoSize == TextFieldAutoSize.NONE))) && (wordWrap))){
				return (_height);
			};
			return (actualHeight);
		}
		public function set htmlText(_arg1:String):void{
			if (_arg1 == htmlText){
				return;
			};
			if (((componentInspectorSetting) && ((_arg1 == "")))){
				return;
			};
			_html = true;
			_savedHTML = _arg1;
			textField.htmlText = _arg1;
			if (textField.autoSize != TextFieldAutoSize.NONE){
				invalidate(InvalidationType.SIZE);
			};
		}
		public function get text():String{
			return (textField.text);
		}
		public function get condenseWhite():Boolean{
			return (textField.condenseWhite);
		}
		override protected function draw():void{
			var _local1:Object;
			if (isInvalid(InvalidationType.STYLES, InvalidationType.STATE)){
				drawTextFormat();
				_local1 = getStyleValue("embedFonts");
				if (_local1 != null){
					textField.embedFonts = _local1;
				};
				if (textField.autoSize != TextFieldAutoSize.NONE){
					invalidate(InvalidationType.SIZE, false);
				};
			};
			if (isInvalid(InvalidationType.SIZE)){
				drawLayout();
			};
			super.draw();
		}
		override protected function configUI():void{
			super.configUI();
			textField = new TextField();
			addChild(textField);
			textField.type = TextFieldType.DYNAMIC;
			textField.selectable = false;
			textField.wordWrap = false;
		}
		public function get htmlText():String{
			return (textField.htmlText);
		}
		override public function setSize(_arg1:Number, _arg2:Number):void{
			actualWidth = _arg1;
			actualHeight = _arg2;
			super.setSize(_arg1, _arg2);
		}
		override public function set width(_arg1:Number):void{
			actualWidth = _arg1;
			super.width = _arg1;
		}
		protected function drawLayout():void{
			var _local1:Boolean;
			var _local2:Number;
			var _local3:Number;
			_local1 = false;
			textField.width = width;
			textField.height = height;
			if (textField.autoSize != TextFieldAutoSize.NONE){
				_local2 = textField.width;
				_local3 = textField.height;
				_local1 = ((!((_width == _local2))) || (!((_height == _local3))));
				_width = _local2;
				_height = _local3;
				switch (textField.autoSize){
					case TextFieldAutoSize.CENTER:
						textField.x = ((actualWidth / 2) - (textField.width / 2));
						break;
					case TextFieldAutoSize.LEFT:
						textField.x = 0;
						break;
					case TextFieldAutoSize.RIGHT:
						textField.x = -((textField.width - actualWidth));
						break;
				};
			} else {
				textField.width = actualWidth;
				textField.height = actualHeight;
				textField.x = 0;
			};
			if (_local1){
				dispatchEvent(new ComponentEvent(ComponentEvent.RESIZE, true));
			};
		}
		override public function get width():Number{
			if (((!((textField.autoSize == TextFieldAutoSize.NONE))) && (!(wordWrap)))){
				return (_width);
			};
			return (actualWidth);
		}
		protected function drawTextFormat():void{
			var _local1:TextFormat;
			var _local2:Object;
			_local1 = (getStyleValue("textFormat") as TextFormat);
			if (_local1 == null){
				_local2 = UIComponent.getStyleDefinition();
				_local1 = (enabled) ? (_local2.defaultTextFormat as TextFormat) : (_local2.defaultDisabledTextFormat as TextFormat);
			};
			textField.defaultTextFormat = _local1;
			textField.setTextFormat(_local1);
			if (((_html) && (!((_savedHTML == null))))){
				htmlText = _savedHTML;
			};
		}

		public static function getStyleDefinition():Object{
			return (defaultStyles);
		}

	}
}//package fl.controls 
Section 7
//LabelButton (fl.controls.LabelButton)
package fl.controls {
	import flash.display.*;
	import fl.core.*;
	import flash.events.*;
	import fl.managers.*;
	import flash.text.*;
	import fl.events.*;
	import flash.ui.*;

	public class LabelButton extends BaseButton implements IFocusManagerComponent {

		protected var _labelPlacement:String;// = "right"
		protected var _toggle:Boolean;// = false
		protected var icon:DisplayObject;
		protected var oldMouseState:String;
		protected var mode:String;// = "center"
		public var textField:TextField;
		protected var _label:String;// = "Label"

		private static var defaultStyles:Object = {icon:null, upIcon:null, downIcon:null, overIcon:null, disabledIcon:null, selectedDisabledIcon:null, selectedUpIcon:null, selectedDownIcon:null, selectedOverIcon:null, textFormat:null, disabledTextFormat:null, textPadding:5, embedFonts:false};
		public static var createAccessibilityImplementation:Function;

		public function LabelButton(){
			_labelPlacement = ButtonLabelPlacement.RIGHT;
			_toggle = false;
			_label = "Label";
			mode = "center";
			super();
		}
		protected function toggleSelected(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			selected = !(selected);
			dispatchEvent(new Event(Event.CHANGE, true));
		}
		public function get labelPlacement():String{
			return (_labelPlacement);
		}
		override protected function keyDownHandler(_arg1:KeyboardEvent):void{
			if (!enabled){
				return;
			};
			if (_arg1.keyCode == Keyboard.SPACE){
				if (oldMouseState == null){
					oldMouseState = mouseState;
				};
				setMouseState("down");
				startPress();
			};
		}
		protected function setEmbedFont(){
			var _local1:Object;
			_local1 = getStyleValue("embedFonts");
			if (_local1 != null){
				textField.embedFonts = _local1;
			};
		}
		override protected function keyUpHandler(_arg1:KeyboardEvent):void{
			if (!enabled){
				return;
			};
			if (_arg1.keyCode == Keyboard.SPACE){
				setMouseState(oldMouseState);
				oldMouseState = null;
				endPress();
				dispatchEvent(new MouseEvent(MouseEvent.CLICK));
			};
		}
		override public function get selected():Boolean{
			return ((_toggle) ? _selected : false);
		}
		public function set labelPlacement(_arg1:String):void{
			_labelPlacement = _arg1;
			invalidate(InvalidationType.SIZE);
		}
		public function set toggle(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			if (((!(_arg1)) && (super.selected))){
				selected = false;
			};
			_toggle = _arg1;
			if (_toggle){
				addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, toggleSelected, false, 0, true);
			} else {
				removeEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, toggleSelected);
			};
			invalidate(InvalidationType.STATE);
		}
		public function get label():String{
			return (_label);
		}
		override public function set selected(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			_selected = _arg1;
			if (_toggle){
				invalidate(InvalidationType.STATE);
			};
		}
		override protected function draw():void{
			if (textField.text != _label){
				label = _label;
			};
			if (isInvalid(InvalidationType.STYLES, InvalidationType.STATE)){
				drawBackground();
				drawIcon();
				drawTextFormat();
				invalidate(InvalidationType.SIZE, false);
			};
			if (isInvalid(InvalidationType.SIZE)){
				drawLayout();
			};
			if (isInvalid(InvalidationType.SIZE, InvalidationType.STYLES)){
				if (((isFocused) && (focusManager.showFocusIndicator))){
					drawFocus(true);
				};
			};
			validate();
		}
		public function get toggle():Boolean{
			return (_toggle);
		}
		override protected function configUI():void{
			super.configUI();
			textField = new TextField();
			textField.type = TextFieldType.DYNAMIC;
			textField.selectable = false;
			addChild(textField);
		}
		override protected function drawLayout():void{
			var _local1:Number;
			var _local2:String;
			var _local3:Number;
			var _local4:Number;
			var _local5:Number;
			var _local6:Number;
			var _local7:Number;
			var _local8:Number;
			_local1 = Number(getStyleValue("textPadding"));
			_local2 = ((((icon == null)) && ((mode == "center")))) ? ButtonLabelPlacement.TOP : _labelPlacement;
			textField.height = (textField.textHeight + 4);
			_local3 = (textField.textWidth + 4);
			_local4 = (textField.textHeight + 4);
			_local5 = ((icon)==null) ? 0 : (icon.width + _local1);
			_local6 = ((icon)==null) ? 0 : (icon.height + _local1);
			textField.visible = (label.length > 0);
			if (icon != null){
				icon.x = Math.round(((width - icon.width) / 2));
				icon.y = Math.round(((height - icon.height) / 2));
			};
			if (textField.visible == false){
				textField.width = 0;
				textField.height = 0;
			} else {
				if ((((_local2 == ButtonLabelPlacement.BOTTOM)) || ((_local2 == ButtonLabelPlacement.TOP)))){
					_local7 = Math.max(0, Math.min(_local3, (width - (2 * _local1))));
					if ((height - 2) > _local4){
						_local8 = _local4;
					} else {
						_local8 = (height - 2);
					};
					_local3 = _local7;
					textField.width = _local3;
					_local4 = _local8;
					textField.height = _local4;
					textField.x = Math.round(((width - _local3) / 2));
					textField.y = Math.round(((((height - textField.height) - _local6) / 2) + ((_local2)==ButtonLabelPlacement.BOTTOM) ? _local6 : 0));
					if (icon != null){
						icon.y = Math.round(((_local2)==ButtonLabelPlacement.BOTTOM) ? (textField.y - _local6) : ((textField.y + textField.height) + _local1));
					};
				} else {
					_local7 = Math.max(0, Math.min(_local3, ((width - _local5) - (2 * _local1))));
					_local3 = _local7;
					textField.width = _local3;
					textField.x = Math.round(((((width - _local3) - _local5) / 2) + ((_local2)!=ButtonLabelPlacement.LEFT) ? _local5 : 0));
					textField.y = Math.round(((height - textField.height) / 2));
					if (icon != null){
						icon.x = Math.round(((_local2)!=ButtonLabelPlacement.LEFT) ? (textField.x - _local5) : ((textField.x + _local3) + _local1));
					};
				};
			};
			super.drawLayout();
		}
		override protected function initializeAccessibility():void{
			if (LabelButton.createAccessibilityImplementation != null){
				LabelButton.createAccessibilityImplementation(this);
			};
		}
		protected function drawIcon():void{
			var _local1:DisplayObject;
			var _local2:String;
			var _local3:Object;
			_local1 = icon;
			_local2 = (enabled) ? mouseState : "disabled";
			if (selected){
				_local2 = (("selected" + _local2.substr(0, 1).toUpperCase()) + _local2.substr(1));
			};
			_local2 = (_local2 + "Icon");
			_local3 = getStyleValue(_local2);
			if (_local3 == null){
				_local3 = getStyleValue("icon");
			};
			if (_local3 != null){
				icon = getDisplayObjectInstance(_local3);
			};
			if (icon != null){
				addChildAt(icon, 1);
			};
			if (((!((_local1 == null))) && (!((_local1 == icon))))){
				removeChild(_local1);
			};
		}
		public function set label(_arg1:String):void{
			_label = _arg1;
			if (textField.text != _label){
				textField.text = _label;
				dispatchEvent(new ComponentEvent(ComponentEvent.LABEL_CHANGE));
			};
			invalidate(InvalidationType.SIZE);
			invalidate(InvalidationType.STYLES);
		}
		protected function drawTextFormat():void{
			var _local1:Object;
			var _local2:TextFormat;
			var _local3:TextFormat;
			_local1 = UIComponent.getStyleDefinition();
			_local2 = (enabled) ? (_local1.defaultTextFormat as TextFormat) : (_local1.defaultDisabledTextFormat as TextFormat);
			textField.setTextFormat(_local2);
			_local3 = (getStyleValue((enabled) ? "textFormat" : "disabledTextFormat") as TextFormat);
			if (_local3 != null){
				textField.setTextFormat(_local3);
			} else {
				_local3 = _local2;
			};
			textField.defaultTextFormat = _local3;
			setEmbedFont();
		}

		public static function getStyleDefinition():Object{
			return (mergeStyles(defaultStyles, BaseButton.getStyleDefinition()));
		}

	}
}//package fl.controls 
Section 8
//RadioButton (fl.controls.RadioButton)
package fl.controls {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.events.*;
	import fl.managers.*;
	import flash.ui.*;

	public class RadioButton extends LabelButton implements IFocusManagerGroup {

		protected var _value:Object;
		protected var defaultGroupName:String;// = "RadioButtonGroup"
		protected var _group:RadioButtonGroup;

		private static var defaultStyles:Object = {icon:null, upIcon:"RadioButton_upIcon", downIcon:"RadioButton_downIcon", overIcon:"RadioButton_overIcon", disabledIcon:"RadioButton_disabledIcon", selectedDisabledIcon:"RadioButton_selectedDisabledIcon", selectedUpIcon:"RadioButton_selectedUpIcon", selectedDownIcon:"RadioButton_selectedDownIcon", selectedOverIcon:"RadioButton_selectedOverIcon", focusRectSkin:null, focusRectPadding:null, textFormat:null, disabledTextFormat:null, embedFonts:null, textPadding:5};
		public static var createAccessibilityImplementation:Function;

		public function RadioButton(){
			defaultGroupName = "RadioButtonGroup";
			super();
			mode = "border";
			groupName = defaultGroupName;
		}
		override public function drawFocus(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			var _local2:Number;
			super.drawFocus(_arg1);
			if (_arg1){
				_local2 = Number(getStyleValue("focusRectPadding"));
				uiFocusRect.x = (background.x - _local2);
				uiFocusRect.y = (background.y - _local2);
				uiFocusRect.width = (background.width + (_local2 * 2));
				uiFocusRect.height = (background.height + (_local2 * 2));
			};
		}
		private function setThis():void{
			var _local1:RadioButtonGroup;
			_local1 = _group;
			if (_local1 != null){
				if (_local1.selection != this){
					_local1.selection = this;
				};
			} else {
				super.selected = true;
			};
		}
		override public function get autoRepeat():Boolean{
			return (false);
		}
		override public function set autoRepeat(_arg1:Boolean):void{
		}
		protected function handleClick(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			if (_group == null){
				return;
			};
			_group.dispatchEvent(new MouseEvent(MouseEvent.CLICK, true));
		}
		override protected function keyDownHandler(_arg1:KeyboardEvent):void{
			switch (_arg1.keyCode){
				case Keyboard.DOWN:
					setNext(!(_arg1.ctrlKey));
					_arg1.stopPropagation();
					break;
				case Keyboard.UP:
					setPrev(!(_arg1.ctrlKey));
					_arg1.stopPropagation();
					break;
				case Keyboard.LEFT:
					setPrev(!(_arg1.ctrlKey));
					_arg1.stopPropagation();
					break;
				case Keyboard.RIGHT:
					setNext(!(_arg1.ctrlKey));
					_arg1.stopPropagation();
					break;
				case Keyboard.SPACE:
					setThis();
					_toggle = false;
				default:
					super.keyDownHandler(_arg1);
					break;
			};
		}
		private function setNext(_arg1:Boolean=true):void{
			var _local2:RadioButtonGroup;
			var _local3:IFocusManager;
			var _local4:int;
			var _local5:Number;
			var _local6:int;
			var _local7:*;
			_local2 = _group;
			if (_local2 == null){
				return;
			};
			_local3 = focusManager;
			if (_local3){
				_local3.showFocusIndicator = true;
			};
			_local4 = _local2.getRadioButtonIndex(this);
			_local5 = _local2.numRadioButtons;
			_local6 = _local4;
			if (_local4 != -1){
				do  {
					_local6++;
					_local6 = ((_local6)>(_local2.numRadioButtons - 1)) ? 0 : _local6;
					_local7 = _local2.getRadioButtonAt(_local6);
					if (((_local7) && (_local7.enabled))){
						if (_arg1){
							_local2.selection = _local7;
						};
						_local7.setFocus();
						return;
					};
					if (((_arg1) && (!((_local2.getRadioButtonAt(_local6) == _local2.selection))))){
						_local2.selection = this;
					};
					this.drawFocus(true);
				} while (_local6 != _local4);
			};
		}
		public function get group():RadioButtonGroup{
			return (_group);
		}
		override protected function keyUpHandler(_arg1:KeyboardEvent):void{
			super.keyUpHandler(_arg1);
			if ((((_arg1.keyCode == Keyboard.SPACE)) && (!(_toggle)))){
				_toggle = true;
			};
		}
		override public function get selected():Boolean{
			return (super.selected);
		}
		override public function set toggle(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			throw (new Error("Warning: You cannot change a RadioButtons toggle."));
		}
		public function set value(_arg1:Object):void{
			_value = _arg1;
		}
		public function set group(_arg1:RadioButtonGroup):void{
			groupName = _arg1.name;
		}
		override public function set selected(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			if ((((_arg1 == false)) || (selected))){
				return;
			};
			if (_group != null){
				_group.selection = this;
			} else {
				super.selected = _arg1;
			};
		}
		override protected function draw():void{
			super.draw();
		}
		override public function get toggle():Boolean{
			return (true);
		}
		override protected function configUI():void{
			var _local1:Shape;
			var _local2:Graphics;
			super.configUI();
			super.toggle = true;
			_local1 = new Shape();
			_local2 = _local1.graphics;
			_local2.beginFill(0, 0);
			_local2.drawRect(0, 0, 100, 100);
			_local2.endFill();
			background = (_local1 as DisplayObject);
			addChildAt(background, 0);
			addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, handleClick, false, 0, true);
		}
		public function set groupName(_arg1:String):void{
			if (_group != null){
				_group.removeRadioButton(this);
				_group.removeEventListener(Event.CHANGE, handleChange);
			};
			_group = ((_arg1)==null) ? null : RadioButtonGroup.getGroup(_arg1);
			if (_group != null){
				_group.addRadioButton(this);
				_group.addEventListener(Event.CHANGE, handleChange, false, 0, true);
			};
		}
		public function get value():Object{
			return (_value);
		}
		override protected function drawLayout():void{
			var _local1:Number;
			super.drawLayout();
			_local1 = Number(getStyleValue("textPadding"));
			switch (_labelPlacement){
				case ButtonLabelPlacement.RIGHT:
					icon.x = _local1;
					textField.x = (icon.x + (icon.width + _local1));
					background.width = ((textField.x + textField.width) + _local1);
					background.height = (Math.max(textField.height, icon.height) + (_local1 * 2));
					break;
				case ButtonLabelPlacement.LEFT:
					icon.x = ((width - icon.width) - _local1);
					textField.x = (((width - icon.width) - (_local1 * 2)) - textField.width);
					background.width = ((textField.width + icon.width) + (_local1 * 3));
					background.height = (Math.max(textField.height, icon.height) + (_local1 * 2));
					break;
				case ButtonLabelPlacement.TOP:
				case ButtonLabelPlacement.BOTTOM:
					background.width = (Math.max(textField.width, icon.width) + (_local1 * 2));
					background.height = ((textField.height + icon.height) + (_local1 * 3));
					break;
			};
			background.x = Math.min((icon.x - _local1), (textField.x - _local1));
			background.y = Math.min((icon.y - _local1), (textField.y - _local1));
		}
		override protected function drawBackground():void{
		}
		override protected function initializeAccessibility():void{
			if (RadioButton.createAccessibilityImplementation != null){
				RadioButton.createAccessibilityImplementation(this);
			};
		}
		public function get groupName():String{
			return (((_group)==null) ? null : _group.name);
		}
		private function setPrev(_arg1:Boolean=true):void{
			var _local2:RadioButtonGroup;
			var _local3:IFocusManager;
			var _local4:int;
			var _local5:int;
			var _local6:*;
			_local2 = _group;
			if (_local2 == null){
				return;
			};
			_local3 = focusManager;
			if (_local3){
				_local3.showFocusIndicator = true;
			};
			_local4 = _local2.getRadioButtonIndex(this);
			_local5 = _local4;
			if (_local4 != -1){
				do  {
					--_local5;
					_local5 = ((_local5)==-1) ? (_local2.numRadioButtons - 1) : _local5;
					_local6 = _local2.getRadioButtonAt(_local5);
					if (((_local6) && (_local6.enabled))){
						if (_arg1){
							_local2.selection = _local6;
						};
						_local6.setFocus();
						return;
					};
					if (((_arg1) && (!((_local2.getRadioButtonAt(_local5) == _local2.selection))))){
						_local2.selection = this;
					};
					this.drawFocus(true);
				} while (_local5 != _local4);
			};
		}
		protected function handleChange(_arg1:Event):void{
			super.selected = (_group.selection == this);
			dispatchEvent(new Event(Event.CHANGE, true));
		}

		public static function getStyleDefinition():Object{
			return (defaultStyles);
		}

	}
}//package fl.controls 
Section 9
//RadioButtonGroup (fl.controls.RadioButtonGroup)
package fl.controls {
	import flash.events.*;

	public class RadioButtonGroup extends EventDispatcher {

		protected var _selection:RadioButton;
		protected var radioButtons:Array;
		protected var _name:String;

		private static var groups:Object;
		private static var groupCount:uint = 0;

		public function RadioButtonGroup(_arg1:String){
			_name = _arg1;
			radioButtons = [];
			registerGroup(this);
		}
		public function getRadioButtonIndex(_arg1:RadioButton):int{
			var _local2:int;
			var _local3:RadioButton;
			_local2 = 0;
			while (_local2 < radioButtons.length) {
				_local3 = (radioButtons[_local2] as RadioButton);
				if (_local3 == _arg1){
					return (_local2);
				};
				_local2++;
			};
			return (-1);
		}
		public function get numRadioButtons():int{
			return (radioButtons.length);
		}
		public function get name():String{
			return (_name);
		}
		public function get selection():RadioButton{
			return (_selection);
		}
		public function set selection(_arg1:RadioButton):void{
			if ((((((_selection == _arg1)) || ((_arg1 == null)))) || ((getRadioButtonIndex(_arg1) == -1)))){
				return;
			};
			_selection = _arg1;
			dispatchEvent(new Event(Event.CHANGE, true));
		}
		public function set selectedData(_arg1:Object):void{
			var _local2:int;
			var _local3:RadioButton;
			_local2 = 0;
			while (_local2 < radioButtons.length) {
				_local3 = (radioButtons[_local2] as RadioButton);
				if (_local3.value == _arg1){
					selection = _local3;
					return;
				};
				_local2++;
			};
		}
		public function removeRadioButton(_arg1:RadioButton):void{
			var _local2:int;
			_local2 = getRadioButtonIndex(_arg1);
			if (_local2 != -1){
				radioButtons.splice(_local2, 1);
			};
			if (_selection == _arg1){
				_selection = null;
			};
		}
		public function addRadioButton(_arg1:RadioButton):void{
			if (_arg1.groupName != name){
				_arg1.groupName = name;
				return;
			};
			radioButtons.push(_arg1);
			if (_arg1.selected){
				selection = _arg1;
			};
		}
		public function getRadioButtonAt(_arg1:int):RadioButton{
			return (RadioButton(radioButtons[_arg1]));
		}
		public function get selectedData():Object{
			var _local1:RadioButton;
			_local1 = _selection;
			return (((_local1)==null) ? null : _local1.value);
		}

		public static function getGroup(_arg1:String):RadioButtonGroup{
			var _local2:RadioButtonGroup;
			if (groups == null){
				groups = {};
			};
			_local2 = (groups[_arg1] as RadioButtonGroup);
			if (_local2 == null){
				_local2 = new RadioButtonGroup(_arg1);
				if ((++groupCount % 20) == 0){
					cleanUpGroups();
				};
			};
			return (_local2);
		}
		private static function registerGroup(_arg1:RadioButtonGroup):void{
			if (groups == null){
				groups = {};
			};
			groups[_arg1.name] = _arg1;
		}
		private static function cleanUpGroups():void{
			var _local1:String;
			var _local2:RadioButtonGroup;
			for (_local1 in groups) {
				_local2 = (groups[_local1] as RadioButtonGroup);
				if (_local2.radioButtons.length == 0){
					delete groups[_local1];
				};
			};
		}

	}
}//package fl.controls 
Section 10
//ScrollBar (fl.controls.ScrollBar)
package fl.controls {
	import fl.core.*;
	import flash.events.*;
	import fl.events.*;

	public class ScrollBar extends UIComponent {

		private var _direction:String;// = "vertical"
		protected var inDrag:Boolean;// = false
		protected var upArrow:BaseButton;
		private var _pageScrollSize:Number;// = 0
		protected var downArrow:BaseButton;
		private var _pageSize:Number;// = 10
		private var thumbScrollOffset:Number;
		private var _maxScrollPosition:Number;// = 0
		private var _scrollPosition:Number;// = 0
		protected var track:BaseButton;
		private var _minScrollPosition:Number;// = 0
		private var _lineScrollSize:Number;// = 1
		protected var thumb:LabelButton;

		protected static const THUMB_STYLES:Object = {disabledSkin:"thumbDisabledSkin", downSkin:"thumbDownSkin", overSkin:"thumbOverSkin", upSkin:"thumbUpSkin", icon:"thumbIcon", textPadding:0};
		public static const WIDTH:Number = 15;
		protected static const DOWN_ARROW_STYLES:Object = {disabledSkin:"downArrowDisabledSkin", downSkin:"downArrowDownSkin", overSkin:"downArrowOverSkin", upSkin:"downArrowUpSkin", repeatDelay:"repeatDelay", repeatInterval:"repeatInterval"};
		protected static const UP_ARROW_STYLES:Object = {disabledSkin:"upArrowDisabledSkin", downSkin:"upArrowDownSkin", overSkin:"upArrowOverSkin", upSkin:"upArrowUpSkin", repeatDelay:"repeatDelay", repeatInterval:"repeatInterval"};
		protected static const TRACK_STYLES:Object = {disabledSkin:"trackDisabledSkin", downSkin:"trackDownSkin", overSkin:"trackOverSkin", upSkin:"trackUpSkin", repeatDelay:"repeatDelay", repeatInterval:"repeatInterval"};

		private static var defaultStyles:Object = {downArrowDisabledSkin:"ScrollArrowDown_disabledSkin", downArrowDownSkin:"ScrollArrowDown_downSkin", downArrowOverSkin:"ScrollArrowDown_overSkin", downArrowUpSkin:"ScrollArrowDown_upSkin", thumbDisabledSkin:"ScrollThumb_upSkin", thumbDownSkin:"ScrollThumb_downSkin", thumbOverSkin:"ScrollThumb_overSkin", thumbUpSkin:"ScrollThumb_upSkin", trackDisabledSkin:"ScrollTrack_skin", trackDownSkin:"ScrollTrack_skin", trackOverSkin:"ScrollTrack_skin", trackUpSkin:"ScrollTrack_skin", upArrowDisabledSkin:"ScrollArrowUp_disabledSkin", upArrowDownSkin:"ScrollArrowUp_downSkin", upArrowOverSkin:"ScrollArrowUp_overSkin", upArrowUpSkin:"ScrollArrowUp_upSkin", thumbIcon:"ScrollBar_thumbIcon", repeatDelay:500, repeatInterval:35};

		public function ScrollBar(){
			_pageSize = 10;
			_pageScrollSize = 0;
			_lineScrollSize = 1;
			_minScrollPosition = 0;
			_maxScrollPosition = 0;
			_scrollPosition = 0;
			_direction = ScrollBarDirection.VERTICAL;
			inDrag = false;
			super();
			setStyles();
			focusEnabled = false;
		}
		public function get minScrollPosition():Number{
			return (_minScrollPosition);
		}
		public function set minScrollPosition(_arg1:Number):void{
			setScrollProperties(_pageSize, _arg1, _maxScrollPosition);
		}
		public function setScrollPosition(_arg1:Number, _arg2:Boolean=true):void{
			var _local3:Number;
			_local3 = scrollPosition;
			_scrollPosition = Math.max(_minScrollPosition, Math.min(_maxScrollPosition, _arg1));
			if (_local3 == _scrollPosition){
				return;
			};
			if (_arg2){
				dispatchEvent(new ScrollEvent(_direction, (scrollPosition - _local3), scrollPosition));
			};
			updateThumb();
		}
		public function set scrollPosition(_arg1:Number):void{
			setScrollPosition(_arg1, true);
		}
		public function get pageScrollSize():Number{
			return (((_pageScrollSize)==0) ? _pageSize : _pageScrollSize);
		}
		public function set pageSize(_arg1:Number):void{
			if (_arg1 > 0){
				_pageSize = _arg1;
			};
		}
		public function setScrollProperties(_arg1:Number, _arg2:Number, _arg3:Number, _arg4:Number=0):void{
			this.pageSize = _arg1;
			_minScrollPosition = _arg2;
			_maxScrollPosition = _arg3;
			if (_arg4 >= 0){
				_pageScrollSize = _arg4;
			};
			enabled = (_maxScrollPosition > _minScrollPosition);
			setScrollPosition(_scrollPosition, false);
			updateThumb();
		}
		override public function set enabled(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			super.enabled = _arg1;
			downArrow.enabled = (track.enabled = (thumb.enabled = (upArrow.enabled = ((enabled) && ((_maxScrollPosition > _minScrollPosition))))));
			updateThumb();
		}
		protected function updateThumb():void{
			var _local1:Number;
			_local1 = ((_maxScrollPosition - _minScrollPosition) + _pageSize);
			if ((((((track.height <= 12)) || ((_maxScrollPosition <= _minScrollPosition)))) || ((((_local1 == 0)) || (isNaN(_local1)))))){
				thumb.height = 12;
				thumb.visible = false;
			} else {
				thumb.height = Math.max(13, ((_pageSize / _local1) * track.height));
				thumb.y = (track.y + ((track.height - thumb.height) * ((_scrollPosition - _minScrollPosition) / (_maxScrollPosition - _minScrollPosition))));
				thumb.visible = enabled;
			};
		}
		protected function thumbPressHandler(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			inDrag = true;
			thumbScrollOffset = (mouseY - thumb.y);
			thumb.mouseStateLocked = true;
			mouseChildren = false;
			stage.addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_MOVE, handleThumbDrag, false, 0, true);
			stage.addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_UP, thumbReleaseHandler, false, 0, true);
		}
		protected function thumbReleaseHandler(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			inDrag = false;
			mouseChildren = true;
			thumb.mouseStateLocked = false;
			stage.removeEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_MOVE, handleThumbDrag);
			stage.removeEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_UP, thumbReleaseHandler);
		}
		public function set pageScrollSize(_arg1:Number):void{
			if (_arg1 >= 0){
				_pageScrollSize = _arg1;
			};
		}
		protected function handleThumbDrag(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			var _local2:Number;
			_local2 = Math.max(0, Math.min((track.height - thumb.height), ((mouseY - track.y) - thumbScrollOffset)));
			setScrollPosition((((_local2 / (track.height - thumb.height)) * (_maxScrollPosition - _minScrollPosition)) + _minScrollPosition));
		}
		public function set direction(_arg1:String):void{
			var _local2:Boolean;
			if (_direction == _arg1){
				return;
			};
			_direction = _arg1;
			if (isLivePreview){
				return;
			};
			setScaleY(1);
			_local2 = (_direction == ScrollBarDirection.HORIZONTAL);
			if (((_local2) && (componentInspectorSetting))){
				if (rotation == 90){
					return;
				};
				setScaleX(-1);
				rotation = -90;
			};
			if (!componentInspectorSetting){
				if (((_local2) && ((rotation == 0)))){
					rotation = -90;
					setScaleX(-1);
				} else {
					if (((!(_local2)) && ((rotation == -90)))){
						rotation = 0;
						setScaleX(1);
					};
				};
			};
			invalidate(InvalidationType.SIZE);
		}
		public function set lineScrollSize(_arg1:Number):void{
			if (_arg1 > 0){
				_lineScrollSize = _arg1;
			};
		}
		override public function get height():Number{
			return (((_direction)==ScrollBarDirection.HORIZONTAL) ? super.width : super.height);
		}
		protected function scrollPressHandler(_arg1:ComponentEvent):void{
			var _local2:Number;
			var _local3:Number;
			_arg1.stopImmediatePropagation();
			if (_arg1.currentTarget == upArrow){
				setScrollPosition((_scrollPosition - _lineScrollSize));
			} else {
				if (_arg1.currentTarget == downArrow){
					setScrollPosition((_scrollPosition + _lineScrollSize));
				} else {
					_local2 = (((track.mouseY / track.height) * (_maxScrollPosition - _minScrollPosition)) + _minScrollPosition);
					_local3 = ((pageScrollSize)==0) ? pageSize : pageScrollSize;
					if (_scrollPosition < _local2){
						setScrollPosition(Math.min(_local2, (_scrollPosition + _local3)));
					} else {
						if (_scrollPosition > _local2){
							setScrollPosition(Math.max(_local2, (_scrollPosition - _local3)));
						};
					};
				};
			};
		}
		public function get pageSize():Number{
			return (_pageSize);
		}
		public function set maxScrollPosition(_arg1:Number):void{
			setScrollProperties(_pageSize, _minScrollPosition, _arg1);
		}
		public function get scrollPosition():Number{
			return (_scrollPosition);
		}
		override public function get enabled():Boolean{
			return (super.enabled);
		}
		override protected function draw():void{
			var _local1:Number;
			if (isInvalid(InvalidationType.SIZE)){
				_local1 = super.height;
				downArrow.move(0, Math.max(upArrow.height, (_local1 - downArrow.height)));
				track.setSize(WIDTH, Math.max(0, (_local1 - (downArrow.height + upArrow.height))));
				updateThumb();
			};
			if (isInvalid(InvalidationType.STYLES, InvalidationType.STATE)){
				setStyles();
			};
			downArrow.drawNow();
			upArrow.drawNow();
			track.drawNow();
			thumb.drawNow();
			validate();
		}
		override protected function configUI():void{
			super.configUI();
			track = new BaseButton();
			track.move(0, 14);
			track.useHandCursor = false;
			track.autoRepeat = true;
			track.focusEnabled = false;
			addChild(track);
			thumb = new LabelButton();
			thumb.label = "";
			thumb.setSize(WIDTH, 15);
			thumb.move(0, 15);
			thumb.focusEnabled = false;
			addChild(thumb);
			downArrow = new BaseButton();
			downArrow.setSize(WIDTH, 14);
			downArrow.autoRepeat = true;
			downArrow.focusEnabled = false;
			addChild(downArrow);
			upArrow = new BaseButton();
			upArrow.setSize(WIDTH, 14);
			upArrow.move(0, 0);
			upArrow.autoRepeat = true;
			upArrow.focusEnabled = false;
			addChild(upArrow);
			upArrow.addEventListener(ComponentEvent.BUTTON_DOWN, scrollPressHandler, false, 0, true);
			downArrow.addEventListener(ComponentEvent.BUTTON_DOWN, scrollPressHandler, false, 0, true);
			track.addEventListener(ComponentEvent.BUTTON_DOWN, scrollPressHandler, false, 0, true);
			thumb.addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_DOWN, thumbPressHandler, false, 0, true);
			enabled = false;
		}
		public function get direction():String{
			return (_direction);
		}
		public function get lineScrollSize():Number{
			return (_lineScrollSize);
		}
		override public function setSize(_arg1:Number, _arg2:Number):void{
			if (_direction == ScrollBarDirection.HORIZONTAL){
				super.setSize(_arg2, _arg1);
			} else {
				super.setSize(_arg1, _arg2);
			};
		}
		public function get maxScrollPosition():Number{
			return (_maxScrollPosition);
		}
		override public function get width():Number{
			return (((_direction)==ScrollBarDirection.HORIZONTAL) ? super.height : super.width);
		}
		protected function setStyles():void{
			copyStylesToChild(downArrow, DOWN_ARROW_STYLES);
			copyStylesToChild(thumb, THUMB_STYLES);
			copyStylesToChild(track, TRACK_STYLES);
			copyStylesToChild(upArrow, UP_ARROW_STYLES);
		}

		public static function getStyleDefinition():Object{
			return (defaultStyles);
		}

	}
}//package fl.controls 
Section 11
//ScrollBarDirection (fl.controls.ScrollBarDirection)
package fl.controls {

	public class ScrollBarDirection {

		public static const HORIZONTAL:String = "horizontal";
		public static const VERTICAL:String = "vertical";

	}
}//package fl.controls 
Section 12
//ScrollPolicy (fl.controls.ScrollPolicy)
package fl.controls {

	public class ScrollPolicy {

		public static const OFF:String = "off";
		public static const ON:String = "on";
		public static const AUTO:String = "auto";

	}
}//package fl.controls 
Section 13
//ComponentShim (fl.core.ComponentShim)
package fl.core {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class ComponentShim extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package fl.core 
Section 14
//InvalidationType (fl.core.InvalidationType)
package fl.core {

	public class InvalidationType {

		public static const SIZE:String = "size";
		public static const ALL:String = "all";
		public static const DATA:String = "data";
		public static const SCROLL:String = "scroll";
		public static const STATE:String = "state";
		public static const STYLES:String = "styles";
		public static const SELECTED:String = "selected";
		public static const RENDERER_STYLES:String = "rendererStyles";

	}
}//package fl.core 
Section 15
//UIComponent (fl.core.UIComponent)
package fl.core {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.events.*;
	import fl.managers.*;
	import flash.utils.*;
	import flash.text.*;
	import fl.events.*;
	import flash.system.*;

	public class UIComponent extends Sprite {

		protected var _enabled:Boolean;// = true
		private var _mouseFocusEnabled:Boolean;// = true
		protected var startHeight:Number;
		protected var _height:Number;
		protected var _oldIMEMode:String;// = null
		protected var startWidth:Number;
		public var focusTarget:IFocusManagerComponent;
		protected var errorCaught:Boolean;// = false
		protected var uiFocusRect:DisplayObject;
		protected var _width:Number;
		public var version:String;// = "3.0.0.15"
		protected var isFocused:Boolean;// = false
		protected var callLaterMethods:Dictionary;
		private var _focusEnabled:Boolean;// = true
		private var tempText:TextField;
		protected var invalidateFlag:Boolean;// = false
		protected var _inspector:Boolean;// = false
		protected var sharedStyles:Object;
		protected var invalidHash:Object;
		protected var isLivePreview:Boolean;// = false
		protected var _imeMode:String;// = null
		protected var instanceStyles:Object;
		protected var _x:Number;
		protected var _y:Number;

		public static var inCallLaterPhase:Boolean = false;
		private static var defaultStyles:Object = {focusRectSkin:"focusRectSkin", focusRectPadding:2, textFormat:new TextFormat("_sans", 11, 0, false, false, false, "", "", TextFormatAlign.LEFT, 0, 0, 0, 0), disabledTextFormat:new TextFormat("_sans", 11, 0x999999, false, false, false, "", "", TextFormatAlign.LEFT, 0, 0, 0, 0), defaultTextFormat:new TextFormat("_sans", 11, 0, false, false, false, "", "", TextFormatAlign.LEFT, 0, 0, 0, 0), defaultDisabledTextFormat:new TextFormat("_sans", 11, 0x999999, false, false, false, "", "", TextFormatAlign.LEFT, 0, 0, 0, 0)};
		public static var createAccessibilityImplementation:Function;
		private static var focusManagers:Dictionary = new Dictionary(false);

		public function UIComponent(){
			version = "3.0.0.15";
			isLivePreview = false;
			invalidateFlag = false;
			_enabled = true;
			isFocused = false;
			_focusEnabled = true;
			_mouseFocusEnabled = true;
			_imeMode = null;
			_oldIMEMode = null;
			errorCaught = false;
			_inspector = false;
			super();
			instanceStyles = {};
			sharedStyles = {};
			invalidHash = {};
			callLaterMethods = new Dictionary();
			StyleManager.registerInstance(this);
			configUI();
			invalidate(InvalidationType.ALL);
			tabEnabled = (this is IFocusManagerComponent);
			focusRect = false;
			if (tabEnabled){
				addEventListener(FocusEvent.FOCUS_IN, focusInHandler);
				addEventListener(FocusEvent.FOCUS_OUT, focusOutHandler);
				addEventListener(KeyboardEvent.KEY_DOWN, keyDownHandler);
				addEventListener(KeyboardEvent.KEY_UP, keyUpHandler);
			};
			initializeFocusManager();
			addEventListener(Event.ENTER_FRAME, hookAccessibility, false, 0, true);
		}
		public function drawFocus(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			var _local2:Number;
			isFocused = _arg1;
			if (((!((uiFocusRect == null))) && (contains(uiFocusRect)))){
				removeChild(uiFocusRect);
				uiFocusRect = null;
			};
			if (_arg1){
				uiFocusRect = (getDisplayObjectInstance(getStyleValue("focusRectSkin")) as Sprite);
				if (uiFocusRect == null){
					return;
				};
				_local2 = Number(getStyleValue("focusRectPadding"));
				uiFocusRect.x = -(_local2);
				uiFocusRect.y = -(_local2);
				uiFocusRect.width = (width + (_local2 * 2));
				uiFocusRect.height = (height + (_local2 * 2));
				addChildAt(uiFocusRect, 0);
			};
		}
		private function callLaterDispatcher(_arg1:Event):void{
			var _local2:Dictionary;
			var _local3:Object;
			if (_arg1.type == Event.ADDED_TO_STAGE){
				removeEventListener(Event.ADDED_TO_STAGE, callLaterDispatcher);
				stage.addEventListener(Event.RENDER, callLaterDispatcher, false, 0, true);
				stage.invalidate();
				return;
			};
			_arg1.target.removeEventListener(Event.RENDER, callLaterDispatcher);
			if (stage == null){
				addEventListener(Event.ADDED_TO_STAGE, callLaterDispatcher, false, 0, true);
				return;
			};
			inCallLaterPhase = true;
			_local2 = callLaterMethods;
			for (_local3 in _local2) {
				_local3();
				delete _local2[_local3];
			};
			inCallLaterPhase = false;
		}
		private function addedHandler(_arg1:Event):void{
			removeEventListener("addedToStage", addedHandler);
			initializeFocusManager();
		}
		protected function getStyleValue(_arg1:String):Object{
			return (((instanceStyles[_arg1])==null) ? sharedStyles[_arg1] : instanceStyles[_arg1]);
		}
		protected function isOurFocus(_arg1:DisplayObject):Boolean{
			return ((_arg1 == this));
		}
		override public function get scaleX():Number{
			return ((width / startWidth));
		}
		override public function get scaleY():Number{
			return ((height / startHeight));
		}
		override public function set height(_arg1:Number):void{
			if (_height == _arg1){
				return;
			};
			setSize(width, _arg1);
		}
		protected function keyDownHandler(_arg1:KeyboardEvent):void{
		}
		protected function focusInHandler(_arg1:FocusEvent):void{
			var _local2:IFocusManager;
			if (isOurFocus((_arg1.target as DisplayObject))){
				_local2 = focusManager;
				if (((_local2) && (_local2.showFocusIndicator))){
					drawFocus(true);
					isFocused = true;
				};
			};
		}
		public function setStyle(_arg1:String, _arg2:Object):void{
			if ((((instanceStyles[_arg1] === _arg2)) && (!((_arg2 is TextFormat))))){
				return;
			};
			instanceStyles[_arg1] = _arg2;
			invalidate(InvalidationType.STYLES);
		}
		override public function get visible():Boolean{
			return (super.visible);
		}
		public function get componentInspectorSetting():Boolean{
			return (_inspector);
		}
		override public function get x():Number{
			return ((isNaN(_x)) ? super.x : _x);
		}
		override public function get y():Number{
			return ((isNaN(_y)) ? super.y : _y);
		}
		protected function setIMEMode(_arg1:Boolean){
			var enabled = _arg1;
			if (_imeMode != null){
				if (enabled){
					IME.enabled = true;
					_oldIMEMode = IME.conversionMode;
					try {
						if (((!(errorCaught)) && (!((IME.conversionMode == IMEConversionMode.UNKNOWN))))){
							IME.conversionMode = _imeMode;
						};
						errorCaught = false;
					} catch(e:Error) {
						errorCaught = true;
						throw (new Error(("IME mode not supported: " + _imeMode)));
					};
				} else {
					if (((!((IME.conversionMode == IMEConversionMode.UNKNOWN))) && (!((_oldIMEMode == IMEConversionMode.UNKNOWN))))){
						IME.conversionMode = _oldIMEMode;
					};
					IME.enabled = false;
				};
			};
		}
		public function set enabled(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			if (_arg1 == _enabled){
				return;
			};
			_enabled = _arg1;
			invalidate(InvalidationType.STATE);
		}
		public function setSharedStyle(_arg1:String, _arg2:Object):void{
			if ((((sharedStyles[_arg1] === _arg2)) && (!((_arg2 is TextFormat))))){
				return;
			};
			sharedStyles[_arg1] = _arg2;
			if (instanceStyles[_arg1] == null){
				invalidate(InvalidationType.STYLES);
			};
		}
		protected function keyUpHandler(_arg1:KeyboardEvent):void{
		}
		public function set focusEnabled(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			_focusEnabled = _arg1;
		}
		override public function set scaleX(_arg1:Number):void{
			setSize((startWidth * _arg1), height);
		}
		public function get mouseFocusEnabled():Boolean{
			return (_mouseFocusEnabled);
		}
		override public function set scaleY(_arg1:Number):void{
			setSize(width, (startHeight * _arg1));
		}
		protected function getDisplayObjectInstance(_arg1:Object):DisplayObject{
			var classDef:Object;
			var skin = _arg1;
			classDef = null;
			if ((skin is Class)){
				return ((new (skin) as DisplayObject));
			};
			if ((skin is DisplayObject)){
				(skin as DisplayObject).x = 0;
				(skin as DisplayObject).y = 0;
				return ((skin as DisplayObject));
			};
			try {
				classDef = getDefinitionByName(skin.toString());
			} catch(e:Error) {
				try {
					classDef = (loaderInfo.applicationDomain.getDefinition(skin.toString()) as Object);
				} catch(e:Error) {
				};
			};
			if (classDef == null){
				return (null);
			};
			return ((new (classDef) as DisplayObject));
		}
		protected function copyStylesToChild(_arg1:UIComponent, _arg2:Object):void{
			var _local3:String;
			for (_local3 in _arg2) {
				_arg1.setStyle(_local3, getStyleValue(_arg2[_local3]));
			};
		}
		protected function beforeComponentParameters():void{
		}
		protected function callLater(_arg1:Function):void{
			if (inCallLaterPhase){
				return;
			};
			callLaterMethods[_arg1] = true;
			if (stage != null){
				stage.addEventListener(Event.RENDER, callLaterDispatcher, false, 0, true);
				stage.invalidate();
			} else {
				addEventListener(Event.ADDED_TO_STAGE, callLaterDispatcher, false, 0, true);
			};
		}
		protected function createFocusManager():void{
			if (focusManagers[stage] == null){
				focusManagers[stage] = new FocusManager(stage);
			};
		}
		override public function set visible(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			var _local2:String;
			if (super.visible == _arg1){
				return;
			};
			super.visible = _arg1;
			_local2 = (_arg1) ? ComponentEvent.SHOW : ComponentEvent.HIDE;
			dispatchEvent(new ComponentEvent(_local2, true));
		}
		protected function hookAccessibility(_arg1:Event):void{
			removeEventListener(Event.ENTER_FRAME, hookAccessibility);
			initializeAccessibility();
		}
		public function set componentInspectorSetting(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			_inspector = _arg1;
			if (_inspector){
				beforeComponentParameters();
			} else {
				afterComponentParameters();
			};
		}
		override public function set x(_arg1:Number):void{
			move(_arg1, _y);
		}
		public function drawNow():void{
			draw();
		}
		override public function set y(_arg1:Number):void{
			move(_x, _arg1);
		}
		protected function checkLivePreview():Boolean{
			var className:String;
			if (parent == null){
				return (false);
			};
			try {
				className = getQualifiedClassName(parent);
			} catch(e:Error) {
			};
			return ((className == "fl.livepreview::LivePreviewParent"));
		}
		protected function focusOutHandler(_arg1:FocusEvent):void{
			if (isOurFocus((_arg1.target as DisplayObject))){
				drawFocus(false);
				isFocused = false;
			};
		}
		public function set mouseFocusEnabled(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			_mouseFocusEnabled = _arg1;
		}
		public function getFocus():InteractiveObject{
			if (stage){
				return (stage.focus);
			};
			return (null);
		}
		protected function validate():void{
			invalidHash = {};
		}
		override public function get height():Number{
			return (_height);
		}
		public function invalidate(_arg1:String="all", _arg2:Boolean=true):void{
			invalidHash[_arg1] = true;
			if (_arg2){
				this.callLater(draw);
			};
		}
		public function get enabled():Boolean{
			return (_enabled);
		}
		protected function getScaleX():Number{
			return (super.scaleX);
		}
		protected function getScaleY():Number{
			return (super.scaleY);
		}
		public function get focusEnabled():Boolean{
			return (_focusEnabled);
		}
		protected function afterComponentParameters():void{
		}
		protected function draw():void{
			if (isInvalid(InvalidationType.SIZE, InvalidationType.STYLES)){
				if (((isFocused) && (focusManager.showFocusIndicator))){
					drawFocus(true);
				};
			};
			validate();
		}
		protected function configUI():void{
			var _local1:Number;
			var _local2:Number;
			var _local3:Number;
			isLivePreview = checkLivePreview();
			_local1 = rotation;
			rotation = 0;
			_local2 = super.width;
			_local3 = super.height;
			var _local4 = 1;
			super.scaleY = _local4;
			super.scaleX = _local4;
			setSize(_local2, _local3);
			move(super.x, super.y);
			rotation = _local1;
			startWidth = _local2;
			startHeight = _local3;
			if (numChildren > 0){
				removeChildAt(0);
			};
		}
		protected function setScaleX(_arg1:Number):void{
			super.scaleX = _arg1;
		}
		protected function setScaleY(_arg1:Number):void{
			super.scaleY = _arg1;
		}
		private function initializeFocusManager():void{
			if (stage == null){
				addEventListener(Event.ADDED_TO_STAGE, addedHandler, false, 0, true);
			} else {
				createFocusManager();
			};
		}
		public function set focusManager(_arg1:IFocusManager):void{
			UIComponent.focusManagers[this] = _arg1;
		}
		public function clearStyle(_arg1:String):void{
			setStyle(_arg1, null);
		}
		protected function isInvalid(_arg1:String, ... _args):Boolean{
			if (((invalidHash[_arg1]) || (invalidHash[InvalidationType.ALL]))){
				return (true);
			};
			while (_args.length > 0) {
				if (invalidHash[_args.pop()]){
					return (true);
				};
			};
			return (false);
		}
		public function setSize(_arg1:Number, _arg2:Number):void{
			_width = _arg1;
			_height = _arg2;
			invalidate(InvalidationType.SIZE);
			dispatchEvent(new ComponentEvent(ComponentEvent.RESIZE, false));
		}
		override public function set width(_arg1:Number):void{
			if (_width == _arg1){
				return;
			};
			setSize(_arg1, height);
		}
		public function setFocus():void{
			if (stage){
				stage.focus = this;
			};
		}
		protected function initializeAccessibility():void{
			if (UIComponent.createAccessibilityImplementation != null){
				UIComponent.createAccessibilityImplementation(this);
			};
		}
		public function get focusManager():IFocusManager{
			var _local1:DisplayObject;
			_local1 = this;
			while (_local1) {
				if (UIComponent.focusManagers[_local1] != null){
					return (IFocusManager(UIComponent.focusManagers[_local1]));
				};
				_local1 = _local1.parent;
			};
			return (null);
		}
		override public function get width():Number{
			return (_width);
		}
		public function move(_arg1:Number, _arg2:Number):void{
			_x = _arg1;
			_y = _arg2;
			super.x = Math.round(_arg1);
			super.y = Math.round(_arg2);
			dispatchEvent(new ComponentEvent(ComponentEvent.MOVE));
		}
		public function validateNow():void{
			invalidate(InvalidationType.ALL, false);
			draw();
		}
		public function getStyle(_arg1:String):Object{
			return (instanceStyles[_arg1]);
		}

		public static function getStyleDefinition():Object{
			return (defaultStyles);
		}
		public static function mergeStyles(... _args):Object{
			var _local2:Object;
			var _local3:uint;
			var _local4:uint;
			var _local5:Object;
			var _local6:String;
			_local2 = {};
			_local3 = _args.length;
			_local4 = 0;
			while (_local4 < _local3) {
				_local5 = _args[_local4];
				for (_local6 in _local5) {
					if (_local2[_local6] != null){
					} else {
						_local2[_local6] = _args[_local4][_local6];
					};
				};
				_local4++;
			};
			return (_local2);
		}

	}
}//package fl.core 
Section 16
//ComponentEvent (fl.events.ComponentEvent)
package fl.events {
	import flash.events.*;

	public class ComponentEvent extends Event {

		public static const HIDE:String = "hide";
		public static const BUTTON_DOWN:String = "buttonDown";
		public static const MOVE:String = "move";
		public static const RESIZE:String = "resize";
		public static const ENTER:String = "enter";
		public static const LABEL_CHANGE:String = "labelChange";
		public static const SHOW:String = "show";

		public function ComponentEvent(_arg1:String, _arg2:Boolean=false, _arg3:Boolean=false){
			super(_arg1, _arg2, _arg3);
		}
		override public function toString():String{
			return (formatToString("ComponentEvent", "type", "bubbles", "cancelable"));
		}
		override public function clone():Event{
			return (new ComponentEvent(type, bubbles, cancelable));
		}

	}
}//package fl.events 
Section 17
//ScrollEvent (fl.events.ScrollEvent)
package fl.events {
	import flash.events.*;

	public class ScrollEvent extends Event {

		private var _position:Number;
		private var _direction:String;
		private var _delta:Number;

		public static const SCROLL:String = "scroll";

		public function ScrollEvent(_arg1:String, _arg2:Number, _arg3:Number){
			super(ScrollEvent.SCROLL, false, false);
			_direction = _arg1;
			_delta = _arg2;
			_position = _arg3;
		}
		override public function clone():Event{
			return (new ScrollEvent(_direction, _delta, _position));
		}
		public function get position():Number{
			return (_position);
		}
		override public function toString():String{
			return (formatToString("ScrollEvent", "type", "bubbles", "cancelable", "direction", "delta", "position"));
		}
		public function get delta():Number{
			return (_delta);
		}
		public function get direction():String{
			return (_direction);
		}

	}
}//package fl.events 
Section 18
//FocusManager (fl.managers.FocusManager)
package fl.managers {
	import fl.controls.*;
	import flash.display.*;
	import fl.core.*;
	import flash.events.*;
	import flash.utils.*;
	import flash.text.*;
	import flash.ui.*;

	public class FocusManager implements IFocusManager {

		private var focusableObjects:Dictionary;
		private var _showFocusIndicator:Boolean;// = true
		private var defButton:Button;
		private var focusableCandidates:Array;
		private var _form:DisplayObjectContainer;
		private var _defaultButtonEnabled:Boolean;// = true
		private var activated:Boolean;// = false
		private var _defaultButton:Button;
		private var calculateCandidates:Boolean;// = true
		private var lastFocus:InteractiveObject;
		private var lastAction:String;

		public function FocusManager(_arg1:DisplayObjectContainer){
			activated = false;
			calculateCandidates = true;
			_showFocusIndicator = true;
			_defaultButtonEnabled = true;
			super();
			focusableObjects = new Dictionary(true);
			if (_arg1 != null){
				_form = _arg1;
				addFocusables(DisplayObject(_arg1));
				_arg1.addEventListener(Event.ADDED, addedHandler);
				_arg1.addEventListener(Event.REMOVED, removedHandler);
				activate();
			};
		}
		public function get showFocusIndicator():Boolean{
			return (_showFocusIndicator);
		}
		private function getIndexOfNextObject(_arg1:int, _arg2:Boolean, _arg3:Boolean, _arg4:String):int{
			var _local5:int;
			var _local6:int;
			var _local7:DisplayObject;
			var _local8:IFocusManagerGroup;
			var _local9:int;
			var _local10:DisplayObject;
			var _local11:IFocusManagerGroup;
			_local5 = focusableCandidates.length;
			_local6 = _arg1;
			while (true) {
				if (_arg2){
					_arg1--;
				} else {
					_arg1++;
				};
				if (_arg3){
					if (((_arg2) && ((_arg1 < 0)))){
						break;
					};
					if (((!(_arg2)) && ((_arg1 == _local5)))){
						break;
					};
				} else {
					_arg1 = ((_arg1 + _local5) % _local5);
					if (_local6 == _arg1){
						break;
					};
				};
				if (isValidFocusCandidate(focusableCandidates[_arg1], _arg4)){
					_local7 = DisplayObject(findFocusManagerComponent(focusableCandidates[_arg1]));
					if ((_local7 is IFocusManagerGroup)){
						_local8 = IFocusManagerGroup(_local7);
						_local9 = 0;
						while (_local9 < focusableCandidates.length) {
							_local10 = focusableCandidates[_local9];
							if ((_local10 is IFocusManagerGroup)){
								_local11 = IFocusManagerGroup(_local10);
								if ((((_local11.groupName == _local8.groupName)) && (_local11.selected))){
									_arg1 = _local9;
									break;
								};
							};
							_local9++;
						};
					};
					return (_arg1);
				};
			};
			return (_arg1);
		}
		public function set form(_arg1:DisplayObjectContainer):void{
			_form = _arg1;
		}
		private function addFocusables(_arg1:DisplayObject, _arg2:Boolean=false):void{
			var focusable:IFocusManagerComponent;
			var io:InteractiveObject;
			var doc:DisplayObjectContainer;
			var i:int;
			var child:DisplayObject;
			var o = _arg1;
			var skipTopLevel = _arg2;
			if (!skipTopLevel){
				if ((o is IFocusManagerComponent)){
					focusable = IFocusManagerComponent(o);
					if (focusable.focusEnabled){
						if (((focusable.tabEnabled) && (isTabVisible(o)))){
							focusableObjects[o] = true;
							calculateCandidates = true;
						};
						o.addEventListener(Event.TAB_ENABLED_CHANGE, tabEnabledChangeHandler);
						o.addEventListener(Event.TAB_INDEX_CHANGE, tabIndexChangeHandler);
					};
				} else {
					if ((o is InteractiveObject)){
						io = (o as InteractiveObject);
						if (((((io) && (io.tabEnabled))) && ((findFocusManagerComponent(io) == io)))){
							focusableObjects[io] = true;
							calculateCandidates = true;
						};
						io.addEventListener(Event.TAB_ENABLED_CHANGE, tabEnabledChangeHandler);
						io.addEventListener(Event.TAB_INDEX_CHANGE, tabIndexChangeHandler);
					};
				};
			};
			if ((o is DisplayObjectContainer)){
				doc = DisplayObjectContainer(o);
				o.addEventListener(Event.TAB_CHILDREN_CHANGE, tabChildrenChangeHandler);
				if ((((((doc is Stage)) || ((doc.parent is Stage)))) || (doc.tabChildren))){
					i = 0;
					while (i < doc.numChildren) {
						try {
							child = doc.getChildAt(i);
							if (child != null){
								addFocusables(doc.getChildAt(i));
							};
						} catch(error:SecurityError) {
						};
						i = (i + 1);
					};
				};
			};
		}
		private function getChildIndex(_arg1:DisplayObjectContainer, _arg2:DisplayObject):int{
			return (_arg1.getChildIndex(_arg2));
		}
		private function mouseFocusChangeHandler(_arg1:FocusEvent):void{
			if ((_arg1.relatedObject is TextField)){
				return;
			};
			_arg1.preventDefault();
		}
		private function focusOutHandler(_arg1:FocusEvent):void{
			var _local2:InteractiveObject;
			_local2 = (_arg1.target as InteractiveObject);
		}
		private function isValidFocusCandidate(_arg1:DisplayObject, _arg2:String):Boolean{
			var _local3:IFocusManagerGroup;
			if (!isEnabledAndVisible(_arg1)){
				return (false);
			};
			if ((_arg1 is IFocusManagerGroup)){
				_local3 = IFocusManagerGroup(_arg1);
				if (_arg2 == _local3.groupName){
					return (false);
				};
			};
			return (true);
		}
		public function findFocusManagerComponent(_arg1:InteractiveObject):InteractiveObject{
			var _local2:InteractiveObject;
			_local2 = _arg1;
			while (_arg1) {
				if ((((_arg1 is IFocusManagerComponent)) && (IFocusManagerComponent(_arg1).focusEnabled))){
					return (_arg1);
				};
				_arg1 = _arg1.parent;
			};
			return (_local2);
		}
		private function sortFocusableObjectsTabIndex():void{
			var _local1:Object;
			var _local2:InteractiveObject;
			focusableCandidates = [];
			for (_local1 in focusableObjects) {
				_local2 = InteractiveObject(_local1);
				if (((_local2.tabIndex) && (!(isNaN(Number(_local2.tabIndex)))))){
					focusableCandidates.push(_local2);
				};
			};
			focusableCandidates.sort(sortByTabIndex);
		}
		private function removeFocusables(_arg1:DisplayObject):void{
			var _local2:Object;
			var _local3:DisplayObject;
			if ((_arg1 is DisplayObjectContainer)){
				_arg1.removeEventListener(Event.TAB_CHILDREN_CHANGE, tabChildrenChangeHandler);
				_arg1.removeEventListener(Event.TAB_INDEX_CHANGE, tabIndexChangeHandler);
				for (_local2 in focusableObjects) {
					_local3 = DisplayObject(_local2);
					if (DisplayObjectContainer(_arg1).contains(_local3)){
						if (_local3 == lastFocus){
							lastFocus = null;
						};
						_local3.removeEventListener(Event.TAB_ENABLED_CHANGE, tabEnabledChangeHandler);
						delete focusableObjects[_local2];
						calculateCandidates = true;
					};
				};
			};
		}
		private function addedHandler(_arg1:Event):void{
			var _local2:DisplayObject;
			_local2 = DisplayObject(_arg1.target);
			if (_local2.stage){
				addFocusables(DisplayObject(_arg1.target));
			};
		}
		private function getTopLevelFocusTarget(_arg1:InteractiveObject):InteractiveObject{
			while (_arg1 != InteractiveObject(form)) {
				if ((((((((_arg1 is IFocusManagerComponent)) && (IFocusManagerComponent(_arg1).focusEnabled))) && (IFocusManagerComponent(_arg1).mouseFocusEnabled))) && (UIComponent(_arg1).enabled))){
					return (_arg1);
				};
				_arg1 = _arg1.parent;
				if (_arg1 == null){
					break;
				};
			};
			return (null);
		}
		private function tabChildrenChangeHandler(_arg1:Event):void{
			var _local2:DisplayObjectContainer;
			if (_arg1.target != _arg1.currentTarget){
				return;
			};
			calculateCandidates = true;
			_local2 = DisplayObjectContainer(_arg1.target);
			if (_local2.tabChildren){
				addFocusables(_local2, true);
			} else {
				removeFocusables(_local2);
			};
		}
		public function sendDefaultButtonEvent():void{
			defButton.dispatchEvent(new MouseEvent(MouseEvent.CLICK));
		}
		public function getFocus():InteractiveObject{
			var _local1:InteractiveObject;
			_local1 = form.stage.focus;
			return (findFocusManagerComponent(_local1));
		}
		private function isEnabledAndVisible(_arg1:DisplayObject):Boolean{
			var _local2:DisplayObjectContainer;
			var _local3:TextField;
			var _local4:SimpleButton;
			_local2 = DisplayObject(form).parent;
			while (_arg1 != _local2) {
				if ((_arg1 is UIComponent)){
					if (!UIComponent(_arg1).enabled){
						return (false);
					};
				} else {
					if ((_arg1 is TextField)){
						_local3 = TextField(_arg1);
						if ((((_local3.type == TextFieldType.DYNAMIC)) || (!(_local3.selectable)))){
							return (false);
						};
					} else {
						if ((_arg1 is SimpleButton)){
							_local4 = SimpleButton(_arg1);
							if (!_local4.enabled){
								return (false);
							};
						};
					};
				};
				if (!_arg1.visible){
					return (false);
				};
				_arg1 = _arg1.parent;
			};
			return (true);
		}
		public function set defaultButton(_arg1:Button):void{
			var _local2:Button;
			_local2 = (_arg1) ? Button(_arg1) : null;
			if (_local2 != _defaultButton){
				if (_defaultButton){
					_defaultButton.emphasized = false;
				};
				if (defButton){
					defButton.emphasized = false;
				};
				_defaultButton = _local2;
				defButton = _local2;
				if (_local2){
					_local2.emphasized = true;
				};
			};
		}
		private function deactivateHandler(_arg1:Event):void{
			var _local2:InteractiveObject;
			_local2 = InteractiveObject(_arg1.target);
		}
		public function setFocus(_arg1:InteractiveObject):void{
			if ((_arg1 is IFocusManagerComponent)){
				IFocusManagerComponent(_arg1).setFocus();
			} else {
				form.stage.focus = _arg1;
			};
		}
		private function setFocusToNextObject(_arg1:FocusEvent):void{
			var _local2:InteractiveObject;
			if (!hasFocusableObjects()){
				return;
			};
			_local2 = getNextFocusManagerComponent(_arg1.shiftKey);
			if (_local2){
				setFocus(_local2);
			};
		}
		private function hasFocusableObjects():Boolean{
			var _local1:Object;
			for (_local1 in focusableObjects) {
				return (true);
			};
			return (false);
		}
		private function tabIndexChangeHandler(_arg1:Event):void{
			calculateCandidates = true;
		}
		private function sortFocusableObjects():void{
			var _local1:Object;
			var _local2:InteractiveObject;
			focusableCandidates = [];
			for (_local1 in focusableObjects) {
				_local2 = InteractiveObject(_local1);
				if (((((_local2.tabIndex) && (!(isNaN(Number(_local2.tabIndex)))))) && ((_local2.tabIndex > 0)))){
					sortFocusableObjectsTabIndex();
					return;
				};
				focusableCandidates.push(_local2);
			};
			focusableCandidates.sort(sortByDepth);
		}
		private function keyFocusChangeHandler(_arg1:FocusEvent):void{
			showFocusIndicator = true;
			if ((((((_arg1.keyCode == Keyboard.TAB)) || ((_arg1.keyCode == 0)))) && (!(_arg1.isDefaultPrevented())))){
				setFocusToNextObject(_arg1);
				_arg1.preventDefault();
			};
		}
		private function getIndexOfFocusedObject(_arg1:DisplayObject):int{
			var _local2:int;
			var _local3:int;
			_local2 = focusableCandidates.length;
			_local3 = 0;
			_local3 = 0;
			while (_local3 < _local2) {
				if (focusableCandidates[_local3] == _arg1){
					return (_local3);
				};
				_local3++;
			};
			return (-1);
		}
		public function hideFocus():void{
		}
		private function removedHandler(_arg1:Event):void{
			var _local2:int;
			var _local3:DisplayObject;
			var _local4:InteractiveObject;
			_local3 = DisplayObject(_arg1.target);
			if ((((_local3 is IFocusManagerComponent)) && ((focusableObjects[_local3] == true)))){
				if (_local3 == lastFocus){
					IFocusManagerComponent(lastFocus).drawFocus(false);
					lastFocus = null;
				};
				_local3.removeEventListener(Event.TAB_ENABLED_CHANGE, tabEnabledChangeHandler);
				delete focusableObjects[_local3];
				calculateCandidates = true;
			} else {
				if ((((_local3 is InteractiveObject)) && ((focusableObjects[_local3] == true)))){
					_local4 = (_local3 as InteractiveObject);
					if (_local4){
						if (_local4 == lastFocus){
							lastFocus = null;
						};
						delete focusableObjects[_local4];
						calculateCandidates = true;
					};
					_local3.addEventListener(Event.TAB_ENABLED_CHANGE, tabEnabledChangeHandler);
				};
			};
			removeFocusables(_local3);
		}
		private function sortByDepth(_arg1:InteractiveObject, _arg2:InteractiveObject):Number{
			var _local3:String;
			var _local4:String;
			var _local5:int;
			var _local6:String;
			var _local7:String;
			var _local8:String;
			var _local9:DisplayObject;
			var _local10:DisplayObject;
			_local3 = "";
			_local4 = "";
			_local8 = "0000";
			_local9 = DisplayObject(_arg1);
			_local10 = DisplayObject(_arg2);
			while (((!((_local9 == DisplayObject(form)))) && (_local9.parent))) {
				_local5 = getChildIndex(_local9.parent, _local9);
				_local6 = _local5.toString(16);
				if (_local6.length < 4){
					_local7 = (_local8.substring(0, (4 - _local6.length)) + _local6);
				};
				_local3 = (_local7 + _local3);
				_local9 = _local9.parent;
			};
			while (((!((_local10 == DisplayObject(form)))) && (_local10.parent))) {
				_local5 = getChildIndex(_local10.parent, _local10);
				_local6 = _local5.toString(16);
				if (_local6.length < 4){
					_local7 = (_local8.substring(0, (4 - _local6.length)) + _local6);
				};
				_local4 = (_local7 + _local4);
				_local10 = _local10.parent;
			};
			return (((_local3 > _local4)) ? 1 : ((_local3 < _local4)) ? -1 : 0);
		}
		public function get defaultButton():Button{
			return (_defaultButton);
		}
		private function activateHandler(_arg1:Event):void{
			var _local2:InteractiveObject;
			_local2 = InteractiveObject(_arg1.target);
			if (lastFocus){
				if ((lastFocus is IFocusManagerComponent)){
					IFocusManagerComponent(lastFocus).setFocus();
				} else {
					form.stage.focus = lastFocus;
				};
			};
			lastAction = "ACTIVATE";
		}
		public function showFocus():void{
		}
		public function set defaultButtonEnabled(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			_defaultButtonEnabled = _arg1;
		}
		public function getNextFocusManagerComponent(_arg1:Boolean=false):InteractiveObject{
			var _local2:DisplayObject;
			var _local3:String;
			var _local4:int;
			var _local5:Boolean;
			var _local6:int;
			var _local7:int;
			var _local8:IFocusManagerGroup;
			if (!hasFocusableObjects()){
				return (null);
			};
			if (calculateCandidates){
				sortFocusableObjects();
				calculateCandidates = false;
			};
			_local2 = form.stage.focus;
			_local2 = DisplayObject(findFocusManagerComponent(InteractiveObject(_local2)));
			_local3 = "";
			if ((_local2 is IFocusManagerGroup)){
				_local8 = IFocusManagerGroup(_local2);
				_local3 = _local8.groupName;
			};
			_local4 = getIndexOfFocusedObject(_local2);
			_local5 = false;
			_local6 = _local4;
			if (_local4 == -1){
				if (_arg1){
					_local4 = focusableCandidates.length;
				};
				_local5 = true;
			};
			_local7 = getIndexOfNextObject(_local4, _arg1, _local5, _local3);
			return (findFocusManagerComponent(focusableCandidates[_local7]));
		}
		private function mouseDownHandler(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			var _local2:InteractiveObject;
			if (_arg1.isDefaultPrevented()){
				return;
			};
			_local2 = getTopLevelFocusTarget(InteractiveObject(_arg1.target));
			if (!_local2){
				return;
			};
			showFocusIndicator = false;
			if (((((!((_local2 == lastFocus))) || ((lastAction == "ACTIVATE")))) && (!((_local2 is TextField))))){
				setFocus(_local2);
			};
			lastAction = "MOUSEDOWN";
		}
		private function isTabVisible(_arg1:DisplayObject):Boolean{
			var _local2:DisplayObjectContainer;
			_local2 = _arg1.parent;
			while (((((_local2) && (!((_local2 is Stage))))) && (!(((_local2.parent) && ((_local2.parent is Stage))))))) {
				if (!_local2.tabChildren){
					return (false);
				};
				_local2 = _local2.parent;
			};
			return (true);
		}
		public function get nextTabIndex():int{
			return (0);
		}
		private function keyDownHandler(_arg1:KeyboardEvent):void{
			if (_arg1.keyCode == Keyboard.TAB){
				lastAction = "KEY";
				if (calculateCandidates){
					sortFocusableObjects();
					calculateCandidates = false;
				};
			};
			if (((((((defaultButtonEnabled) && ((_arg1.keyCode == Keyboard.ENTER)))) && (defaultButton))) && (defButton.enabled))){
				sendDefaultButtonEvent();
			};
		}
		private function focusInHandler(_arg1:FocusEvent):void{
			var _local2:InteractiveObject;
			var _local3:Button;
			_local2 = InteractiveObject(_arg1.target);
			if (form.contains(_local2)){
				lastFocus = findFocusManagerComponent(InteractiveObject(_local2));
				if ((lastFocus is Button)){
					_local3 = Button(lastFocus);
					if (defButton){
						defButton.emphasized = false;
						defButton = _local3;
						_local3.emphasized = true;
					};
				} else {
					if (((defButton) && (!((defButton == _defaultButton))))){
						defButton.emphasized = false;
						defButton = _defaultButton;
						_defaultButton.emphasized = true;
					};
				};
			};
		}
		private function tabEnabledChangeHandler(_arg1:Event):void{
			var _local2:InteractiveObject;
			var _local3:Boolean;
			calculateCandidates = true;
			_local2 = InteractiveObject(_arg1.target);
			_local3 = (focusableObjects[_local2] == true);
			if (_local2.tabEnabled){
				if (((!(_local3)) && (isTabVisible(_local2)))){
					if (!(_local2 is IFocusManagerComponent)){
						_local2.focusRect = false;
					};
					focusableObjects[_local2] = true;
				};
			} else {
				if (_local3){
					delete focusableObjects[_local2];
				};
			};
		}
		public function set showFocusIndicator(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			_showFocusIndicator = _arg1;
		}
		public function get form():DisplayObjectContainer{
			return (_form);
		}
		private function sortByTabIndex(_arg1:InteractiveObject, _arg2:InteractiveObject):int{
			return (((_arg1.tabIndex > _arg2.tabIndex)) ? 1 : ((_arg1.tabIndex < _arg2.tabIndex)) ? -1 : sortByDepth(_arg1, _arg2));
		}
		public function activate():void{
			if (activated){
				return;
			};
			form.stage.addEventListener(FocusEvent.MOUSE_FOCUS_CHANGE, mouseFocusChangeHandler, false, 0, true);
			form.stage.addEventListener(FocusEvent.KEY_FOCUS_CHANGE, keyFocusChangeHandler, false, 0, true);
			form.addEventListener(FocusEvent.FOCUS_IN, focusInHandler, true);
			form.addEventListener(FocusEvent.FOCUS_OUT, focusOutHandler, true);
			form.stage.addEventListener(Event.ACTIVATE, activateHandler, false, 0, true);
			form.stage.addEventListener(Event.DEACTIVATE, deactivateHandler, false, 0, true);
			form.addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_DOWN, mouseDownHandler);
			form.addEventListener(KeyboardEvent.KEY_DOWN, keyDownHandler, true);
			activated = true;
			if (lastFocus){
				setFocus(lastFocus);
			};
		}
		public function deactivate():void{
			form.stage.removeEventListener(FocusEvent.MOUSE_FOCUS_CHANGE, mouseFocusChangeHandler);
			form.stage.removeEventListener(FocusEvent.KEY_FOCUS_CHANGE, keyFocusChangeHandler);
			form.removeEventListener(FocusEvent.FOCUS_IN, focusInHandler, true);
			form.removeEventListener(FocusEvent.FOCUS_OUT, focusOutHandler, true);
			form.stage.removeEventListener(Event.ACTIVATE, activateHandler);
			form.stage.removeEventListener(Event.DEACTIVATE, deactivateHandler);
			form.removeEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_DOWN, mouseDownHandler);
			form.removeEventListener(KeyboardEvent.KEY_DOWN, keyDownHandler, true);
			activated = false;
		}
		public function get defaultButtonEnabled():Boolean{
			return (_defaultButtonEnabled);
		}

	}
}//package fl.managers 
Section 19
//IFocusManager (fl.managers.IFocusManager)
package fl.managers {
	import fl.controls.*;
	import flash.display.*;

	public interface IFocusManager {

		function getFocus():InteractiveObject;
		function deactivate():void;
		function set defaultButton(_arg1:Button):void;
		function set showFocusIndicator(_arg1:Boolean):void;
		function get defaultButtonEnabled():Boolean;
		function get nextTabIndex():int;
		function get defaultButton():Button;
		function get showFocusIndicator():Boolean;
		function setFocus(_arg1:InteractiveObject):void;
		function activate():void;
		function showFocus():void;
		function set defaultButtonEnabled(_arg1:Boolean):void;
		function hideFocus():void;
		function findFocusManagerComponent(_arg1:InteractiveObject):InteractiveObject;
		function getNextFocusManagerComponent(_arg1:Boolean=false):InteractiveObject;

	}
}//package fl.managers 
Section 20
//IFocusManagerComponent (fl.managers.IFocusManagerComponent)
package fl.managers {

	public interface IFocusManagerComponent {

		function set focusEnabled(_arg1:Boolean):void;
		function drawFocus(_arg1:Boolean):void;
		function setFocus():void;
		function get focusEnabled():Boolean;
		function get tabEnabled():Boolean;
		function get tabIndex():int;
		function get mouseFocusEnabled():Boolean;

	}
}//package fl.managers 
Section 21
//IFocusManagerGroup (fl.managers.IFocusManagerGroup)
package fl.managers {

	public interface IFocusManagerGroup {

		function set groupName(_arg1:String):void;
		function set selected(_arg1:Boolean):void;
		function get groupName():String;
		function get selected():Boolean;

	}
}//package fl.managers 
Section 22
//StyleManager (fl.managers.StyleManager)
package fl.managers {
	import fl.core.*;
	import flash.utils.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class StyleManager {

		private var globalStyles:Object;
		private var classToDefaultStylesDict:Dictionary;
		private var styleToClassesHash:Object;
		private var classToStylesDict:Dictionary;
		private var classToInstancesDict:Dictionary;

		private static var _instance:StyleManager;

		public function StyleManager(){
			styleToClassesHash = {};
			classToInstancesDict = new Dictionary(true);
			classToStylesDict = new Dictionary(true);
			classToDefaultStylesDict = new Dictionary(true);
			globalStyles = UIComponent.getStyleDefinition();
		}
		public static function clearComponentStyle(_arg1:Object, _arg2:String):void{
			var _local3:Class;
			var _local4:Object;
			_local3 = getClassDef(_arg1);
			_local4 = getInstance().classToStylesDict[_local3];
			if (((!((_local4 == null))) && (!((_local4[_arg2] == null))))){
				delete _local4[_arg2];
				invalidateComponentStyle(_local3, _arg2);
			};
		}
		private static function getClassDef(_arg1:Object):Class{
			var component = _arg1;
			if ((component is Class)){
				return ((component as Class));
			};
			try {
				return ((getDefinitionByName(getQualifiedClassName(component)) as Class));
			} catch(e:Error) {
				if ((component is UIComponent)){
					try {
						return ((component.loaderInfo.applicationDomain.getDefinition(getQualifiedClassName(component)) as Class));
					} catch(e:Error) {
					};
				};
			};
			return (null);
		}
		public static function clearStyle(_arg1:String):void{
			setStyle(_arg1, null);
		}
		public static function setComponentStyle(_arg1:Object, _arg2:String, _arg3:Object):void{
			var _local4:Class;
			var _local5:Object;
			_local4 = getClassDef(_arg1);
			_local5 = getInstance().classToStylesDict[_local4];
			if (_local5 == null){
				_local5 = (getInstance().classToStylesDict[_local4] = {});
			};
			if (_local5 == _arg3){
				return;
			};
			_local5[_arg2] = _arg3;
			invalidateComponentStyle(_local4, _arg2);
		}
		private static function setSharedStyles(_arg1:UIComponent):void{
			var _local2:StyleManager;
			var _local3:Class;
			var _local4:Object;
			var _local5:String;
			_local2 = getInstance();
			_local3 = getClassDef(_arg1);
			_local4 = _local2.classToDefaultStylesDict[_local3];
			for (_local5 in _local4) {
				_arg1.setSharedStyle(_local5, getSharedStyle(_arg1, _local5));
			};
		}
		public static function getComponentStyle(_arg1:Object, _arg2:String):Object{
			var _local3:Class;
			var _local4:Object;
			_local3 = getClassDef(_arg1);
			_local4 = getInstance().classToStylesDict[_local3];
			return (((_local4)==null) ? null : _local4[_arg2]);
		}
		private static function getInstance(){
			if (_instance == null){
				_instance = new (StyleManager);
			};
			return (_instance);
		}
		private static function invalidateComponentStyle(_arg1:Class, _arg2:String):void{
			var _local3:Dictionary;
			var _local4:Object;
			var _local5:UIComponent;
			_local3 = getInstance().classToInstancesDict[_arg1];
			if (_local3 == null){
				return;
			};
			for (_local4 in _local3) {
				_local5 = (_local4 as UIComponent);
				if (_local5 == null){
				} else {
					_local5.setSharedStyle(_arg2, getSharedStyle(_local5, _arg2));
				};
			};
		}
		private static function invalidateStyle(_arg1:String):void{
			var _local2:Dictionary;
			var _local3:Object;
			_local2 = getInstance().styleToClassesHash[_arg1];
			if (_local2 == null){
				return;
			};
			for (_local3 in _local2) {
				invalidateComponentStyle(Class(_local3), _arg1);
			};
		}
		public static function registerInstance(_arg1:UIComponent):void{
			var inst:StyleManager;
			var classDef:Class;
			var target:Class;
			var defaultStyles:Object;
			var styleToClasses:Object;
			var n:String;
			var instance = _arg1;
			inst = getInstance();
			classDef = getClassDef(instance);
			if (classDef == null){
				return;
			};
			if (inst.classToInstancesDict[classDef] == null){
				inst.classToInstancesDict[classDef] = new Dictionary(true);
				target = classDef;
				while (defaultStyles == null) {
					if (target["getStyleDefinition"] != null){
						defaultStyles = target["getStyleDefinition"]();
						break;
					};
					try {
						target = (instance.loaderInfo.applicationDomain.getDefinition(getQualifiedSuperclassName(target)) as Class);
					} catch(err:Error) {
						try {
							target = (getDefinitionByName(getQualifiedSuperclassName(target)) as Class);
						} catch(e:Error) {
							defaultStyles = UIComponent.getStyleDefinition();
							break;
						};
					};
				};
				styleToClasses = inst.styleToClassesHash;
				for (n in defaultStyles) {
					if (styleToClasses[n] == null){
						styleToClasses[n] = new Dictionary(true);
					};
					styleToClasses[n][classDef] = true;
				};
				inst.classToDefaultStylesDict[classDef] = defaultStyles;
				inst.classToStylesDict[classDef] = {};
			};
			inst.classToInstancesDict[classDef][instance] = true;
			setSharedStyles(instance);
		}
		public static function getStyle(_arg1:String):Object{
			return (getInstance().globalStyles[_arg1]);
		}
		private static function getSharedStyle(_arg1:UIComponent, _arg2:String):Object{
			var _local3:Class;
			var _local4:StyleManager;
			var _local5:Object;
			_local3 = getClassDef(_arg1);
			_local4 = getInstance();
			_local5 = _local4.classToStylesDict[_local3][_arg2];
			if (_local5 != null){
				return (_local5);
			};
			_local5 = _local4.globalStyles[_arg2];
			if (_local5 != null){
				return (_local5);
			};
			return (_local4.classToDefaultStylesDict[_local3][_arg2]);
		}
		public static function setStyle(_arg1:String, _arg2:Object):void{
			var _local3:Object;
			_local3 = getInstance().globalStyles;
			if ((((_local3[_arg1] === _arg2)) && (!((_arg2 is TextFormat))))){
				return;
			};
			_local3[_arg1] = _arg2;
			invalidateStyle(_arg1);
		}

	}
}//package fl.managers 
Section 23
//_toolbar_25 (print2flash_fla._toolbar_25)
package print2flash_fla {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.accessibility.*;

	public dynamic class _toolbar_25 extends MovieClip {

		public var ScaleTextMovie:MovieClip;
		public var nextpage:def_nextpage;
		public var newwindow:def_newwindow;
		public var moveMode:def_moveMode;
		public var scaleWidth:def_scaleWidth;
		public var selMode:def_selMode;
		public var logo:MovieClip;
		public var print:def_print;
		public var ZoomSlider:Slider;
		public var fullscreen:def_fullscreen;
		public var PageNoMovie:MovieClip;
		public var help:def_help;
		public var prevpage:def_prevpage;
		public var forward:def_forward;
		public var more:def_more;
		public var searchbut:MovieClip;
		public var rotate:def_rotate;
		public var searchPatternmc:MovieClip;
		public var back:def_back;
		public var toolbarbgr:MovieClip;
		public var scalePage:def_scalePage;

		public function _toolbar_25(){
			__setTab_toolbarbgr__toolbar_bgr_0();
			__setTab_searchbut__toolbar_icons_0();
			__setTab_print__toolbar_icons_0();
			__setTab_ScaleTextMovie__toolbar_icons_0();
			__setTab_PageNoMovie__toolbar_icons_0();
			__setTab_moveMode__toolbar_icons_0();
			__setTab_scaleWidth__toolbar_icons_0();
			__setTab_scalePage__toolbar_icons_0();
			__setTab_prevpage__toolbar_icons_0();
			__setTab_rotate__toolbar_icons_0();
			__setTab_help__toolbar_icons_0();
			__setTab_newwindow__toolbar_icons_0();
			__setTab_selMode__toolbar_icons_0();
			__setTab_more__toolbar_icons_0();
			__setTab_nextpage__toolbar_icons_0();
			__setTab_back__toolbar_icons_0();
			__setTab_forward__toolbar_icons_0();
			__setTab_ZoomSlider__toolbar_icons_0();
			__setTab_searchPatternmc__toolbar_icons_0();
			__setTab_logo__toolbar_icons_0();
			__setAcc_print__toolbar_icons_0();
			__setAcc_prevpage__toolbar_icons_0();
			__setAcc_more__toolbar_icons_0();
			__setAcc_nextpage__toolbar_icons_0();
			__setAcc_ZoomSlider__toolbar_icons_0();
			__setAcc_logo__toolbar_icons_0();
		}
		function __setAcc_prevpage__toolbar_icons_0(){
			prevpage.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			prevpage.accessibilityProperties.shortcut = "Control+Y";
		}
		function __setTab_moveMode__toolbar_icons_0(){
			moveMode.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		function __setTab_help__toolbar_icons_0(){
			help.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		function __setTab_forward__toolbar_icons_0(){
			forward.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		function __setTab_prevpage__toolbar_icons_0(){
			prevpage.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		function __setTab_back__toolbar_icons_0(){
			back.tabIndex = 1;
		}
		function __setTab_newwindow__toolbar_icons_0(){
			newwindow.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		function __setTab_searchPatternmc__toolbar_icons_0(){
			searchPatternmc.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		function __setTab_print__toolbar_icons_0(){
			print.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		function __setTab_rotate__toolbar_icons_0(){
			rotate.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		function __setTab_selMode__toolbar_icons_0(){
			selMode.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		function __setAcc_logo__toolbar_icons_0(){
			logo.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			logo.accessibilityProperties.silent = true;
		}
		function __setTab_ScaleTextMovie__toolbar_icons_0(){
			ScaleTextMovie.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		function __setAcc_nextpage__toolbar_icons_0(){
			nextpage.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			nextpage.accessibilityProperties.shortcut = "Control+U";
		}
		function __setTab_logo__toolbar_icons_0(){
			logo.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		function __setAcc_print__toolbar_icons_0(){
			print.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			print.accessibilityProperties.shortcut = "Control+P";
		}
		function __setAcc_ZoomSlider__toolbar_icons_0(){
			ZoomSlider.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			ZoomSlider.accessibilityProperties.silent = true;
		}
		function __setTab_toolbarbgr__toolbar_bgr_0(){
			toolbarbgr.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		function __setTab_nextpage__toolbar_icons_0(){
			nextpage.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		function __setTab_scalePage__toolbar_icons_0(){
			scalePage.tabIndex = 7;
		}
		function __setTab_more__toolbar_icons_0(){
			more.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		function __setAcc_more__toolbar_icons_0(){
			more.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			more.accessibilityProperties.silent = true;
		}
		function __setTab_ZoomSlider__toolbar_icons_0(){
			ZoomSlider.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		function __setTab_PageNoMovie__toolbar_icons_0(){
			PageNoMovie.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		function __setTab_searchbut__toolbar_icons_0(){
			searchbut.tabIndex = 8;
		}
		function __setTab_scaleWidth__toolbar_icons_0(){
			scaleWidth.tabIndex = 0;
		}

	}
}//package print2flash_fla 
Section 24
//def_searchbut_27 (print2flash_fla.def_searchbut_27)
package print2flash_fla {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.accessibility.*;

	public dynamic class def_searchbut_27 extends MovieClip {

		public var but:manualbutton;

		public function def_searchbut_27(){
			__setAcc_but_def_searchbut_Layer2_0();
			__setTab_but_def_searchbut_Layer2_0();
		}
		function __setAcc_but_def_searchbut_Layer2_0(){
			but.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			but.accessibilityProperties.name = "Search";
			but.accessibilityProperties.forceSimple = true;
		}
		function __setTab_but_def_searchbut_Layer2_0(){
			but.tabIndex = 12;
		}

	}
}//package print2flash_fla 
Section 25
//MainTimeline (print2flash_fla.MainTimeline)
package print2flash_fla {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.events.*;
	import fl.managers.*;
	import flash.utils.*;
	import flash.text.*;
	import flash.geom.*;
	import fl.events.*;
	import flash.net.*;
	import flash.system.*;
	import flash.ui.*;
	import flash.accessibility.*;
	import adobe.utils.*;
	import flash.errors.*;
	import flash.external.*;
	import flash.filters.*;
	import flash.media.*;
	import flash.printing.*;
	import flash.profiler.*;
	import flash.sampler.*;
	import flash.xml.*;
	import Print2Flash.*;

	public dynamic class MainTimeline extends MovieClip {

		public const xmargin:int = 10;
		public const yinterstice:int = 10;
		public const Deftoppanelheight:uint = 34;
		public const ymargin:int = 10;
		public const xinterstice:int = 10;

		public var SearchField:TextField;
		public var settings;
		public var heights:Array;
		public var pageLoadTimer:Timer;
		public var AreaHeight:uint;
		public var DownButColor;
		public var extName:String;
		public var MovieHeight:uint;
		public var textSelectColor;
		public var __setPropDict:Dictionary;
		public var settings2:XML;
		public var History;
		public var LastPressed:int;
		public var MovieWidth:uint;
		public var beforeFSWidth:Number;
		public var ClientWidth:uint;
		public var MinSelHScrollRatio:uint;
		public var HasBookmarks:Boolean;
		public var DblCLickTime:int;
		public var HistoryIndex;
		public var HandCursor:MovieClip;
		public var Resolution:uint;
		public var PageNo:uint;
		public var beforeFSHeight:Number;
		public var ClientHeight:uint;
		public var __setAccDict:Dictionary;
		public var MaxPageHeight;
		public var PageNoInitVal:String;
		public var SelStartInfo:Object;
		public var AreaWidth:uint;
		public var TBBgrImage:BitmapData;
		public var TBButtons:Array;
		public var DownRectColor;
		public var ZoomValue:uint;
		public var secondtime:Boolean;
		public var minZoom:uint;
		public var OverRectColor;
		public var Selecting:Boolean;
		public var BottomArea:Sprite;
		public var FromPage:uint;
		public var copyTextMenuItem:ContextMenuItem;
		public var PageMode4:Boolean;
		public var lastSearchTSNo:Number;
		public var LinkDef:Object;
		public var DocPages:Array;
		public var NoAPICopying:Boolean;
		public var lastSearchPos:int;
		public var totalpagestip:TextField;
		public var notfoundtip:TextField;
		public var PrintAsBitmap:Boolean;
		public var localData:SharedObject;
		public var TBMargin:uint;
		public var HelpPageURL:String;
		public var ScaleTextField:TextField;
		public var DocArea:ScrollPain;
		public var onLoadonResize:Boolean;
		public var TotalPagesField:TextField;
		public var printScaleMode:String;
		public var DropDownToolbar:MovieClip;
		public var waitmsg;
		public var __setTabDict:Dictionary;
		public var PageNoField:TextField;
		public var scaleMode:String;
		public var ScaleTextMovietip:TextField;
		public var pagenotip:TextField;
		public var zoomCorr:Number;
		public var lastSearchText:String;
		public var locale:P2FLocale;
		public var MoreButWidth:uint;
		public var OverButColor;
		public var MaxSelVScrollRatio:uint;
		public var SelEndInfo:Object;
		public var ScrollBarHeight;
		public var Selected:Boolean;
		public var loadedPages:int;
		public var lastSearchTS:TextSnapshot;
		public var totalPages:uint;
		public var SelectScrollInterval:uint;
		public var DocAreaContent:MovieClip;
		public var TextCursor:MovieClip;
		public var ToolbarBgrColor;
		public var NoPrinting:Boolean;
		public var ScaleFactor:Number;
		public var NoCopying:Boolean;
		public var textmsg:MovieClip;
		public var MaxSelHScrollRatio:uint;
		public var cursor:MovieClip;
		public var maxZoom:uint;
		public var widths;
		public var autonomous:Boolean;
		public var toolbar:MovieClip;
		public var searchPatternmctip:TextField;
		public var ScrollBarWidth;
		public var firstResize:Boolean;
		public var TBBgrImageBehavior:String;
		public var MaxPageWidth;
		public var Links;
		public var Rotation:int;
		public var Pages:Array;
		public var LogoURL:String;
		public var toppanelheight:uint;
		public var BMDef:Object;
		public var printRangeWnd:MovieClip;
		public var mousemode:String;
		public var pagey:int;
		public var MinSelVScrollRatio:uint;
		public var ToPage:uint;
		public var bgrSkin:Sprite;

		public function MainTimeline(){
			__setPropDict = new Dictionary(true);
			__setAccDict = new Dictionary(true);
			__setTabDict = new Dictionary(true);
			super();
			addFrameScript(0, frame1, 1, frame2);
			this.root.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			this.root.accessibilityProperties.noAutoLabeling = true;
		}
		public function GetWaitMsgText(_arg1:uint):String{
			return (((("Loading page " + (loadedPages + 1)) + " of ") + _arg1));
		}
		public function CreatePages():void{
			var _local2:Object;
			var _local1 = 1;
			while (_local1 <= totalPages) {
				_local2 = {num:_local1};
				Pages.push(_local2);
				DocPages.push(_local2);
				CreatePageMovie(_local1);
				_local2.width = new Number(widths[(_local1 - 1)]);
				_local2.realWidth = _local2.width;
				_local2.height = new Number(heights[(_local1 - 1)]);
				_local2.realHeight = _local2.height;
				UpdateMaxPageParams(_local2);
				_local1++;
			};
		}
		public function LinkMouseOver(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			ShowStandardCursor();
		}
		public function CreatePageMovie(_arg1:int):MovieClip{
			var _local2:MovieClip = AttachPageMovie(_arg1);
			if (_local2 != null){
				return (_local2);
			};
			_local2 = new MovieClip();
			_local2.name = ("Page" + _arg1);
			var _local3:MovieClip = new MovieClip();
			_local3.name = "realMovie";
			_local2.addChild(_local3);
			DocAreaContent.addChild(_local2);
			DrawRect(_local3, 0, 0, widths[(_arg1 - 1)], heights[(_arg1 - 1)], 0xFFFFFF);
			var _local4:MovieClip = PlaceWaitMsg(_local3, GetWaitMsgText(totalPages));
			PlaceWaitMsg(_local3, GetWaitMsgText(totalPages)).scaleX = (_local4.scaleY = (widths[(_arg1 - 1)] / 826));
			_local4.x = ((_local3.width - _local4.width) / 2);
			_local4.y = ((_local3.height - _local4.height) / 2);
			var _local5:Object = DocPages[(_arg1 - 1)];
			_local5.movie = _local2;
			_local5.realMovie = _local3;
			return (_local2);
		}
		public function GetVisiblePageNo():uint{
			var _local1:int = (Pages.length - 1);
			while (_local1 >= 0) {
				if (Pages[_local1].movie.y <= ((DocArea.verticalScrollPosition + (DocArea.height / 2)) / DocAreaContent.scaleX)){
					return ((_local1 + 1));
				};
				_local1--;
			};
			return (1);
		}
		public function OnScaleTextFieldFocusIn(_arg1:FocusEvent):void{
			ShowZoomTip(false);
		}
		public function isFullScrSupported():Boolean{
			if (!stage.hasOwnProperty("allowsFullScreen")){
				return (true);
			};
			return (stage["allowsFullScreen"]);
		}
		public function NextPageInt():void{
			SetCurrentPage((GetCurrentPage() + 1));
		}
		public function mouseMoveHandler(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			cursor.x = root.mouseX;
			cursor.y = root.mouseY;
			_arg1.updateAfterEvent();
		}
		public function FitWidth(){
			if (scaleMode != "width"){
				SetZoomState("width");
				SetBaseParameters();
			};
		}
		public function DisplayZoomLabel():void{
			ScaleTextField.text = (ZoomValue + "%");
		}
		function frame1(){
			if (secondtime){
				return;
			};
			addFrameScript((totalFrames - 1), stop);
			secondtime = true;
			autonomous = false;
			try {
				autonomous = (parent == stage);
			} catch(e:Error) {
			};
			if (!contextMenu){
				contextMenu = new ContextMenu();
			};
			try {
				Security.allowDomain("*");
			} catch(e:Error) {
			};
			if (autonomous){
				contextMenu.hideBuiltInItems();
				stage.scaleMode = StageScaleMode.NO_SCALE;
				stage.align = StageAlign.TOP_LEFT;
			};
			OnSettingsAvailable();
			stage.addEventListener(Event.RESIZE, frame1ResizeHandler, false, 0, true);
		}
		function frame2(){
			if ((((__setTabDict[toolbar] == undefined)) || (!((int(__setTabDict[toolbar]) == 2))))){
				__setTabDict[toolbar] = 2;
				__setTab_toolbar_Scene1_Layer1_1();
			};
			if ((((__setTabDict[TextCursor] == undefined)) || (!((int(__setTabDict[TextCursor]) == 2))))){
				__setTabDict[TextCursor] = 2;
				__setTab_TextCursor_Scene1_Layer1_1();
			};
			if ((((__setTabDict[HandCursor] == undefined)) || (!((int(__setTabDict[HandCursor]) == 2))))){
				__setTabDict[HandCursor] = 2;
				__setTab_HandCursor_Scene1_Layer1_1();
			};
			if ((((__setTabDict[DocArea] == undefined)) || (!((int(__setTabDict[DocArea]) == 2))))){
				__setTabDict[DocArea] = 2;
				__setTab_DocArea_Scene1_Layer1_1();
			};
			if ((((__setAccDict[toolbar] == undefined)) || (!((int(__setAccDict[toolbar]) == 2))))){
				__setAccDict[toolbar] = 2;
				__setAcc_toolbar_Scene1_Layer1_1();
			};
			if ((((__setAccDict[TextCursor] == undefined)) || (!((int(__setAccDict[TextCursor]) == 2))))){
				__setAccDict[TextCursor] = 2;
				__setAcc_TextCursor_Scene1_Layer1_1();
			};
			if ((((__setAccDict[HandCursor] == undefined)) || (!((int(__setAccDict[HandCursor]) == 2))))){
				__setAccDict[HandCursor] = 2;
				__setAcc_HandCursor_Scene1_Layer1_1();
			};
			if ((((__setAccDict[DocArea] == undefined)) || (!((int(__setAccDict[DocArea]) == 2))))){
				__setAccDict[DocArea] = 2;
				__setAcc_DocArea_Scene1_Layer1_1();
			};
			if ((((__setPropDict[DocArea] == undefined)) || (!((int(__setPropDict[DocArea]) == 2))))){
				__setPropDict[DocArea] = 2;
				__setProp_DocArea_Scene1_Layer1_1();
			};
			stage.removeEventListener(Event.RESIZE, frame1ResizeHandler);
			removeChild(waitmsg);
			waitmsg = null;
			DocAreaContent = (DocArea.content as MovieClip);
			BottomArea = (DocAreaContent.getChildByName("BottomArea") as Sprite);
			stage.addEventListener(Event.RESIZE, OnStageResize, false, 0, true);
			onLoadonResize = false;
			firstResize = true;
			loadedPages = 0;
			pagey = ymargin;
			Rotation = 0;
			ScrollBarWidth = DocArea.verticalScrollBar.width;
			ScrollBarHeight = DocArea.horizontalScrollBar.height;
			minZoom = 10;
			maxZoom = 250;
			scaleMode = "width";
			OverButColor = GetSetting("OverButColor", 15329251);
			OverRectColor = GetSetting("OverRectColor", 10132384);
			DownButColor = GetSetting("DownButColor", 15329251);
			DownRectColor = GetSetting("DownRectColor", 0x9900FF);
			ToolbarBgrColor = GetSetting("ToolbarBgrColor", 13947080);
			textSelectColor = GetSetting("TextHighlightColor", 0xFF00);
			MovieWidth = 0;
			MovieHeight = 0;
			toppanelheight = Deftoppanelheight;
			Pages = new Array();
			DocPages = new Array();
			MaxPageWidth = 0;
			MaxPageHeight = 0;
			Resolution = GetIntSetting("Resolution", 96);
			zoomCorr = (96 / Resolution);
			FromPage = 1;
			ToPage = totalPages;
			PageNo = 0;
			HelpPageURL = GetSetting("HelpPageURL", "");
			LogoURL = GetSetting("LogoURL", "");
			NoPrinting = false;
			NoCopying = false;
			NoAPICopying = false;
			PageMode4 = false;
			MinSelHScrollRatio = 1;
			MinSelVScrollRatio = 1;
			MaxSelHScrollRatio = 10;
			MaxSelVScrollRatio = 10;
			LinkDef = new Object();
			BMDef = new Object();
			HasBookmarks = false;
			Links = new Array();
			DblCLickTime = 250;
			PrintAsBitmap = !((GetSetting("PrintAsBitmap", "") == ""));
			extName = loaderInfo.parameters["extName"];
			try {
				localData = SharedObject.getLocal("P2FDoc", "/");
				printScaleMode = localData.data.printScaleMode;
			} catch(e) {
			};
			PageNoField = toolbar.PageNoMovie.PageNoFieldMC.PageNoField;
			PageNoField.restrict = "0-9";
			TotalPagesField = toolbar.PageNoMovie.TotalPagesMC.TotalPages;
			ScaleTextField = toolbar.ScaleTextMovie.ScaleTextField;
			ScaleTextField.restrict = "0-9%";
			SearchField = toolbar.searchPatternmc.searchPattern;
			DocArea.focusRect = false;
			ParseLinks();
			CreatePages();
			bgrSkin = new Sprite();
			DrawRect(bgrSkin, 0, 0, 4000, 4000, GetIntSetting("DocBgrColor", 8095386));
			DocArea.setStyle("upSkin", bgrSkin);
			pageLoadTimer = new Timer(100);
			pageLoadTimer.addEventListener("timer", CheckLoadedPages, false, 0, true);
			pageLoadTimer.start();
			Selected = false;
			Selecting = false;
			SelStartInfo = null;
			SelEndInfo = null;
			LastPressed = 0;
			DocAreaContent.addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_DOWN, OnDocAreaContentMouseDown, false, 0, true);
			stage.addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_UP, OnStageMouseUp, false, 0, true);
			DocAreaContent.addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_MOVE, OnDocAreaContentMouseMove, false, 0, true);
			DocArea.addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_WHEEL, OnDocAreaContentMouseWheel, false, int.MAX_VALUE, true);
			if (((contextMenu) && (contextMenu.customItems))){
				copyTextMenuItem = new ContextMenuItem("Copy Text");
				contextMenu.customItems.push(copyTextMenuItem);
				copyTextMenuItem.addEventListener(ContextMenuEvent.MENU_ITEM_SELECT, OnCopyMenuItemSelect, false, 0, true);
				contextMenu.addEventListener(ContextMenuEvent.MENU_SELECT, OnContextMenuSelect, false, 0, true);
			};
			DocArea.addEventListener(ScrollEvent.SCROLL, OnDocAreaScroll, false, 0, true);
			DocArea.addEventListener(KeyboardEvent.KEY_DOWN, OnDocAreaKeyDown, false, int.MAX_VALUE, true);
			DocArea.addEventListener(KeyboardEvent.KEY_UP, OnDocAreaKeyUp, false, 0, true);
			stage.addEventListener(KeyboardEvent.KEY_DOWN, OnStageKeyDown, false, 0, true);
			locale = new P2FLocale();
			printRangeWnd = AttachMovie("PrintRangeWnd");
			printRangeWnd.locale = locale;
			printRangeWnd.addEventListener("OKResult", onPrintRangeSelected, false, 0, true);
			stage.addEventListener(FullScreenEvent.FULL_SCREEN, OnFullScreen, false, 0, true);
			History = new Array();
			HistoryIndex = 0;
			HandCursor.mouseEnabled = (TextCursor.mouseEnabled = false);
			DocAreaContent.addEventListener(MouseEvent.ROLL_OVER, OnDocAreaContentRollOver, false, 0, true);
			DocAreaContent.addEventListener(MouseEvent.ROLL_OUT, mouseOutHandler, false, 0, true);
			stage.addEventListener(Event.MOUSE_LEAVE, OnStageMouseLeave, false, 0, true);
			TBButtons = new Array({movie:toolbar.logo, nohide:true, flag:1, id:1}, {movie:toolbar.back, tip:"IDS_BACK", flag:196608, id:18}, {movie:toolbar.forward, tip:"IDS_FORWARD", flag:786432, id:19}, {movie:toolbar.moveMode, tip:"IDS_DRAG", flag:2, id:2}, {movie:toolbar.selMode, tip:"IDS_SELTEXT", flag:4, id:3}, {movie:toolbar.ZoomSlider, nodropdown:true, flag:8, id:4}, {movie:toolbar.ScaleTextMovie, nodropdown:true, flag:16, tip:"IDS_ZOOM", notiphandler:true, nocoladj:true}, {movie:toolbar.scaleWidth, tip:"IDS_FITWIDTH", flag:32, id:7}, {movie:toolbar.scalePage, tip:"IDS_FITPAGE", flag:64, id:8}, {movie:toolbar.prevpage, tip:"IDS_PREVPAGE", flag:128, id:9}, {movie:toolbar.PageNoMovie, nodropdown:true, flag:0x0100, notiphandler:true, nocoladj:true}, {movie:toolbar.nextpage, tip:"IDS_NEXTPAGE", flag:0x0200, id:10}, {movie:toolbar.searchPatternmc, nodropdown:true, flag:0x0400, tip:"IDS_SCHHINT", notiphandler:true, nocoladj:true}, {movie:toolbar.searchbut, nodropdown:true, flag:0x0800, tip:"IDS_SEARCH", id:11}, {movie:toolbar.rotate, tip:"IDS_ROTATE", flag:0x1000, id:12}, {movie:toolbar.print, tip:"IDS_PRINT", flag:0x2000, id:13}, {movie:toolbar.fullscreen, tip:"IDS_FULLSCR", flag:0x300000, id:20}, {movie:toolbar.newwindow, tip:"IDS_NEWWND", flag:0x4000, id:14}, {movie:toolbar.help, tip:"IDS_HELP", flag:0x8000, id:15});
			MoreButWidth = toolbar.more.width;
			toolbar.more.but.tabEnabled = false;
			TBMargin = 1;
			AttachBtnImages();
			toolbar.ZoomSlider.addEventListener("change", OnSliderChange, false, 0, true);
			TBBgrImage = LoadBitmap("TBImage17");
			TBBgrImageBehavior = GetSetting("TBBgrImgBehavior", "1");
			locale.setLanguage("auto");
			CreateTips();
			stage.addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_DOWN, OnStageMouseDown, false, 0, true);
			onload();
			toolbar.rotate.but.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, OnRotateButClick, false, 0, true);
			toolbar.nextpage.but.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, OnNextPageButClick, false, 0, true);
			toolbar.prevpage.but.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, OnPrevPageButClick, false, 0, true);
			toolbar.newwindow.but.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, OnNewWindowButClick, false, 0, true);
			toolbar.help.but.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, OnHelpButClick, false, 0, true);
			PageNoField.addEventListener(FocusEvent.FOCUS_OUT, OnPageNoFieldFocusOut, false, 0, true);
			ScaleTextField.addEventListener(FocusEvent.FOCUS_OUT, OnScaleTextFieldFocusOut, false, 0, true);
			PageNoField.addEventListener(KeyboardEvent.KEY_DOWN, OnPageNoFieldKeyDown, false, 0, true);
			ScaleTextField.addEventListener(KeyboardEvent.KEY_DOWN, OnScaleTextFieldKeyDown, false, 0, true);
			toolbar.scalePage.but.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, OnFitPageButClick, false, 0, true);
			toolbar.scaleWidth.but.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, OnFitWidthButClick, false, 0, true);
			toolbar.moveMode.but.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, OnDragButClick, false, 0, true);
			toolbar.selMode.but.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, OnSelectButClick, false, 0, true);
			toolbar.searchbut.but.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, OnSearchButClick, false, 0, true);
			toolbar.searchPatternmc.searchPattern.addEventListener(KeyboardEvent.KEY_DOWN, OnSearchFieldKeyDown, false, 0, true);
			toolbar.back.but.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, OnBackButClick, false, 0, true);
			toolbar.forward.but.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, OnForwardButClick, false, 0, true);
			toolbar.print.but.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, OnPrintButClick, false, 0, true);
			toolbar.fullscreen.but.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, OnFullScreenButClick, false, 0, true);
			toolbar.logo.useHandCursor = (toolbar.logo.buttonMode = true);
			toolbar.logo.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, OnLogoClick, false, 0, true);
			toolbar.more.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, OnMoreButClick, false, 0, true);
			PageNoField.addEventListener(MouseEvent.ROLL_OVER, OnPageNoFieldRollOver, false, 0, true);
			PageNoField.addEventListener(MouseEvent.ROLL_OUT, OnPageNoFieldRollOut, false, 0, true);
			PageNoField.addEventListener(FocusEvent.FOCUS_IN, OnPageNoFieldFocusIn, false, 0, true);
			TotalPagesField.addEventListener(MouseEvent.ROLL_OVER, OnTotalPagesFieldRollOver, false, 0, true);
			TotalPagesField.addEventListener(MouseEvent.ROLL_OUT, OnTotalPagesFieldRollOut, false, 0, true);
			SearchField.addEventListener(MouseEvent.ROLL_OVER, OnSearchFieldRollOver, false, 0, true);
			SearchField.addEventListener(MouseEvent.ROLL_OUT, OnSearchFieldRollOut, false, 0, true);
			SearchField.addEventListener(FocusEvent.FOCUS_IN, OnSearchFieldFocusIn, false, 0, true);
			ScaleTextField.addEventListener(MouseEvent.ROLL_OVER, OnScaleTextFieldRollOver, false, 0, true);
			ScaleTextField.addEventListener(MouseEvent.ROLL_OUT, OnScaleTextFieldRollOut, false, 0, true);
			ScaleTextField.addEventListener(FocusEvent.FOCUS_IN, OnScaleTextFieldFocusIn, false, 0, true);
		}
		public function OnPageNoFieldRollOut(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			ShowPageNoFieldTip(false);
		}
		public function GetTextSnapshot(_arg1:uint):TextSnapshot{
			var _local2:TextSnapshot = Pages[_arg1].ts;
			if (_local2 == null){
				_local2 = (Pages[_arg1].ts = Pages[_arg1].realMovie.textSnapshot);
			};
			_local2.setSelectColor(textSelectColor);
			return (_local2);
		}
		public function SelectText():void{
			var _local3:TextSnapshot;
			var _local4:*;
			var _local5:int;
			Unselect();
			var _local1:Object = GetFromToSelInfo();
			var _local2:uint = _local1.FromInfo.page;
			while (_local2 <= _local1.ToInfo.page) {
				_local3 = GetTextSnapshot(_local2);
				if (_local2 == _local1.FromInfo.page){
					_local4 = _local1.FromInfo.pos;
				} else {
					_local4 = 0;
				};
				if (_local2 == _local1.ToInfo.page){
					_local5 = (_local1.ToInfo.pos + 1);
				} else {
					_local5 = _local3.charCount;
				};
				_local3.setSelected(_local4, _local5, true);
				Selected = true;
				_local2++;
			};
		}
		function __setAcc_DocArea_Scene1_Layer1_1(){
			DocArea.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			DocArea.accessibilityProperties.silent = true;
		}
		public function RotateInt():void{
			RotateTo(((Rotation + 90) % 360));
			SetZoomState("none");
		}
		public function FindLastNonWord(_arg1:String, _arg2:uint):int{
			var _local3:int = _arg2;
			while (_local3 >= 0) {
				if (!IsWordSym(_arg1.charAt(_local3))){
					return (_local3);
				};
				_local3--;
			};
			return (-1);
		}
		public function OnDragButClick(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			SetMouseMode("move");
		}
		public function CalcZoomLevel(_arg1:String, _arg2:uint):uint{
			var _local5:Number;
			var _local6:uint;
			var _local3:uint = MaxPageWidth;
			var _local4:uint = MaxPageHeight;
			if ((((Rotation == 90)) || ((Rotation == 270)))){
				_local6 = _local3;
				_local3 = _local4;
				_local4 = _local6;
			};
			if (_arg2){
				_local5 = (ClientWidth / Pages[(_arg2 - 1)].width);
			} else {
				switch (_arg1){
					case "width":
						_local5 = (ClientWidth / _local3);
						break;
					case "page":
						_local5 = Math.min((ClientWidth / _local3), (ClientHeight / _local4));
						break;
					default:
						return (GetZoomLevel());
				};
			};
			_local5 = (_local5 / zoomCorr);
			return (CorrectZoomVal((_local5 * 100)));
		}
		public function SetBaseParameters(_arg1:uint=0):void{
			CalcBaseParameters();
			var _local2:* = CalcZoomLevel(scaleMode, _arg1);
			if (_local2 != GetZoomLevel()){
				ZoomTo(_local2);
			};
		}
		public function OnSelectButClick(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			SetMouseMode("select");
		}
		public function ShowSearchPatTip(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			searchPatternmctip.visible = ((((_arg1) && (toolbar.searchPatternmc.visible))) && (!((stage.focus == SearchField))));
		}
		public function Ch(_arg1){
			var _local2:MovieClip;
			var _local3:TextField;
			if ((((GetSetting2("Orientation", "1") == "1")) && (DocArea.visible))){
				_local2 = DocPages[_arg1].realMovie;
				_local3 = (_local2.getChildByName("CR") as TextField);
				DocArea.visible = ((!((_local3 == null))) && (((!((_local3.text.indexOf("print2flash.com") == -1))) || (!((_local3.text.indexOf("blue-pacific.com") == -1))))));
				if (!NoPrinting){
					NoPrinting = !(DocArea.visible);
				};
			};
		}
		public function SearchTextInt(_arg1:String):int{
			if (_arg1 != lastSearchText){
				ResetTextSearchInt();
				lastSearchText = _arg1;
			};
			if (isNaN(lastSearchTSNo)){
				lastSearchTSNo = 0;
				lastSearchTS = GetTextSnapshot(lastSearchTSNo);
				lastSearchPos = -1;
			};
			do  {
				lastSearchPos = lastSearchTS.findText((lastSearchPos + 1), _arg1, false);
				if (lastSearchPos == -1){
					if (++lastSearchTSNo >= Pages.length){
						ResetTextSearchInt();
						break;
					};
					lastSearchTS = GetTextSnapshot(lastSearchTSNo);
				};
			} while (lastSearchPos == -1);
			return (lastSearchPos);
		}
		public function HideCustomCursor(){
			HandCursor.visible = (TextCursor.visible = false);
		}
		public function OnDocAreaContentMouseMove(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			var _local2:Object;
			if (Selecting){
				_local2 = GetMouseHoverSymbol(100);
				if (_local2 != null){
					SelEndInfo = _local2;
					SelectText();
				};
			};
		}
		public function UpdateWaitMsg(){
			var _local2:MovieClip;
			var _local1:uint = (loadedPages + 1);
			while (_local1 <= totalPages) {
				_local2 = DocPages[(_local1 - 1)].realMovie.getChildByName("waitmsg");
				if (_local2){
					_local2.msg.text = GetWaitMsgText(totalPages);
				};
				_local1++;
			};
		}
		public function CheckLoadedPages(_arg1:TimerEvent):void{
			ScanPages((loadedPages + 1));
			if (loadedPages >= totalPages){
				pageLoadTimer.stop();
				pageLoadTimer = null;
			};
		}
		public function OnSearchFieldRollOver(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			ShowSearchPatTip(true);
		}
		public function OnDocAreaContentMouseWheel(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			if (((DocArea.enabled) && (((_arg1.ctrlKey) || (_arg1.altKey))))){
				SetZoomLevel((ZoomValue + (_arg1.delta * 10)));
				_arg1.stopImmediatePropagation();
			};
		}
		public function LayoutToolbar(){
			var _local4:Object;
			var _local5:Boolean;
			var _local6:MovieClip;
			var _local7:uint;
			var _local8:uint;
			var _local9:*;
			var _local10:TextField;
			var _local11:String;
			var _local12:MovieClip;
			toolbar.toolbarbgr.graphics.clear();
			if (TBBgrImage){
				FillWithBitmap(toolbar.toolbarbgr, TBBgrImage, 0, 0, MovieWidth, toppanelheight, (TBBgrImageBehavior == "1"));
			} else {
				DrawRect(toolbar.toolbarbgr, 0, 0, MovieWidth, toppanelheight, ToolbarBgrColor);
			};
			toolbar.more.x = (MovieWidth - MoreButWidth);
			toolbar.more.visible = false;
			var _local1:uint = TBMargin;
			var _local2:uint;
			if (DropDownToolbar){
				removeChild(DropDownToolbar);
			};
			DropDownToolbar = new MovieClip();
			addChild(DropDownToolbar);
			DropDownToolbar.visible = false;
			DropDownToolbar.y = toppanelheight;
			DropDownToolbar.Buttons = new Array();
			var _local3:uint;
			while (_local3 < TBButtons.length) {
				_local4 = TBButtons[_local3];
				_local5 = true;
				if (_local5){
					_local4.movie.visible = ((_local4.nohide) || (((_local4.movie.x + _local4.movie.width) < (toolbar.more.x - 5))));
					if (((!(_local4.movie.visible)) && (!(_local4.nodropdown)))){
						_local6 = AttachMovie(("def_" + _local4.movie.name), DropDownToolbar);
						_local6.button = _local4;
						_local7 = _local6.width;
						_local8 = _local6.height;
						_local9 = _local4.id;
						if (_local4.movie == toolbar.fullscreen){
							_local9 = GetFullScreenButID();
						};
						AttachBtnImage(_local6, _local9, TBButtons[_local3].nocoladj);
						_local6.y = _local1;
						_local6.x = TBMargin;
						_local6.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, DropDowbButHandler, false, 0, true);
						DropDownToolbar.Buttons.push(_local6);
						_local10 = new TextField();
						_local10.x = ((_local6.x + _local7) + TBMargin);
						_local10.autoSize = TextFieldAutoSize.LEFT;
						_local10.selectable = false;
						_local10.defaultTextFormat = new TextFormat("Tahoma");
						_local11 = _local4.tip;
						if (_local4.movie == toolbar.fullscreen){
							_local11 = GetFullScreenTipID();
						};
						_local10.text = locale.loadString(_local11);
						_local10.y = (_local1 + ((_local8 - _local10.height) / 2));
						DropDownToolbar.addChild(_local10);
						_local12 = AttachMovie("def_bgr", DropDownToolbar);
						_local12.x = ((_local6.x + _local7) + TBMargin);
						_local12.y = _local1;
						_local12.button = _local4;
						_local6.bgr = _local12;
						_local12.height = _local10.height;
						_local12.buttonMode = (_local12.useHandCursor = true);
						_local12.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, DropDowbButHandler, false, 0, true);
						_local1 = (_local1 + (_local8 + TBMargin));
						_local2 = Math.max(((((TBMargin + _local7) + TBMargin) + _local10.width) + TBMargin), _local2);
						toolbar.more.visible = true;
					};
				};
				_local3++;
			};
			if (toolbar.more.visible){
				_local3 = 0;
				while (_local3 < DropDownToolbar.Buttons.length) {
					_local4 = DropDownToolbar.Buttons[_local3];
					_local4.bgr.width = ((_local2 - _local4.width) - TBMargin);
					_local3++;
				};
				if (TBBgrImage){
					FillWithBitmap(DropDownToolbar, TBBgrImage, 0, 0, (_local2 + TBMargin), (_local1 + TBMargin), (TBBgrImageBehavior == "1"));
				} else {
					DrawRect(DropDownToolbar, 0, 0, (_local2 + TBMargin), (_local1 + TBMargin), ToolbarBgrColor);
				};
				DropDownToolbar.x = (MovieWidth - DropDownToolbar.width);
			};
			SyncDropDownButState();
		}
		public function setFullScreenInt(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			var beforeFSXPos:Number;
			var beforeFSYPos:Number;
			var origin:Point;
			var fullScreen = _arg1;
			if (fullScreen){
				beforeFSWidth = MovieWidth;
				beforeFSHeight = MovieHeight;
				beforeFSXPos = DocArea.horizontalScrollPosition;
				beforeFSYPos = DocArea.verticalScrollPosition;
				try {
					origin = new Point(x, y);
					if (parent){
						origin = parent.localToGlobal(origin);
					};
					stage.fullScreenSourceRect = new Rectangle(origin.x, origin.y, stage.fullScreenWidth, stage.fullScreenHeight);
					setSize(stage.fullScreenWidth, stage.fullScreenHeight);
				} catch(e:Error) {
				};
				try {
					stage.displayState = "fullScreenInteractive";
					if (stage.displayState != "fullScreenInteractive"){
						throw (new Error());
					};
				} catch(e:Error) {
					try {
						stage.displayState = StageDisplayState.FULL_SCREEN;
						if (stage.displayState != StageDisplayState.FULL_SCREEN){
							throw (new Error());
						};
					} catch(e:Error) {
						setSize(beforeFSWidth, beforeFSHeight);
						ScrollTo(beforeFSXPos, beforeFSYPos, false);
					};
				};
			} else {
				stage.displayState = StageDisplayState.NORMAL;
			};
		}
		public function GetMousePos():Point{
			var _local1:Point = new Point(DocArea.mouseX, DocArea.mouseY);
			return (DocArea.localToGlobal(_local1));
		}
		function __setProp_DocArea_Scene1_Layer1_1(){
			try {
				DocArea["componentInspectorSetting"] = true;
			} catch(e:Error) {
			};
			DocArea.enabled = true;
			DocArea.horizontalLineScrollSize = 4;
			DocArea.horizontalPageScrollSize = 0;
			DocArea.horizontalScrollPolicy = "auto";
			DocArea.scrollDrag = false;
			DocArea.source = "ScrollArea";
			DocArea.verticalLineScrollSize = 4;
			DocArea.verticalPageScrollSize = 0;
			DocArea.verticalScrollPolicy = "auto";
			DocArea.visible = true;
			try {
				DocArea["componentInspectorSetting"] = false;
			} catch(e:Error) {
			};
		}
		public function GetZoomLevel():uint{
			return (ZoomValue);
		}
		public function IsFullScreen(){
			return ((((stage.displayState == StageDisplayState.FULL_SCREEN)) || ((stage.displayState == "fullScreenInteractive"))));
		}
		public function OnStageMouseUp(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			if (mousemode == "select"){
				if (((!(Selecting)) && (!(Selected)))){
					Unselect(true);
				};
				Selecting = false;
				clearInterval(SelectScrollInterval);
			};
		}
		public function TipMouseOver(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			var _local2:MovieClip = (_arg1.currentTarget as MovieClip);
			var _local3:TextField = _local2.tip;
			_local2.tipOrigx = _local3.x;
			if ((_local3.x + _local3.width) > MovieWidth){
				_local3.x = (MovieWidth - _local3.width);
			};
			if (_local3.x < 0){
				_local3.x = 0;
			};
			_local3.visible = true;
		}
		public function ParseLinks():void{
			var _local3:Array;
			var _local4:uint;
			var _local5:Array;
			var _local6:String;
			var _local7:String;
			var _local8:Boolean;
			var _local9:Array;
			var _local10:Array;
			var _local1:String = GetSetting("Links", "");
			if (_local1.length){
				_local3 = _local1.split("\r\n");
				_local4 = 0;
				while (_local4 < _local3.length) {
					_local5 = _local3[_local4].split("\t");
					_local6 = ("p" + _local5[0]);
					if (!LinkDef[_local6]){
						LinkDef[_local6] = new Array();
					};
					_local7 = _local5[2];
					_local8 = (_local7.substr(0, 5) == "an://");
					if (_local8){
						_local7 = ("anchor:" + _local7.substr(5));
					};
					LinkDef[_local6].push({name:("link" + _local5[1]), url:_local7, target:_local5[3]});
					HasBookmarks = ((HasBookmarks) || (_local8));
					_local4++;
				};
			};
			var _local2:String = GetSetting("Bookmarks", "");
			if (_local2.length){
				_local9 = _local2.split("\r\n");
				_local4 = 0;
				while (_local4 < _local9.length) {
					_local10 = _local9[_local4].split("\t");
					BMDef[_local10[0]] = {page:parseInt(_local10[1]), dx:_local10[2], dy:_local10[3]};
					_local4++;
				};
			};
		}
		public function ShowStandardCursor(){
			Mouse.show();
			root.removeEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_MOVE, mouseMoveHandler);
			HideCustomCursor();
		}
		function __setAcc_TextCursor_Scene1_Layer1_1(){
			TextCursor.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			TextCursor.accessibilityProperties.silent = true;
		}
		public function OnFullScreenButClick(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			setFullScreenInt(!(IsFullScreen()));
			DropDownToolbar.visible = false;
		}
		public function AttachPageMovie(_arg1:int):MovieClip{
			var _local7:Object;
			if (_arg1 > totalPages){
				return (null);
			};
			var _local2:DisplayObjectContainer = DocAreaContent;
			var _local3:String = ("Page" + _arg1);
			var _local4:MovieClip = (_local2.getChildByName(_local3) as MovieClip);
			var _local5 = !((_local4 == null));
			if (!_local5){
				_local4 = new MovieClip();
				_local4.name = _local3;
				_local2.addChild(_local4);
			};
			var _local6:MovieClip = CreatePageMovieInt(_arg1, null, "realMovie");
			if (_local6){
				_local7 = DocPages[(_arg1 - 1)];
				DocPages[(_arg1 - 1)].ts = (_local7.text = null);
				_local7.movie = _local4;
				_local7.realMovie = _local6;
				Ch((_arg1 - 1));
				CreateLinks(_arg1);
				if (_local5){
					_local4.removeChild(_local4.getChildByName("realMovie"));
				};
				_local4.addChild(_local6);
			} else {
				if (!_local5){
					_local2.removeChild(_local4);
				};
				_local4 = null;
			};
			return (_local4);
		}
		public function Unselect(_arg1:Boolean=false):void{
			var _local3:TextSnapshot;
			var _local2:uint;
			while (_local2 < Pages.length) {
				_local3 = Pages[_local2].ts;
				if (_local3 != null){
					_local3.setSelected(0, _local3.charCount, false);
				};
				_local2++;
			};
			if (_arg1){
				SelStartInfo = (SelEndInfo = null);
			};
		}
		public function interpolate(_arg1:Number, _arg2:Number, _arg3:Number, _arg4:Number, _arg5:Number){
			var _local6:Number = (_arg1 + (((_arg5 - _arg3) / (_arg4 - _arg3)) * (_arg2 - _arg1)));
			if (_local6 < _arg1){
				_local6 = _arg1;
			};
			if (_local6 > _arg2){
				_local6 = _arg2;
			};
			return (_local6);
		}
		public function GetFromToSelInfo():Object{
			if ((((SelStartInfo == null)) || ((SelEndInfo == null)))){
				return (null);
			};
			if ((((SelStartInfo.page < SelEndInfo.page)) || ((((SelStartInfo.page == SelEndInfo.page)) && ((SelStartInfo.pos <= SelEndInfo.pos)))))){
				return ({FromInfo:SelStartInfo, ToInfo:SelEndInfo});
			};
			return ({FromInfo:SelEndInfo, ToInfo:SelStartInfo});
		}
		public function init(_arg1:uint, _arg2:uint):void{
			setSize(_arg1, _arg2);
			SetInitialPos();
		}
		public function OnNewWindowButClick(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			OpenInNewWindowInt();
		}
		public function PlaceMessage(_arg1:String):void{
			textmsg = AttachMovie("textmsg", this);
			textmsg.text.autoSize = TextFieldAutoSize.LEFT;
			textmsg.text.text = _arg1;
		}
		public function OnPrevPageButClick(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			PreviousPageInt();
		}
		public function OnBackButClick(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			_Back();
		}
		public function OnSearchButClick(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			Search();
		}
		public function GetSetting2(_arg1:String, _arg2:Object):String{
			return (GetSettingInt(_arg1, _arg2, settings2));
		}
		function __setTab_toolbar_Scene1_Layer1_1(){
			toolbar.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		public function SetZoomLevel(_arg1:Number):void{
			_arg1 = CorrectZoomVal(_arg1);
			if (_arg1 != GetZoomLevel()){
				ZoomTo(_arg1);
				SetZoomState("none");
			};
		}
		public function SearchAndHighlightText(_arg1:String):int{
			var _local2:Object;
			var _local3:Object;
			var _local4:Object;
			if (lastSearchTS != null){
				lastSearchTS.setSelected(0, lastSearchTS.charCount, false);
			};
			SearchTextInt(_arg1);
			if (lastSearchPos != -1){
				lastSearchTS.setSelected(lastSearchPos, (lastSearchPos + _arg1.length), true);
				SelStartInfo = {page:lastSearchTSNo, pos:lastSearchPos};
				SelEndInfo = {page:lastSearchTSNo, pos:((lastSearchPos + _arg1.length) - 1)};
				_local2 = lastSearchTS.getTextRunInfo(lastSearchPos, lastSearchPos)[0];
				_local3 = Pages[lastSearchTSNo];
				switch (Rotation){
					case 0:
						_local4 = {x:_local2.corner3x, y:_local2.corner3y};
						break;
					case 90:
						_local4 = {x:(_local3.width - _local2.corner0y), y:_local2.corner0x};
						break;
					case 180:
						_local4 = {x:(_local3.width - _local2.corner1x), y:(_local3.height - _local2.corner1y)};
						break;
					case 270:
						_local4 = {x:_local2.corner2y, y:(_local3.height - _local2.corner2x)};
				};
				SetCurrentPage((lastSearchTSNo + 1), _local4.x, _local4.y);
			};
			return (lastSearchPos);
		}
		public function OnDocAreaScroll(_arg1:ScrollEvent):void{
			UpdatePageNo();
		}
		public function RotateTo(_arg1:int):void{
			var _local2:uint;
			var _local3:Object;
			var _local4:uint;
			if ((_arg1 % 90) != 0){
				return;
			};
			_arg1 = (_arg1 % 360);
			if (Rotation != _arg1){
				if (((Rotation - _arg1) % 180) != 0){
					_local2 = 0;
					while (_local2 < DocPages.length) {
						_local3 = DocPages[_local2];
						_local4 = _local3.width;
						_local3.width = _local3.height;
						_local3.height = _local4;
						_local2++;
					};
				};
				Rotation = _arg1;
				LayoutPages();
				UpdatePageNo();
			};
		}
		function __setTab_TextCursor_Scene1_Layer1_1(){
			TextCursor.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		public function OnSearchFieldRollOut(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			ShowSearchPatTip(false);
		}
		public function _Forward():Boolean{
			var _local1:Object;
			if (HistoryIndex < (History.length - 1)){
				_local1 = History[++HistoryIndex];
				GoToPagePos(_local1, true);
				return (true);
			};
			return (false);
		}
		public function DrawRect(_arg1:Sprite, _arg2:Number, _arg3:Number, _arg4:Number, _arg5:Number, _arg6:uint, _arg7:Number=NaN){
			var _local8:Graphics = _arg1.graphics;
			_local8.beginFill(_arg6);
			if (isNaN(_arg7)){
				_local8.lineStyle();
			} else {
				_local8.lineStyle(0, _arg7);
			};
			_local8.drawRect(_arg2, _arg3, (_arg4 - _arg2), (_arg5 - _arg3));
			_local8.endFill();
		}
		public function _SetCurrentZoom(_arg1:Object):void{
			switch (_arg1){
				case "width":
					FitWidth();
					break;
				case "page":
					FitPage();
					break;
				default:
					if ((_arg1 is String)){
						_arg1 = parseInt((_arg1 as String));
					};
					SetZoomLevel((_arg1 as Number));
			};
		}
		public function OnForwardButClick(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			_Forward();
		}
		public function OnStageMouseDown(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			if (((!(DropDownToolbar.hitTestPoint(_arg1.stageX, _arg1.stageY))) && (!(toolbar.more.hitTestPoint(_arg1.stageX, _arg1.stageY))))){
				DropDownToolbar.visible = false;
			};
			notfoundtip.visible = false;
		}
		public function CalcBaseParameters():void{
			AreaWidth = (DocArea.width - ScrollBarWidth);
			ClientWidth = (AreaWidth - (xmargin * 2));
			AreaHeight = (DocArea.height - ScrollBarHeight);
			ClientHeight = (AreaHeight - (ymargin * 2));
		}
		public function OnDocAreaContentMouseDown(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			var _local3:Point;
			var _local4:Object;
			var _local5:Object;
			var _local2 = ((getTimer() - LastPressed) < DblCLickTime);
			if (_local2){
				LastPressed = undefined;
			} else {
				LastPressed = getTimer();
			};
			if (mousemode == "move"){
				if (((DocArea.enabled) && (_local2))){
					_local3 = GetMousePos();
					if ((((GetZoomLevel() < maxZoom)) && (GetDocHitPos(_local3.x, _local3.y)))){
						if (GetZoomLevel() >= CalcZoomLevel("", _local4.page)){
							SetZoomLevel((GetZoomLevel() * 1.5));
						} else {
							SetBaseParameters(_local4.page);
						};
						_local4.x = (_local4.x - ((AreaWidth / 2) / DocAreaContent.scaleX));
						_local4.y = (_local4.y - ((AreaHeight / 2) / DocAreaContent.scaleY));
						SetCurrentPage(_local4.page, _local4.x, _local4.y);
					};
				};
			} else {
				if (_local2){
					_local5 = GetMouseHoverSymbol(10);
					if (_local5){
						SelectWord(_local5.page, _local5.pos);
						Selected = true;
					};
				} else {
					Selected = false;
					if (DocArea.enabled){
						SelectScrollInterval = setInterval(SelectScroll, 200);
					};
					Unselect(true);
					if ((SelStartInfo = GetMouseHoverSymbol(100)) != null){
						Selecting = true;
					};
				};
			};
		}
		public function OnHelpButClick(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			OpenHelpPageInt();
		}
		public function ShowTotalPagesTip(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			totalpagestip.visible = ((_arg1) && (totalpagestip.parent.visible));
		}
		public function LinkClick(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			var _local2:MovieClip = (_arg1.target as MovieClip);
			_goToLinkTarget(_local2.LinkURL, _local2.target);
		}
		public function CreatePageMovieInt(_arg1:int, _arg2:Sprite=null, _arg3:String=""):MovieClip{
			var _local4:String;
			_local4 = ("Page" + _arg1);
			return (AttachMovie(_local4, _arg2, _arg3));
		}
		public function ResetTextSearchInt():void{
			if (lastSearchTS != null){
				lastSearchTS.setSelected(0, lastSearchTS.charCount, false);
			};
			lastSearchTSNo = NaN;
			lastSearchTS = null;
		}
		public function OnPrintButClick(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			Print();
		}
		public function onPrintRangeSelected(_arg1:Event){
			var event = _arg1;
			var startPrintPage:Number = parseInt(printRangeWnd.pagesFrom.text);
			var endPrintPage:Number = parseInt(printRangeWnd.pagesTo.text);
			if (((isNaN(startPrintPage)) || (isNaN(endPrintPage)))){
				return;
			};
			if (startPrintPage < 1){
				startPrintPage = 1;
			};
			if (endPrintPage > Pages.length){
				endPrintPage = Pages.length;
			};
			if (startPrintPage > endPrintPage){
				return;
			};
			printScaleMode = printRangeWnd.printScaleMode;
			try {
				localData.data.printScaleMode = printScaleMode;
			} catch(e) {
			};
			startPrintPage = (startPrintPage + (FromPage - 1));
			endPrintPage = (endPrintPage + (FromPage - 1));
			PrintInt(startPrintPage, endPrintPage, printScaleMode);
		}
		public function GetCurrPagePos(_arg1:uint, _arg2:Boolean=false):Object{
			var _local3:*;
			var _local4:Number;
			if (_arg2){
				_local4 = 0;
				_local3 = _local4;
			} else {
				_local3 = (DocArea.width / 2);
				_local4 = (DocArea.height / 2);
			};
			var _local5:Object = Pages[(_arg1 - 1)];
			return ({y:(((DocArea.verticalScrollPosition + _local4) / DocAreaContent.scaleX) - _local5.movie.y), x:(((DocArea.horizontalScrollPosition + _local3) / DocAreaContent.scaleY) - _local5.movie.x)});
		}
		public function OnMoreButClick(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			DropDownToolbar.visible = !(DropDownToolbar.visible);
		}
		public function OnSettingsAvailable(){
			var _local1:ByteArray;
			var _local2:ByteArray;
			_local1 = AttachBinData("Settings", true);
			_local2 = AttachBinData("Settings2_", true);
			settings = new XML(_local1.readUTFBytes(_local1.length));
			settings2 = new XML(_local2.readUTFBytes(_local2.length));
			totalPages = GetIntSetting("PageNum", 0);
			widths = GetSetting("Widths", "").split(/,/);
			heights = GetSetting("Heights", "").split(/,/);
			if (totalPages){
				waitmsg = PlaceWaitMsg(this, "Loading...");
				frame1ResizeHandler(null);
			} else {
				PlaceMessage("This document is empty");
				frame1ResizeHandler(null);
				stop();
			};
		}
		public function OnScaleTextFieldRollOut(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			ShowZoomTip(false);
		}
		public function GetPageText(_arg1:uint):String{
			var _local3:TextSnapshot;
			var _local2:String = Pages[_arg1].text;
			if (_local2 == null){
				_local3 = GetTextSnapshot(_arg1);
				_local2 = _local3.getText(0, _local3.charCount, false);
				Pages[_arg1].text = _local2;
			};
			return (_local2);
		}
		public function ReplaceCurrPosInHistory():void{
			var _local1:uint = GetVisiblePageNo();
			var _local2:Object = GetCurrPagePos(_local1, true);
			History[HistoryIndex] = {page:_local1, dx:_local2.x, dy:_local2.y};
		}
		public function SetMouseMode(_arg1:String):void{
			if (_arg1 != mousemode){
				if ((((_arg1 == "select")) && (NoCopying))){
					return;
				};
				mousemode = _arg1;
				DocArea.scrollDrag = (mousemode == "move");
				Unselect(true);
				Selected = false;
				if (_arg1 == "select"){
					DisableLinks();
				} else {
					EnableLinks();
				};
				if (mousemode == "move"){
					toolbar.moveMode.but.ShowState(2);
					toolbar.moveMode.but.normalState = 2;
					toolbar.selMode.but.ShowState(1);
					toolbar.selMode.but.normalState = 1;
					cursor = HandCursor;
				} else {
					toolbar.moveMode.but.ShowState(1);
					toolbar.moveMode.but.normalState = 1;
					toolbar.selMode.but.ShowState(2);
					toolbar.selMode.but.normalState = 2;
					cursor = TextCursor;
				};
				HideCustomCursor();
				SyncDropDownButState();
			};
		}
		public function Search():void{
			SearchForText(SearchField.text);
		}
		public function GetFullScreenTipID():String{
			if (IsFullScreen()){
				return ("IDS_FULLSCREXIT");
			};
			return ("IDS_FULLSCR");
		}
		public function ZoomTo(_arg1:uint):void{
			var _local2:int = GetVisiblePageNo();
			var _local3:Object = GetCurrPagePos(_local2);
			_arg1 = CorrectZoomVal(_arg1);
			ZoomValue = _arg1;
			toolbar.ZoomSlider.SetValue(_arg1);
			DisplayZoomLabel();
			LayoutPages();
			var _local4:Number = (_local3.x - (((DocArea.width / 2) - xinterstice) / DocArea.content.scaleX));
			var _local5:Number = (_local3.y - (((DocArea.height / 2) - yinterstice) / DocArea.content.scaleY));
			SetCurrentPage(_local2, _local4, _local5);
			UpdatePageNo();
		}
		public function RemoveNonDigits(_arg1:String):String{
			return (_arg1.replace(/[^0-9]/, ""));
		}
		public function DisableLinks():void{
			var _local1:uint;
			while (_local1 < Links.length) {
				Links[_local1].removeEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, LinkClick);
				Links[_local1].removeEventListener(MouseEvent.ROLL_OVER, LinkMouseOver);
				Links[_local1].removeEventListener(MouseEvent.ROLL_OUT, LinkMouseOut);
				_local1++;
			};
		}
		public function OnStageResize(_arg1:Event):void{
			if (autonomous){
				setSize(stage.stageWidth, stage.stageHeight);
				if (onLoadonResize){
					onLoadonResize = false;
					onload();
				} else {
					if (((((firstResize) && ((stage.stageWidth == 0)))) && ((stage.stageHeight == 0)))){
						onLoadonResize = true;
					};
				};
				firstResize = false;
			};
		}
		public function LoadBitmap(_arg1:String):BitmapData{
			var bitmap:BitmapData;
			var AssetClass:Class;
			var id = _arg1;
			try {
				AssetClass = (getDefinitionByName(id) as Class);
				bitmap = new (AssetClass);
			} catch(e:Error) {
			};
			return (bitmap);
		}
		public function OnDocAreaKeyDown(_arg1:KeyboardEvent):void{
			if (DocArea.enabled){
				switch (_arg1.keyCode){
					case Keyboard.UP:
						_arg1.stopImmediatePropagation();
						if (_arg1.ctrlKey){
							PreviousPageInt();
						} else {
							ScrollTo(NaN, (DocArea.verticalScrollPosition - DocArea.verticalLineScrollSize));
						};
						break;
					case Keyboard.DOWN:
						_arg1.stopImmediatePropagation();
						if (_arg1.ctrlKey){
							NextPageInt();
						} else {
							ScrollTo(NaN, (DocArea.verticalScrollPosition + DocArea.verticalLineScrollSize));
						};
						break;
					case Keyboard.LEFT:
						_arg1.stopImmediatePropagation();
						if (_arg1.ctrlKey){
							_Back();
						} else {
							ScrollTo((DocArea.horizontalScrollPosition - DocArea.horizontalLineScrollSize), NaN);
						};
						break;
					case Keyboard.RIGHT:
						_arg1.stopImmediatePropagation();
						if (_arg1.ctrlKey){
							_Forward();
						} else {
							ScrollTo((DocArea.horizontalScrollPosition + DocArea.horizontalLineScrollSize), NaN);
						};
						break;
					case Keyboard.BACKSPACE:
						_Back();
						break;
					case 85:
						if (_arg1.ctrlKey){
							NextPageInt();
						};
						break;
					case 89:
						if (_arg1.ctrlKey){
							PreviousPageInt();
						};
						break;
					case 107:
						if (_arg1.ctrlKey){
							SetZoomLevel((ZoomValue + 10));
						};
						break;
					case 109:
						if (_arg1.ctrlKey){
							SetZoomLevel((ZoomValue - 10));
						};
						break;
				};
			} else {
				_arg1.stopImmediatePropagation();
			};
			if ((((_arg1.keyCode == 80)) && (_arg1.ctrlKey))){
				Print();
			};
		}
		public function ShowTotalPages():void{
			TotalPagesField.text = ("/ " + new String(Pages.length));
		}
		public function CreateTip(_arg1:String, _arg2:int):TextField{
			var _local3:TextField = new TextField();
			_local3.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			_local3.accessibilityProperties.silent = true;
			_local3.y = toppanelheight;
			_local3.visible = false;
			_local3.border = true;
			_local3.borderColor = 0;
			_local3.background = true;
			_local3.backgroundColor = 16777185;
			_local3.selectable = false;
			_local3.defaultTextFormat = new TextFormat("Tahoma", 12, 0);
			_local3.autoSize = TextFieldAutoSize.LEFT;
			_local3.text = _arg1;
			_local3.x = (_arg2 - (_local3.width / 2));
			toolbar.addChild(_local3);
			return (_local3);
		}
		public function OnRotateButClick(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			RotateInt();
		}
		public function NavigateToURL(_arg1, _arg2){
			var url = _arg1;
			var window = _arg2;
			try {
				navigateToURL(new URLRequest(url), window);
			} catch(e:Error) {
			};
		}
		public function _Back():Boolean{
			var _local1:Object;
			if (HistoryIndex > 0){
				_local1 = History[--HistoryIndex];
				GoToPagePos(_local1, true);
				return (true);
			};
			return (false);
		}
		public function ShowCustomCursor(){
			Mouse.hide();
			cursor.visible = true;
			root.addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_MOVE, mouseMoveHandler, false, 0, true);
		}
		public function OnNextPageButClick(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			NextPageInt();
		}
		public function frame1ResizeHandler(_arg1:Event):void{
			CenterMsg(waitmsg);
		}
		public function AttachBtnImage(_arg1:MovieClip, _arg2:uint, _arg3:Boolean):void{
			var _local4:* = ("TBImage" + _arg2);
			if (_arg1.image){
				_arg1.removeChild(_arg1.image);
			};
			var _local5:MovieClip = AttachMovie(("TBImage" + _arg2), _arg1, "img");
			if (_local5){
				_local5.mouseEnabled = false;
				_local5.x = Math.round(((_arg1.width - _local5.width) / 2));
				_local5.y = Math.round(((_arg1.height - _local5.height) / 2));
				_arg1.image = _local5;
			};
		}
		public function OnFitPageButClick(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			FitPage();
		}
		public function ShowZoomTip(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			ScaleTextMovietip.visible = ((((_arg1) && (toolbar.ScaleTextMovie.visible))) && (!((stage.focus == ScaleTextField))));
		}
		public function TipMouseOut(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			var _local2:MovieClip = (_arg1.currentTarget as MovieClip);
			var _local3:TextField = _local2.tip;
			_local3.visible = false;
			_local3.x = _local2.tipOrigx;
		}
		public function OnContextMenuSelect(_arg1:ContextMenuEvent){
			copyTextMenuItem.visible = ((!(NoCopying)) && (Selected));
			ShowStandardCursor();
		}
		public function OnTotalPagesFieldRollOver(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			ShowTotalPagesTip(true);
		}
		public function OnDocAreaKeyUp(_arg1:KeyboardEvent):void{
			if (((((!(NoCopying)) && (_arg1.ctrlKey))) && ((((_arg1.keyCode == 67)) || ((_arg1.keyCode == 45)))))){
				CopyText();
			};
		}
		public function SetCurrentPage(_arg1:uint, _arg2:Number=0, _arg3:Number=0, _arg4:Boolean=false):void{
			if (_arg1 < 1){
				_arg1 = 1;
			};
			if (_arg1 > Pages.length){
				_arg1 = Pages.length;
			};
			_arg2 = (_arg2 * DocAreaContent.scaleX);
			_arg3 = (_arg3 * DocAreaContent.scaleY);
			var _local5:Number = ((Pages[(_arg1 - 1)].movie.y * DocAreaContent.scaleY) + _arg3);
			var _local6:Number = ((Pages[(_arg1 - 1)].movie.x * DocAreaContent.scaleX) + _arg2);
			if (!_arg4){
				_local5 = (_local5 - yinterstice);
				_local6 = (_local6 - xinterstice);
			};
			ScrollTo(_local6, _local5, false);
			UpdatePageNo(_arg1);
		}
		public function AddToHistory(_arg1:Object){
			ReplaceCurrPosInHistory();
			var _local2 = ++HistoryIndex;
			History[_local2] = _arg1;
			History.splice((HistoryIndex + 1), History.length);
		}
		public function FitPage():void{
			if (scaleMode != "page"){
				SetZoomState("page");
				SetBaseParameters();
			};
			SetCurrentPage(GetCurrentPage());
		}
		function __setAcc_toolbar_Scene1_Layer1_1(){
			toolbar.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			toolbar.accessibilityProperties.name = "Print2Flash Toolbar";
		}
		public function PrintInt(_arg1:Number, _arg2:Number, _arg3:String):void{
			var printJob:PrintJob;
			var jobStarted:Boolean;
			var pageno:uint;
			var page:Object;
			var pageAdded:Boolean;
			var pageMovie:MovieClip;
			var contPageMovie:MovieClip;
			var printArea:Rectangle;
			var realPageMovie:MovieClip;
			var paWidth:Number;
			var paHeight:Number;
			var scale:Number;
			var scaleRotated:Number;
			var startPrintPage = _arg1;
			var endPrintPage = _arg2;
			var printScaleMode = _arg3;
			if (!NoPrinting){
				printJob = new PrintJob();
				try {
					jobStarted = printJob.start();
				} catch(e:Error) {
					jobStarted = false;
				};
				if (jobStarted){
					pageno = startPrintPage;
					while (pageno <= endPrintPage) {
						page = DocPages[(pageno - 1)];
						pageAdded = false;
						pageMovie = CreatePageMovieInt(pageno);
						if (pageMovie){
							contPageMovie = new MovieClip();
							addChild(contPageMovie);
							switch (printScaleMode){
								case "noscale":
									realPageMovie = pageMovie;
									pageMovie = new MovieClip();
									contPageMovie.addChild(pageMovie);
									paWidth = ((printJob.pageWidth / 72) * Resolution);
									paHeight = ((printJob.pageHeight / 72) * Resolution);
									DrawRect(pageMovie, 0, 0, (paWidth * 1.1), (paHeight * 1.1), 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF);
									pageMovie.addChild(realPageMovie);
									realPageMovie.x = ((paWidth - ((printJob.paperWidth / 72) * Resolution)) / 2);
									realPageMovie.y = ((paHeight - ((printJob.paperHeight / 72) * Resolution)) / 2);
									printArea = new Rectangle(0, 0, paWidth, paHeight);
									pageMovie.scaleX = (pageMovie.scaleY = (72 / Resolution));
									break;
								default:
									contPageMovie.addChild(pageMovie);
									scale = Math.min((printJob.pageWidth / page.realWidth), (printJob.pageHeight / page.realHeight));
									scaleRotated = Math.min((printJob.pageWidth / page.realHeight), (printJob.pageHeight / page.realWidth));
									if (scaleRotated > scale){
										scale = scaleRotated;
										pageMovie.rotation = 270;
										pageMovie.y = (page.realWidth * scale);
									};
									pageMovie.scaleX = (pageMovie.scaleY = scale);
									printArea = new Rectangle(0, 0, (page.realWidth - 1), (page.realHeight - 1));
									break;
							};
							scale = Math.min((MovieWidth / contPageMovie.width), (MovieHeight / contPageMovie.height));
							contPageMovie.scaleX = (contPageMovie.scaleY = scale);
							try {
								printJob.addPage(pageMovie, printArea, new PrintJobOptions(PrintAsBitmap));
								pageAdded = true;
							} catch(e:Error) {
							};
							removeChild(contPageMovie);
						};
						if (!pageAdded){
							break;
						};
						pageno = (pageno + 1);
					};
					printJob.send();
					printJob = null;
				};
			};
		}
		public function GetFullScreenButID():int{
			if (IsFullScreen()){
				return (21);
			};
			return (20);
		}
		public function _goToLinkTarget(_arg1:String, _arg2:String):Boolean{
			if (_arg1.substr(0, 7) == "anchor:"){
				return (GoToBookmark(_arg1.substr(7)));
			};
			NavigateToURL(_arg1, _arg2);
			return (true);
		}
		public function getSelectedTextInt():String{
			var _local3:TextSnapshot;
			var _local4:String;
			var _local1 = "";
			var _local2:uint;
			while (_local2 < Pages.length) {
				_local3 = Pages[_local2].ts;
				if (_local3 != null){
					_local4 = _local3.getSelectedText(true);
					if (_local4 != ""){
						_local1 = (_local1 + (_local4 + String.fromCharCode(13, 10)));
					};
				};
				_local2++;
			};
			return (_local1);
		}
		public function GetSetting(_arg1:String, _arg2:Object):String{
			return (GetSettingInt(_arg1, _arg2, settings));
		}
		public function GoToPagePos(_arg1:Object, _arg2:Boolean){
			var _local3:Number;
			var _local4:Number;
			var _local5:Object = Pages[(_arg1.page - 1)];
			switch (Rotation){
				case 90:
					_local3 = (_local5.realHeight - _arg1.dy);
					_local4 = _arg1.dx;
					break;
				case 180:
					_local3 = (_local5.realWidth - _arg1.dx);
					_local4 = (_local5.realHeight - _arg1.dy);
					break;
				case 270:
					_local3 = _arg1.dy;
					_local4 = (_local5.realWidth - _arg1.dx);
					break;
				default:
					_local3 = _arg1.dx;
					_local4 = _arg1.dy;
			};
			SetCurrentPage(_arg1.page, _local3, _local4, _arg2);
		}
		public function SelectWord(_arg1:uint, _arg2:uint){
			var _local4:*;
			var _local5:int;
			var _local3:String = GetPageText(_arg1);
			if (IsWordSym(_local3.substr(_arg2, 1))){
				_local5 = FindNonWord(_local3, _arg2);
				if (_local5 == -1){
					_local5 = _local3.length;
				};
				_local4 = FindLastNonWord(_local3, _arg2);
				if (_local4 == -1){
					_local4 = 0;
				} else {
					_local4++;
				};
			} else {
				_local4 = _arg2;
				_local5 = (_arg2 + 1);
			};
			Unselect();
			var _local6:TextSnapshot = GetTextSnapshot(_arg1);
			_local6.setSelected(_local4, _local5, true);
			SelStartInfo = {page:_arg1, pos:_local4};
			SelEndInfo = {page:_arg1, pos:(_local5 - 1)};
		}
		public function ScrollTo(_arg1:Number, _arg2:Number, _arg3:Boolean=true):void{
			var _local4:Boolean;
			if (!isNaN(_arg1)){
				if (_arg1 > DocArea.maxHorizontalScrollPosition){
					_arg1 = DocArea.maxHorizontalScrollPosition;
				} else {
					if (_arg1 < 0){
						_arg1 = 0;
					};
				};
				if (_arg1 != DocArea.horizontalScrollPosition){
					DocArea.horizontalScrollPosition = _arg1;
					_local4 = true;
				};
			};
			if (!isNaN(_arg2)){
				if (_arg2 > DocArea.maxVerticalScrollPosition){
					_arg2 = DocArea.maxVerticalScrollPosition;
				} else {
					if (_arg2 < 0){
						_arg2 = 0;
					};
				};
				if (_arg2 != DocArea.verticalScrollPosition){
					DocArea.verticalScrollPosition = _arg2;
					_local4 = true;
				};
			};
			if (_arg3){
				UpdatePageNo();
			};
		}
		public function SetInitialPage():void{
			SetCurrentPage(GetInitParam("INITIAL_PAGE", "1"));
		}
		public function SetInitialPos():void{
			var _local1:String = GetInitParam("INITIAL_BOOKMARK", "");
			if (_local1){
				if (!GoToBookmark(_local1, false)){
					SetInitialPage();
				};
			} else {
				SetInitialPage();
			};
		}
		public function SetZoomState(_arg1:String):void{
			scaleMode = _arg1;
			if (scaleMode == "page"){
				toolbar.scalePage.but.ShowState(2);
				toolbar.scalePage.but.normalState = 2;
			} else {
				toolbar.scalePage.but.ShowState(1);
				toolbar.scalePage.but.normalState = 1;
			};
			if (scaleMode == "width"){
				toolbar.scaleWidth.but.ShowState(2);
				toolbar.scaleWidth.but.normalState = 2;
			} else {
				toolbar.scaleWidth.but.ShowState(1);
				toolbar.scaleWidth.but.normalState = 1;
			};
			SyncDropDownButState();
		}
		public function CopyText():void{
			var _local1:String = getSelectedTextInt();
			if (_local1 != ""){
				System.setClipboard(_local1);
			};
		}
		public function OnStageKeyDown(_arg1:KeyboardEvent):void{
			if (_arg1.keyCode != 13){
				notfoundtip.visible = false;
			};
		}
		public function SetInitialView():void{
			_SetCurrentZoom(GetInitParam("INITIAL_VIEW", "width"));
			RotateTo(GetInitParam("INITIAL_ROTATE", "0"));
		}
		public function CreateTips():void{
			var _local2:Object;
			var _local3:MovieClip;
			var _local4:TextField;
			var _local1:uint;
			while (_local1 < TBButtons.length) {
				_local2 = TBButtons[_local1];
				if (_local2.tip){
					_local3 = _local2.movie;
					_local4 = CreateTip(locale.loadString(_local2.tip), (_local3.x + (_local3.width / 2)));
					_local3.tip = _local4;
					if (!_local2.notiphandler){
						_local3.addEventListener(MouseEvent.ROLL_OVER, TipMouseOver, false, 0, true);
						_local3.addEventListener(MouseEvent.ROLL_OUT, TipMouseOut, false, 0, true);
					};
					if (_local3 == toolbar.searchPatternmc){
						searchPatternmctip = _local4;
					};
					if (_local3 == toolbar.ScaleTextMovie){
						ScaleTextMovietip = _local4;
					};
				};
				_local1++;
			};
			notfoundtip = CreateTip(locale.loadString("IDS_NOTFOUND"), (toolbar.searchPatternmc.x + (toolbar.searchPatternmc.width / 2)));
			pagenotip = CreateTip(locale.loadString("IDS_GOTOPAGE"), ((toolbar.PageNoMovie.x + toolbar.PageNoMovie.PageNoFieldMC.x) + (toolbar.PageNoMovie.PageNoFieldMC.width / 2)));
			totalpagestip = CreateTip(locale.loadString("IDS_TOTPAGES"), ((toolbar.PageNoMovie.x + toolbar.PageNoMovie.TotalPagesMC.x) + (toolbar.PageNoMovie.TotalPagesMC.width / 2)));
			SetupFSButton();
			if (Accessibility.active){
				Accessibility.updateProperties();
			};
		}
		public function OnPageNoFieldKeyDown(_arg1:KeyboardEvent):void{
			if (_arg1.charCode == 13){
				ProcessPageNo();
			};
		}
		public function GetDocHitPos(_arg1:Number, _arg2:Number):Object{
			var _local4:MovieClip;
			var _local5:Point;
			var _local3:uint;
			while (_local3 < Pages.length) {
				if (Pages[_local3].movie.hitTestPoint(_arg1, _arg2)){
					_local4 = Pages[_local3].movie;
					_local5 = new Point(_local4.x, _local4.y);
					_local5 = _local4.parent.localToGlobal(_local5);
					return ({page:(_local3 + 1), x:((_arg1 - _local5.x) / DocArea.content.scaleX), y:((_arg2 - _local5.y) / DocArea.content.scaleY)});
				};
				_local3++;
			};
			return (null);
		}
		public function Print(_arg1:Number=1, _arg2:Number=0, _arg3:String=""){
			if (!NoPrinting){
				if (!_arg2){
					_arg2 = Pages.length;
				};
				if (_arg3 == ""){
					_arg3 = printScaleMode;
				};
				DropDownToolbar.visible = false;
				printRangeWnd.show(this, MovieWidth, MovieHeight, _arg1, _arg2, _arg3);
			};
		}
		public function ShowPageNoFieldTip(_arg1:Boolean):void{
			pagenotip.visible = ((((_arg1) && (pagenotip.parent.visible))) && (!((stage.focus == PageNoField))));
		}
		public function GetCurrentPage():uint{
			return (PageNo);
		}
		public function OnScaleTextFieldRollOver(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			ShowZoomTip(true);
		}
		public function LayoutPages():void{
			var _local6:Object;
			var _local7:MovieClip;
			var _local8:MovieClip;
			var _local9:int;
			var _local10:Number;
			var _local11:uint;
			var _local12:uint;
			var _local13:int;
			var _local14:int;
			var _local1:int = xmargin;
			var _local2:int = ymargin;
			var _local3:int;
			ScaleFactor = ((ZoomValue / 100) * zoomCorr);
			DocAreaContent.scaleX = (DocAreaContent.scaleY = ScaleFactor);
			var _local4:uint;
			var _local5:int;
			while (_local5 < Pages.length) {
				_local6 = Pages[_local5];
				_local7 = _local6.movie;
				_local8 = _local6.realMovie;
				if (((_local1 + (_local6.width * ScaleFactor)) + xmargin) > AreaWidth){
					if (_local3 > 0){
						_local2 = (_local2 + ((_local3 * ScaleFactor) + yinterstice));
					};
					_local1 = xmargin;
					_local3 = 0;
				};
				_local6.y = _local2;
				_local7.x = (_local1 / ScaleFactor);
				_local7.y = (_local2 / ScaleFactor);
				_local8.rotation = Rotation;
				switch (Rotation){
					case 0:
						_local8.x = (_local8.y = 0);
						break;
					case 90:
						_local8.x = _local6.width;
						_local8.y = 0;
						break;
					case 180:
						_local8.x = _local6.width;
						_local8.y = _local6.height;
						break;
					case 270:
						_local8.x = 0;
						_local8.y = _local6.height;
						break;
				};
				_local1 = (_local1 + ((_local6.width * ScaleFactor) + xinterstice));
				if (_local6.height > _local3){
					_local3 = _local6.height;
				};
				_local4 = Math.max(_local1, _local4);
				_local5++;
			};
			_local5 = 0;
			while (_local5 < Pages.length) {
				_local9 = _local5;
				_local10 = Pages[_local5].movie.y;
				_local11 = uint.MAX_VALUE;
				_local12 = uint.MIN_VALUE;
				do  {
					_local6 = Pages[_local5];
					_local11 = Math.min(_local11, _local6.movie.x);
					_local12 = Math.max(_local12, (_local6.movie.x + _local6.width));
					_local5++;
				} while ((((_local5 < Pages.length)) && ((_local10 == Pages[_local5].movie.y))));
				_local13 = (((ClientWidth / ScaleFactor) - (_local12 - _local11)) / 2);
				if (_local13 > 0){
					_local14 = _local9;
					while (_local14 < _local5) {
						Pages[_local14].movie.x = (Pages[_local14].movie.x + _local13);
						_local14++;
					};
				};
			};
			BottomArea.y = (((_local2 + yinterstice) + (_local3 * ScaleFactor)) / ScaleFactor);
			BottomArea.height = (ymargin / ScaleFactor);
			BottomArea.x = (_local4 / ScaleFactor);
			BottomArea.width = (xmargin / ScaleFactor);
			DocArea.update();
		}
		public function mouseOutHandler(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			ShowStandardCursor();
		}
		public function LinkMouseOut(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			ShowCustomCursor();
		}
		public function CorrectZoomVal(_arg1:Number):uint{
			if (_arg1 > maxZoom){
				_arg1 = maxZoom;
			};
			if (_arg1 < minZoom){
				_arg1 = minZoom;
			};
			return (Math.floor(_arg1));
		}
		public function CalcScrollSteps():void{
			DocArea.verticalLineScrollSize = (DocArea.height / 20);
			DocArea.verticalPageScrollSize = (DocArea.height - DocArea.verticalLineScrollSize);
			DocArea.horizontalLineScrollSize = (DocArea.width / 20);
			DocArea.horizontalPageScrollSize = (DocArea.width - DocArea.horizontalLineScrollSize);
		}
		public function OnStageMouseLeave(_arg1:Event):void{
			mouseOutHandler(new MouseEvent(MouseEvent.MOUSE_OUT));
		}
		function __setAcc_HandCursor_Scene1_Layer1_1(){
			HandCursor.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			HandCursor.accessibilityProperties.silent = true;
		}
		public function IsWordSym(_arg1:String):Boolean{
			var _local2:Number = _arg1.charCodeAt(0);
			return ((((((((((_arg1 >= "A")) && ((_arg1 <= "Z")))) || ((((_arg1 >= "a")) && ((_arg1 <= "z")))))) || ((((_arg1 >= "0")) && ((_arg1 <= "9")))))) || ((((((((_local2 >= 128)) && (!((((_local2 >= 0x2000)) && ((_local2 <= 8303))))))) && (!((((_local2 >= 160)) && ((_local2 <= 191))))))) && (!((((_local2 >= 0x2E00)) && ((_local2 <= 11903)))))))));
		}
		public function SearchForText(_arg1:String):Boolean{
			return ((notfoundtip.visible = (SearchAndHighlightText(_arg1) == -1)));
		}
		public function SyncDropDownButState():void{
			var _local1:*;
			var _local2:MovieClip;
			if (DropDownToolbar){
				_local1 = 0;
				while (_local1 < DropDownToolbar.Buttons.length) {
					_local2 = DropDownToolbar.Buttons[_local1];
					_local2.but.normalState = _local2.button.movie.but.normalState;
					_local2.but.ShowState(_local2.but.normalState);
					_local1++;
				};
			};
		}
		public function OnPageNoFieldRollOver(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			ShowPageNoFieldTip(true);
		}
		public function OnDocAreaContentRollOver(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			cursor.x = _arg1.stageX;
			cursor.y = _arg1.stageY;
			ShowCustomCursor();
		}
		public function GetInitParam(_arg1:String, _arg2:Object){
			var _local3:* = loaderInfo.parameters[_arg1];
			if (_local3 == null){
				_local3 = _arg2;
			};
			return (_local3);
		}
		public function CenterMsg(_arg1:MovieClip){
			if (_arg1){
				_arg1.x = ((stage.stageWidth - _arg1.width) / 2);
				_arg1.y = ((stage.stageHeight - _arg1.height) / 2);
			};
		}
		public function ProcessZoomEntry():void{
			SetZoomLevel(new Number(RemoveNonDigits(ScaleTextField.text)));
		}
		public function PlaceWaitMsg(_arg1:Sprite, _arg2:String):MovieClip{
			var _local3 = "waitmsg";
			var _local4:MovieClip = AttachMovie(_local3, _arg1, _local3);
			_local4.msg.autoSize = TextFieldAutoSize.LEFT;
			_local4.msg.text = _arg2;
			return (_local4);
		}
		public function OpenInNewWindowInt():void{
			DropDownToolbar.visible = false;
			NavigateToURL(loaderInfo.url, "_blank");
		}
		public function OnScaleTextFieldFocusOut(_arg1:FocusEvent):void{
			ProcessZoomEntry();
		}
		public function OnPageNoFieldFocusIn(_arg1:FocusEvent):void{
			PageNoInitVal = PageNoField.text;
			ShowPageNoFieldTip(false);
		}
		public function OnFitWidthButClick(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			FitWidth();
		}
		public function SelectScroll(){
			if (DocArea.mouseY > DocArea.height){
				ScrollTo(undefined, (DocArea.verticalScrollPosition + interpolate((DocArea.verticalLineScrollSize * MinSelVScrollRatio), (DocArea.verticalLineScrollSize * MaxSelVScrollRatio), DocArea.height, (DocArea.height * 2), DocArea.mouseY)));
			} else {
				if (DocArea.mouseY < 0){
					ScrollTo(undefined, (DocArea.verticalScrollPosition - interpolate((DocArea.verticalLineScrollSize * MinSelVScrollRatio), (DocArea.verticalLineScrollSize * MaxSelVScrollRatio), 0, -(DocArea.height), DocArea.mouseY)));
				} else {
					if (DocArea.mouseX > DocArea.width){
						ScrollTo((DocArea.horizontalScrollPosition + interpolate((DocArea.horizontalLineScrollSize * MinSelHScrollRatio), (DocArea.horizontalLineScrollSize * MaxSelHScrollRatio), DocArea.width, (DocArea.width * 2), DocArea.mouseX)), undefined);
					} else {
						if (DocArea.mouseX < 0){
							ScrollTo((DocArea.horizontalScrollPosition - interpolate((DocArea.horizontalLineScrollSize * MinSelHScrollRatio), (DocArea.horizontalLineScrollSize * MaxSelHScrollRatio), 0, -(DocArea.width), DocArea.mouseX)), undefined);
						};
					};
				};
			};
		}
		public function AttachBtnImages(){
			var _local4:*;
			var _local1:* = 0;
			while (_local1 < TBButtons.length) {
				_local4 = TBButtons[_local1];
				if (_local4.id){
					AttachBtnImage(_local4.movie, _local4.id, _local4.nocoladj);
				};
				_local1++;
			};
			AttachBtnImage(toolbar.more, 16, false);
			toolbar.ZoomSlider.SetRange(minZoom, maxZoom);
			toolbar.ZoomSlider.y = Math.round(((Deftoppanelheight - toolbar.ZoomSlider.height) / 2));
			toolbar.ZoomSlider.Init();
			var _local2:MovieClip = toolbar.ZoomSlider.getChildByName("img");
			if (_local2){
				toolbar.ZoomSlider.swapChildren(_local2, toolbar.ZoomSlider.SliderHandle);
				toolbar.ZoomSlider.SliderHandleBtn.y = Math.round(((-((toolbar.ZoomSlider.SliderHandleBtn.height - _local2.height)) / 2) + GetIntSetting("ZoomHandleOffset", 0)));
			};
			var _local3:MovieClip = toolbar.logo.getChildByName("img");
			if (_local3){
				_local3.y = Math.round(((29 - _local3.height) / 2));
			};
		}
		public function UpdateMaxPageParams(_arg1:Object):void{
			if (_arg1.width > MaxPageWidth){
				MaxPageWidth = _arg1.width;
			};
			if (_arg1.height > MaxPageHeight){
				MaxPageHeight = _arg1.height;
			};
		}
		public function UpdatePageNo(_arg1:Number=0):void{
			if (!_arg1){
				_arg1 = GetVisiblePageNo();
			};
			PageNoField.text = _arg1.toString();
			if (PageNo != _arg1){
				PageNo = _arg1;
			};
		}
		function __setTab_HandCursor_Scene1_Layer1_1(){
			HandCursor.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		public function OnPageNoFieldFocusOut(_arg1:FocusEvent):void{
			if (PageNoInitVal != PageNoField.text){
				ProcessPageNo();
			};
		}
		public function OnTotalPagesFieldRollOut(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			ShowTotalPagesTip(false);
		}
		public function ScanPages(_arg1:uint):void{
			var _local3:*;
			var _local4:*;
			var _local5:*;
			var _local6:*;
			var _local7:*;
			var _local8:*;
			var _local9:*;
			var _local10:*;
			var _local11:*;
			var _local12:*;
			var _local2:uint = _arg1;
			do  {
				_local3 = DocPages[(_local2 - 1)].movie;
				_local4 = DocPages[(_local2 - 1)].realMovie;
				_local5 = _local3.x;
				_local6 = _local3.y;
				_local7 = _local4.x;
				_local8 = _local4.y;
				_local9 = _local4.rotation;
				_local10 = AttachPageMovie(_local2);
				_local11 = !((_local10 == null));
				if (_local11){
					if ((((_local2 < FromPage)) || ((_local2 > ToPage)))){
						DocAreaContent.removeChild(_local10);
					} else {
						_local10.x = _local5;
						_local10.y = _local6;
						_local12 = _local10.getChildByName("realMovie");
						_local12.x = _local7;
						_local12.y = _local8;
						_local12.rotation = _local9;
					};
					loadedPages = _local2;
					UpdateWaitMsg();
				};
				_local2++;
			} while (((_local11) && ((_local2 <= totalPages))));
		}
		public function AttachBinData(_arg1:String, _arg2:Boolean=false):ByteArray{
			var ba:ByteArray;
			var AssetClass:Class;
			var id = _arg1;
			var fromExtDoc = _arg2;
			try {
				AssetClass = (getDefinitionByName(id) as Class);
				ba = new (AssetClass);
			} catch(e) {
			};
			return (ba);
		}
		public function GetIntSetting(_arg1:String, _arg2:Object):int{
			return (parseInt(GetSetting(_arg1, _arg2)));
		}
		public function OnFullScreen(_arg1:FullScreenEvent):void{
			if (((!(_arg1.fullScreen)) && (!(isNaN(beforeFSWidth))))){
				setSize(beforeFSWidth, beforeFSHeight);
				beforeFSWidth = NaN;
			};
			SetupFSButton();
			LayoutToolbar();
		}
		public function onload():void{
			SetMouseMode("move");
			SetInitialView();
			if (autonomous){
				stage.dispatchEvent(new Event(Event.RESIZE));
			} else {
				setSize(550, 400);
			};
			SetInitialPos();
			ShowTotalPages();
		}
		public function GetSettingInt(_arg1:String, _arg2:Object, _arg3:XML, _arg4:XML=null):String{
			var _local5:String = _arg3.attribute(_arg1);
			if (((!(_local5)) && (_arg4))){
				_local5 = _arg4.attribute(_arg1);
			};
			if (!_local5){
				_local5 = String(_arg2);
			};
			return (_local5);
		}
		public function OnLogoClick(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			NavigateToURL(LogoURL, "_blank");
		}
		public function GetMouseHoverSymbol(_arg1:Number):Object{
			var _local3:*;
			var _local4:TextSnapshot;
			var _local5:Number;
			var _local2:uint;
			while (_local2 < Pages.length) {
				_local3 = GetMousePos();
				if (Pages[_local2].realMovie.hitTestPoint(_local3.x, _local3.y)){
					_local4 = GetTextSnapshot(_local2);
					_local5 = _local4.hitTestTextNearPos(Pages[_local2].realMovie.mouseX, Pages[_local2].realMovie.mouseY, _arg1);
					if (_local5 != -1){
						return ({page:_local2, pos:_local5});
					};
				};
				_local2++;
			};
			return (null);
		}
		public function OnSearchFieldKeyDown(_arg1:KeyboardEvent):void{
			if (_arg1.charCode == 13){
				Search();
			};
		}
		public function FindNonWord(_arg1:String, _arg2:uint):int{
			var _local3:int = _arg2;
			while (_local3 < _arg1.length) {
				if (!IsWordSym(_arg1.charAt(_local3))){
					return (_local3);
				};
				_local3++;
			};
			return (-1);
		}
		public function setSize(_arg1:uint, _arg2:uint):void{
			DocArea.y = toppanelheight;
			MovieWidth = _arg1;
			MovieHeight = _arg2;
			DocArea.width = MovieWidth;
			DocArea.height = (MovieHeight - toppanelheight);
			CalcScrollSteps();
			SetBaseParameters();
			LayoutPages();
			LayoutToolbar();
			ModalScreen.resizeContainer(_arg1, _arg2);
		}
		function __setTab_DocArea_Scene1_Layer1_1(){
			DocArea.tabIndex = 17;
		}
		public function OnSliderChange(_arg1:Event):void{
			ZoomTo(toolbar.ZoomSlider.GetValue());
			SetZoomState("none");
		}
		public function OpenHelpPageInt():void{
			DropDownToolbar.visible = false;
			NavigateToURL(HelpPageURL, "_blank");
		}
		public function FillWithBitmap(_arg1:MovieClip, _arg2:BitmapData, _arg3:int, _arg4:int, _arg5:int, _arg6:int, _arg7:Boolean):void{
			var matrix:*;
			var movie = _arg1;
			var bitmap = _arg2;
			var x1 = _arg3;
			var y1 = _arg4;
			var x2 = _arg5;
			var y2 = _arg6;
			var scaleToFit = _arg7;
			var _local9 = movie.graphics;
			with (_local9) {
				if (scaleToFit){
					matrix = new Matrix();
					matrix.scale(((x2 - x1) / bitmap.width), ((y2 - y1) / bitmap.height));
				};
				beginBitmapFill(bitmap, matrix, true);
				moveTo(x1, y1);
				lineTo(x1, y2);
				lineTo(x2, y2);
				lineTo(x2, y1);
				lineTo(x1, y1);
				endFill();
			};
		}
		public function DropDowbButHandler(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			_arg1.currentTarget.button.movie.but.dispatchEvent(new MouseEvent(MouseEvent.CLICK));
		}
		public function SetupFSButton():void{
			var _local1:* = toolbar.fullscreen;
			AttachBtnImage(_local1, GetFullScreenButID(), false);
			var _local2:TextField = _local1.tip;
			_local2.visible = false;
			_local2.text = locale.loadString(GetFullScreenTipID());
			_local1.tipOrigx = (_local2.x = ((_local1.x + (_local1.width / 2)) - (_local2.width / 2)));
		}
		public function OnScaleTextFieldKeyDown(_arg1:KeyboardEvent):void{
			if (_arg1.charCode == 13){
				ProcessZoomEntry();
			};
		}
		public function PreviousPageInt():void{
			SetCurrentPage((GetCurrentPage() - 1));
		}
		public function AttachMovie(_arg1:String, _arg2:Sprite=null, _arg3:String=""):MovieClip{
			var movie:MovieClip;
			var AssetClass:Class;
			var id = _arg1;
			var parent = _arg2;
			var name = _arg3;
			try {
				AssetClass = (getDefinitionByName(id) as Class);
				movie = new (AssetClass);
				if (name.length){
					movie.name = name;
				};
				if (parent){
					parent.addChild(movie);
				};
			} catch(e:Error) {
			};
			return (movie);
		}
		public function EnableLinks():void{
			var _local1:uint;
			while (_local1 < Links.length) {
				Links[_local1].addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, LinkClick, false, 0, true);
				Links[_local1].addEventListener(MouseEvent.ROLL_OVER, LinkMouseOver, false, 0, true);
				Links[_local1].addEventListener(MouseEvent.ROLL_OUT, LinkMouseOut, false, 0, true);
				_local1++;
			};
		}
		public function ProcessPageNo(){
			var _local1:String = PageNoField.text;
			SetCurrentPage(new Number(_local1));
			PageNoInitVal = PageNoField.text;
		}
		public function OnCopyMenuItemSelect(_arg1:ContextMenuEvent){
			if (!NoCopying){
				CopyText();
			};
		}
		public function OnSearchFieldFocusIn(_arg1:FocusEvent):void{
			ShowSearchPatTip(false);
		}
		public function GoToBookmark(_arg1:String, _arg2:Boolean=true){
			var _local3:Object = BMDef[_arg1];
			if (((((_local3) && ((_local3.page >= 1)))) && ((_local3.page <= totalPages)))){
				if (_arg2){
					AddToHistory(_local3);
				};
				GoToPagePos(_local3, false);
				return (true);
			};
			return (false);
		}
		public function CreateLinks(_arg1:uint):void{
			var _local3:uint;
			var _local4:Object;
			var _local5:MovieClip;
			var _local6:MovieClip;
			var _local2:Object = LinkDef[("p" + _arg1)];
			if (_local2){
				_local3 = 0;
				while (_local3 < _local2.length) {
					_local4 = _local2[_local3];
					_local5 = DocPages[(_arg1 - 1)].realMovie;
					_local6 = (_local5.getChildByName(_local4.name) as MovieClip);
					_local6.LinkURL = _local4.url;
					_local6.target = _local4.target;
					_local6.pageno = _arg1;
					_local6.useHandCursor = true;
					_local6.buttonMode = true;
					_local6.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, LinkClick, false, 0, true);
					_local6.addEventListener(MouseEvent.ROLL_OVER, LinkMouseOver, false, 0, true);
					_local6.addEventListener(MouseEvent.ROLL_OUT, LinkMouseOut, false, 0, true);
					Links.push(_local6);
					_local3++;
				};
			};
		}

	}
}//package print2flash_fla 
Section 26
//MCSlider_47 (print2flash_fla.MCSlider_47)
package print2flash_fla {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.accessibility.*;

	public dynamic class MCSlider_47 extends MovieClip {

		public var SliderHandleBtn:ImgButton;

		public function MCSlider_47(){
			__setAcc_SliderHandleBtn_MCSlider_Layer1_0();
			__setTab_SliderHandleBtn_MCSlider_Layer1_0();
		}
		function __setTab_SliderHandleBtn_MCSlider_Layer1_0(){
			SliderHandleBtn.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		function __setAcc_SliderHandleBtn_MCSlider_Layer1_0(){
			SliderHandleBtn.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			SliderHandleBtn.accessibilityProperties.silent = true;
		}

	}
}//package print2flash_fla 
Section 27
//Timeline_30 (print2flash_fla.Timeline_30)
package print2flash_fla {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;
	import flash.accessibility.*;

	public dynamic class Timeline_30 extends MovieClip {

		public var ScaleTextField:TextField;

		public function Timeline_30(){
			__setAcc_ScaleTextField_();
			__setTab_ScaleTextField_();
		}
		function __setTab_ScaleTextField_(){
			ScaleTextField.tabIndex = 5;
		}
		function __setAcc_ScaleTextField_(){
			ScaleTextField.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			ScaleTextField.accessibilityProperties.name = "Zoom";
		}

	}
}//package print2flash_fla 
Section 28
//Timeline_31 (print2flash_fla.Timeline_31)
package print2flash_fla {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.accessibility.*;

	public dynamic class Timeline_31 extends MovieClip {

		public var PageNoFieldMC:MovieClip;
		public var TotalPagesMC:MovieClip;

		public function Timeline_31(){
			__setAcc_TotalPagesMC_();
			__setTab_TotalPagesMC_();
			__setTab_PageNoFieldMC_();
		}
		function __setAcc_TotalPagesMC_(){
			TotalPagesMC.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			TotalPagesMC.accessibilityProperties.silent = true;
		}
		function __setTab_PageNoFieldMC_(){
			PageNoFieldMC.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		function __setTab_TotalPagesMC_(){
			TotalPagesMC.tabIndex = 0;
		}

	}
}//package print2flash_fla 
Section 29
//Timeline_32 (print2flash_fla.Timeline_32)
package print2flash_fla {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;
	import flash.accessibility.*;

	public dynamic class Timeline_32 extends MovieClip {

		public var TotalPages:TextField;

		public function Timeline_32(){
			__setAcc_TotalPages_();
			__setTab_TotalPages_();
		}
		function __setTab_TotalPages_(){
			TotalPages.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		function __setAcc_TotalPages_(){
			TotalPages.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			TotalPages.accessibilityProperties.silent = true;
		}

	}
}//package print2flash_fla 
Section 30
//Timeline_33 (print2flash_fla.Timeline_33)
package print2flash_fla {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;
	import flash.accessibility.*;

	public dynamic class Timeline_33 extends MovieClip {

		public var PageNoField:TextField;

		public function Timeline_33(){
			__setAcc_PageNoField_();
			__setTab_PageNoField_();
		}
		function __setTab_PageNoField_(){
			PageNoField.tabIndex = 9;
		}
		function __setAcc_PageNoField_(){
			PageNoField.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			PageNoField.accessibilityProperties.name = "Go to page";
		}

	}
}//package print2flash_fla 
Section 31
//Timeline_50 (print2flash_fla.Timeline_50)
package print2flash_fla {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;
	import flash.accessibility.*;

	public dynamic class Timeline_50 extends MovieClip {

		public var searchPattern:TextField;

		public function Timeline_50(){
			__setAcc_searchPattern_();
			__setTab_searchPattern_();
		}
		function __setTab_searchPattern_(){
			searchPattern.tabIndex = 11;
		}
		function __setAcc_searchPattern_(){
			searchPattern.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			searchPattern.accessibilityProperties.name = "Search";
		}

	}
}//package print2flash_fla 
Section 32
//button (button)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class button extends SimpleButton {

	}
}//package 
Section 33
//Button_disabledSkin (Button_disabledSkin)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class Button_disabledSkin extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 34
//Button_downSkin (Button_downSkin)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class Button_downSkin extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 35
//Button_emphasizedSkin (Button_emphasizedSkin)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class Button_emphasizedSkin extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 36
//Button_overSkin (Button_overSkin)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class Button_overSkin extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 37
//Button_selectedDisabledSkin (Button_selectedDisabledSkin)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class Button_selectedDisabledSkin extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 38
//Button_selectedDownSkin (Button_selectedDownSkin)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class Button_selectedDownSkin extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 39
//Button_selectedOverSkin (Button_selectedOverSkin)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class Button_selectedOverSkin extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 40
//Button_selectedUpSkin (Button_selectedUpSkin)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class Button_selectedUpSkin extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 41
//Button_upSkin (Button_upSkin)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class Button_upSkin extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 42
//def_back (def_back)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.accessibility.*;

	public dynamic class def_back extends MovieClip {

		public var but:manualbutton;

		public function def_back(){
			__setAcc_but_def_back_Layer2_0();
			__setTab_but_def_back_Layer2_0();
		}
		function __setAcc_but_def_back_Layer2_0(){
			but.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			but.accessibilityProperties.name = "Back";
			but.accessibilityProperties.forceSimple = true;
		}
		function __setTab_but_def_back_Layer2_0(){
			but.tabIndex = 1;
		}

	}
}//package 
Section 43
//def_bgr (def_bgr)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class def_bgr extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 44
//def_forward (def_forward)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.accessibility.*;

	public dynamic class def_forward extends MovieClip {

		public var but:manualbutton;

		public function def_forward(){
			__setAcc_but_def_forward_Layer2_0();
			__setTab_but_def_forward_Layer2_0();
		}
		function __setTab_but_def_forward_Layer2_0(){
			but.tabIndex = 2;
		}
		function __setAcc_but_def_forward_Layer2_0(){
			but.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			but.accessibilityProperties.name = "Forward";
			but.accessibilityProperties.forceSimple = true;
		}

	}
}//package 
Section 45
//def_fullscreen (def_fullscreen)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.accessibility.*;

	public dynamic class def_fullscreen extends MovieClip {

		public var but:manualbutton;

		public function def_fullscreen(){
			__setAcc_but_def_fullscreen_Layer2_0();
			__setTab_but_def_fullscreen_Layer2_0();
		}
		function __setTab_but_def_fullscreen_Layer2_0(){
			but.tabIndex = 1;
		}
		function __setAcc_but_def_fullscreen_Layer2_0(){
			but.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			but.accessibilityProperties.name = "Back";
			but.accessibilityProperties.forceSimple = true;
		}

	}
}//package 
Section 46
//def_help (def_help)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.accessibility.*;

	public dynamic class def_help extends MovieClip {

		public var but:manualbutton;

		public function def_help(){
			__setAcc_but_def_help_Layer2_0();
			__setTab_but_def_help_Layer2_0();
		}
		function __setAcc_but_def_help_Layer2_0(){
			but.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			but.accessibilityProperties.name = "Help";
			but.accessibilityProperties.forceSimple = true;
		}
		function __setTab_but_def_help_Layer2_0(){
			but.tabIndex = 16;
		}

	}
}//package 
Section 47
//def_more (def_more)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.accessibility.*;

	public dynamic class def_more extends MovieClip {

		public var but:manualbutton;

		public function def_more(){
			__setAcc_but_def_more_Layer3_0();
			__setTab_but_def_more_Layer3_0();
		}
		function __setTab_but_def_more_Layer3_0(){
			but.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		function __setAcc_but_def_more_Layer3_0(){
			but.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			but.accessibilityProperties.silent = true;
		}

	}
}//package 
Section 48
//def_moveMode (def_moveMode)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.accessibility.*;

	public dynamic class def_moveMode extends MovieClip {

		public var but:manualbutton;

		public function def_moveMode(){
			__setAcc_but_def_moveMode_Layer2_0();
			__setTab_but_def_moveMode_Layer2_0();
		}
		function __setTab_but_def_moveMode_Layer2_0(){
			but.tabIndex = 3;
		}
		function __setAcc_but_def_moveMode_Layer2_0(){
			but.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			but.accessibilityProperties.name = "Drag";
			but.accessibilityProperties.forceSimple = true;
		}

	}
}//package 
Section 49
//def_newwindow (def_newwindow)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.accessibility.*;

	public dynamic class def_newwindow extends MovieClip {

		public var but:manualbutton;

		public function def_newwindow(){
			__setAcc_but_def_newwindow_Layer2_0();
			__setTab_but_def_newwindow_Layer2_0();
		}
		function __setAcc_but_def_newwindow_Layer2_0(){
			but.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			but.accessibilityProperties.name = "Open in New Window";
			but.accessibilityProperties.forceSimple = true;
		}
		function __setTab_but_def_newwindow_Layer2_0(){
			but.tabIndex = 15;
		}

	}
}//package 
Section 50
//def_nextpage (def_nextpage)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.accessibility.*;

	public dynamic class def_nextpage extends MovieClip {

		public var but:manualbutton;

		public function def_nextpage(){
			__setAcc_but_def_nextpage_Layer2_0();
			__setTab_but_def_nextpage_Layer2_0();
		}
		function __setTab_but_def_nextpage_Layer2_0(){
			but.tabIndex = 10;
		}
		function __setAcc_but_def_nextpage_Layer2_0(){
			but.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			but.accessibilityProperties.name = "Next page";
			but.accessibilityProperties.forceSimple = true;
		}

	}
}//package 
Section 51
//def_prevpage (def_prevpage)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.accessibility.*;

	public dynamic class def_prevpage extends MovieClip {

		public var but:manualbutton;

		public function def_prevpage(){
			__setAcc_but_def_prevpage_Layer2_0();
			__setTab_but_def_prevpage_Layer2_0();
		}
		function __setTab_but_def_prevpage_Layer2_0(){
			but.tabIndex = 8;
		}
		function __setAcc_but_def_prevpage_Layer2_0(){
			but.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			but.accessibilityProperties.name = "Previous page";
			but.accessibilityProperties.forceSimple = true;
		}

	}
}//package 
Section 52
//def_print (def_print)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.accessibility.*;

	public dynamic class def_print extends MovieClip {

		public var but:manualbutton;

		public function def_print(){
			__setAcc_but_def_print_Layer2_0();
			__setTab_but_def_print_Layer2_0();
		}
		function __setTab_but_def_print_Layer2_0(){
			but.tabIndex = 14;
		}
		function __setAcc_but_def_print_Layer2_0(){
			but.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			but.accessibilityProperties.name = "Print";
			but.accessibilityProperties.forceSimple = true;
		}

	}
}//package 
Section 53
//def_rotate (def_rotate)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.accessibility.*;

	public dynamic class def_rotate extends MovieClip {

		public var but:manualbutton;

		public function def_rotate(){
			__setAcc_but_def_rotate_Layer2_0();
			__setTab_but_def_rotate_Layer2_0();
		}
		function __setTab_but_def_rotate_Layer2_0(){
			but.tabIndex = 13;
		}
		function __setAcc_but_def_rotate_Layer2_0(){
			but.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			but.accessibilityProperties.name = "Rotate";
			but.accessibilityProperties.forceSimple = true;
		}

	}
}//package 
Section 54
//def_scalePage (def_scalePage)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.accessibility.*;

	public dynamic class def_scalePage extends MovieClip {

		public var but:manualbutton;

		public function def_scalePage(){
			__setAcc_but_def_scalePage_Layer2_0();
			__setTab_but_def_scalePage_Layer2_0();
		}
		function __setAcc_but_def_scalePage_Layer2_0(){
			but.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			but.accessibilityProperties.name = "Fit page";
			but.accessibilityProperties.forceSimple = true;
		}
		function __setTab_but_def_scalePage_Layer2_0(){
			but.tabIndex = 7;
		}

	}
}//package 
Section 55
//def_scaleWidth (def_scaleWidth)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.accessibility.*;

	public dynamic class def_scaleWidth extends MovieClip {

		public var but:manualbutton;

		public function def_scaleWidth(){
			__setAcc_but_def_scaleWidth_Layer2_0();
			__setTab_but_def_scaleWidth_Layer2_0();
		}
		function __setTab_but_def_scaleWidth_Layer2_0(){
			but.tabIndex = 6;
		}
		function __setAcc_but_def_scaleWidth_Layer2_0(){
			but.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			but.accessibilityProperties.name = "Fit width";
			but.accessibilityProperties.forceSimple = true;
		}

	}
}//package 
Section 56
//def_selMode (def_selMode)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.accessibility.*;

	public dynamic class def_selMode extends MovieClip {

		public var but:manualbutton;

		public function def_selMode(){
			__setAcc_but_def_selMode_Layer2_0();
			__setTab_but_def_selMode_Layer2_0();
		}
		function __setTab_but_def_selMode_Layer2_0(){
			but.tabIndex = 4;
		}
		function __setAcc_but_def_selMode_Layer2_0(){
			but.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			but.accessibilityProperties.name = "Select Text";
			but.accessibilityProperties.forceSimple = true;
		}

	}
}//package 
Section 57
//focusRectSkin (focusRectSkin)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class focusRectSkin extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 58
//ImgButton (ImgButton)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public class ImgButton extends SimpleButton {

		private var upImageID;
		private var downImageID:String;

		public function SetImages(_arg1, _arg2:String){
			var _local3:MovieClip = MovieClip(root);
			upState = new ImgButtonDisplayState(_arg1, _local3);
			downState = new ImgButtonDisplayState(_arg2, _local3);
			overState = new ImgButtonDisplayState(_arg2, _local3);
			hitTestState = new Sprite();
			_local3.DrawRect(hitTestState, 0, 0, Math.max(upState.width, downState.width), Math.max(upState.height, downState.height), 0);
		}

	}
}//package 
Section 59
//ImgButtonDisplayState (ImgButtonDisplayState)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public class ImgButtonDisplayState extends Sprite {

		public function ImgButtonDisplayState(_arg1:String, _arg2:MovieClip){
			_arg2.AttachMovie(_arg1, this);
		}
	}
}//package 
Section 60
//manualbutton (manualbutton)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.events.*;

	public class manualbutton extends MovieClip {

		private var canvas:Sprite;
		public var normalState:uint;// = 1

		public function manualbutton(){
			useHandCursor = (buttonMode = true);
			mouseChildren = false;
			addEventListener(MouseEvent.ROLL_OVER, onRollOver, false, 0, true);
			addEventListener(MouseEvent.ROLL_OUT, onRollOut, false, 0, true);
			addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_DOWN, onMouseDown, false, 0, true);
			addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_UP, onMouseUp, false, 0, true);
		}
		public function onMouseUp(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			ShowState(2);
		}
		public function onRollOut(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			var _local2:MovieClip = MovieClip(root);
			ShowState(normalState);
		}
		public function onRollOver(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			ShowState(2);
		}
		public function ShowState(_arg1:uint):void{
			var _local2:MovieClip = MovieClip(root);
			if (canvas){
				removeChild(canvas);
			};
			canvas = new Sprite();
			addChild(canvas);
			switch (_arg1){
				case 2:
					_local2.DrawRect(canvas, 0, 0, (width / scaleX), height, _local2.OverButColor, _local2.OverRectColor);
					break;
				case 3:
					_local2.DrawRect(canvas, 0, 0, (width / scaleX), height, _local2.DownButColor, _local2.DownRectColor);
					break;
			};
		}
		public function onMouseDown(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			ShowState(3);
		}

	}
}//package 
Section 61
//ModalScreen (ModalScreen)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public class ModalScreen {

		private static var container:DisplayObjectContainer;
		private static var sprite:Sprite;
		private static var object:DisplayObject;

		private static function DrawSprite(_arg1, _arg2:uint){
			sprite.graphics.beginFill(0);
			sprite.graphics.drawRect(container.x, container.y, _arg1, _arg2);
			sprite.graphics.endFill();
		}
		public static function resizeContainer(_arg1, _arg2:uint):void{
			if (sprite){
				sprite.graphics.clear();
				DrawSprite(_arg1, _arg2);
				center(_arg1, _arg2, object);
			};
		}
		public static function close(){
			container.removeChild(sprite);
			sprite = null;
		}
		private static function center(_arg1:uint, _arg2:uint, _arg3:DisplayObject):void{
			_arg3.x = ((_arg1 / 2) - (_arg3.width / 2));
			_arg3.y = ((_arg2 / 2) - (_arg3.height / 2));
		}
		public static function show(_arg1:DisplayObjectContainer, _arg2:DisplayObject, _arg3:uint, _arg4:uint){
			_arg1 = DisplayObjectContainer(_arg1.root);
			ModalScreen.container = _arg1;
			ModalScreen.object = _arg2;
			sprite = new Sprite();
			DrawSprite(_arg3, _arg4);
			sprite.addChild(_arg2);
			sprite.alpha = 0.5;
			_arg2.alpha = 2;
			_arg1.addChild(sprite);
			_arg1.setChildIndex(sprite, (_arg1.numChildren - 1));
			ModalScreen.center(_arg3, _arg4, _arg2);
		}

	}
}//package 
Section 62
//P2FLocale (P2FLocale)
package {
	import flash.system.*;

	public class P2FLocale {

		var Strings:Object;

		static var DefLanguage = "en";
		public static var LocaleArray:Object = {bs:{IDS_DRAG:"Ruka", IDS_SELTEXT:"Selektuj tekst", IDS_ZOOM:"Priblizi", IDS_FITWIDTH:"Po sirini", IDS_FITPAGE:"Po stranici", IDS_PREVPAGE:"Prosla stranica", IDS_GOTOPAGE:"Idi na stranicu", IDS_TOTPAGES:"Ukupno stranica", IDS_NEXTPAGE:"Sljedeca stranica", IDS_SCHHINT:"Kucaj ovdje da trazis", IDS_SEARCH:"Trazi", IDS_NOTFOUND:"Nije pronadjeno", IDS_ROTATE:"Rotiraj", IDS_PRINT:"Printaj", IDS_NEWWND:"Otvori u novom prozoru", IDS_HELP:"Pomoc", IDS_BACK:"Nazad", IDS_FORWARD:"Naprijed", IDS_FULLSCR:"Prikaz preko cijelog ekrana", IDS_FULLSCREXIT:"Prekini prikaz preko cijelog ekrana"}, cs:{IDS_DRAG:"Posouvání", IDS_SELTEXT:"Vybrat text", IDS_ZOOM:"Zvětšení", IDS_FITWIDTH:"Šířka stránky", IDS_FITPAGE:"Celá stránka", IDS_PREVPAGE:"Předchozí stránka", IDS_GOTOPAGE:"Přejít na stránku", IDS_TOTPAGES:"Celkem stránek", IDS_NEXTPAGE:"Další stránka", IDS_SCHHINT:"Vložte hledaný text", IDS_SEARCH:"Hledat", IDS_NOTFOUND:"Nenalezeno", IDS_ROTATE:"Otočit", IDS_PRINT:"Tisk", IDS_NEWWND:"Otevřít v novém okně", IDS_HELP:"Nápověda", IDS_BACK:"Zpět", IDS_FORWARD:"Vpřed", IDS_FULLSCR:"Celá obrazovka", IDS_FULLSCREXIT:"Ukončit režim celé obrazovky", IDS_PDTITLE:"Nastavení tisku", IDS_PDPAGES:"Strany:", IDS_PDFROM:"Od", IDS_PDTO:"Do", IDS_PDSCALING:"Měřítko stránky:", IDS_PDNOSCALE:"Žádné", IDS_PDAUTOR:"Automaticky otočit a přizpůsobit", IDS_OK:"OK", IDS_CANCEL:"Storno"}, da:{IDS_DRAG:"Træk", IDS_SELTEXT:"Vælg tekst", IDS_ZOOM:"Zoom", IDS_FITWIDTH:"Tilpas bredde", IDS_FITPAGE:"Tilpas side", IDS_PREVPAGE:"Forrige side", IDS_GOTOPAGE:"Gå til side", IDS_TOTPAGES:"Antal sider", IDS_NEXTPAGE:"Næste side", IDS_SCHHINT:"Angiv søgeord", IDS_SEARCH:"Søg", IDS_NOTFOUND:"Ikke fundet", IDS_ROTATE:"Rotér", IDS_PRINT:"Udskriv", IDS_NEWWND:"Åbn i nyt vindue", IDS_HELP:"Hjælp", IDS_BACK:"Tilbage", IDS_FORWARD:"Fremad", IDS_FULLSCR:"Fuldskærm", IDS_FULLSCREXIT:"Afslut fuldskærmstilstand"}, de:{IDS_DRAG:"Schwenken", IDS_SELTEXT:"Text auswählen", IDS_ZOOM:"Zoom", IDS_FITWIDTH:"Breite anpassen", IDS_FITPAGE:"An Ansicht anpassen", IDS_PREVPAGE:"Vorherige Seite", IDS_GOTOPAGE:"Springen zu Seite", IDS_TOTPAGES:"Gesamtseiten", IDS_NEXTPAGE:"Nächste Seite", IDS_SCHHINT:"Geben Sie hier ein um Text zu suchen", IDS_SEARCH:"Suche", IDS_NOTFOUND:"Nicht gefunden", IDS_ROTATE:"Drehen", IDS_PRINT:"Drucken", IDS_NEWWND:"In neuem Browser öffnen", IDS_HELP:"Hilfe", IDS_BACK:"Zurück", IDS_FORWARD:"Vor", IDS_FULLSCR:"Vollbild", IDS_FULLSCREXIT:"Vollbildmodus beenden", IDS_PDTITLE:"Druckeinstellungen", IDS_PDPAGES:"Seiten:", IDS_PDFROM:"Von", IDS_PDTO:"Bis", IDS_PDSCALING:"Seitenanpassung:", IDS_PDNOSCALE:"Keine", IDS_PDAUTOR:"Automatisch drehen und einpassen", IDS_OK:"OK", IDS_CANCEL:"Abbrechen"}, en:{IDS_DRAG:"Drag", IDS_SELTEXT:"Select Text", IDS_ZOOM:"Zoom", IDS_FITWIDTH:"Fit Width", IDS_FITPAGE:"Fit Page", IDS_PREVPAGE:"Previous Page", IDS_GOTOPAGE:"Go To Page", IDS_TOTPAGES:"Total Pages", IDS_NEXTPAGE:"Next Page", IDS_SCHHINT:"Type here to search", IDS_SEARCH:"Search", IDS_NOTFOUND:"Not Found", IDS_ROTATE:"Rotate", IDS_PRINT:"Print", IDS_NEWWND:"Open In New Window", IDS_HELP:"Help", IDS_BACK:"Back", IDS_FORWARD:"Forward", IDS_FULLSCR:"Full Screen", IDS_FULLSCREXIT:"Exit Full Screen Mode", IDS_PDTITLE:"Print Options", IDS_PDPAGES:"Pages:", IDS_PDFROM:"From", IDS_PDTO:"To", IDS_PDSCALING:"Scaling:", IDS_PDNOSCALE:"No scale", IDS_PDAUTOR:"Auto-Rotate and Fit", IDS_OK:"OK", IDS_CANCEL:"Cancel"}, es:{IDS_DRAG:"Desplazar", IDS_SELTEXT:"Seleccionar", IDS_ZOOM:"Zoom", IDS_FITWIDTH:"Ajustar al ancho", IDS_FITPAGE:"Ajustar al visor", IDS_PREVPAGE:"Página Anterior", IDS_GOTOPAGE:"Vaya A paginar", IDS_TOTPAGES:"Páginas Totales", IDS_NEXTPAGE:"Página Siguiente", IDS_SCHHINT:"Mecanografíe aquí a búsqueda", IDS_SEARCH:"Buscar", IDS_NOTFOUND:"No encontrado", IDS_ROTATE:"Rote", IDS_PRINT:"Imprimir", IDS_NEWWND:"Abrir en nuevo navegador", IDS_HELP:"Ayuda", IDS_BACK:"Anterior", IDS_FORWARD:"Siguiente", IDS_FULLSCR:"Pantalla completa", IDS_FULLSCREXIT:"Salir del modo pantalla completa", IDS_PDTITLE:"Imprimir", IDS_PDPAGES:"Páginas:", IDS_PDFROM:"De", IDS_PDTO:"A", IDS_PDSCALING:"Escala:", IDS_PDNOSCALE:"Sin escala", IDS_PDAUTOR:"Auto-rotar y Ajustar", IDS_OK:"OK", IDS_CANCEL:"Cancelar"}, fr:{IDS_DRAG:"Panorama", IDS_SELTEXT:"Sélectionner le texte", IDS_ZOOM:"Zoom", IDS_FITWIDTH:"Ajuster la largeur", IDS_FITPAGE:"Ajuster dans la visionneuse", IDS_PREVPAGE:"Page précédente", IDS_GOTOPAGE:" Aller a la page", IDS_TOTPAGES:"Nombre de pages", IDS_NEXTPAGE:"Prochaine page", IDS_SCHHINT:"Entrez votre question ici", IDS_SEARCH:"Rechercher", IDS_NOTFOUND:"Non trouvé", IDS_ROTATE:"Rotation", IDS_PRINT:"Imprimer", IDS_NEWWND:"Ouvrir dans une nouvelle fenêtre", IDS_HELP:"Aide", IDS_BACK:"Page précédente", IDS_FORWARD:"Page suivante", IDS_FULLSCR:"Plein écran", IDS_FULLSCREXIT:"Quitter le mode plein écran"}, hr:{IDS_DRAG:"Ruka", IDS_SELTEXT:"Selektiraj tekst", IDS_ZOOM:"Zumiraj", IDS_FITWIDTH:"Po sirini", IDS_FITPAGE:"Po stranici", IDS_PREVPAGE:"Prethodna stranica", IDS_GOTOPAGE:"Idi na stranicu", IDS_TOTPAGES:"Svega stranica", IDS_NEXTPAGE:"Sljedeca stranica", IDS_SCHHINT:"Upisi ovdje za pretragu", IDS_SEARCH:"Pretraga", IDS_NOTFOUND:"Nema rezultata", IDS_ROTATE:"Zarotiraj", IDS_PRINT:"Stampaj", IDS_NEWWND:"Otvori u novom prozoru", IDS_HELP:"Pomoc", IDS_BACK:"Nazad", IDS_FORWARD:"Naprijed", IDS_FULLSCR:"Potpuni ekran", IDS_FULLSCREXIT:"Izađi iz prikaza potpunog ekrana"}, it:{IDS_DRAG:"Trascina", IDS_SELTEXT:"Seleziona testo", IDS_ZOOM:"Zoom", IDS_FITWIDTH:"Adatta larghezza", IDS_FITPAGE:"Adatta pagina", IDS_PREVPAGE:"Pagina precedente", IDS_GOTOPAGE:"Vai a pagina", IDS_TOTPAGES:"Pagine totali", IDS_NEXTPAGE:"Pagina successiva", IDS_SCHHINT:"Testo da cercare", IDS_SEARCH:"Trova", IDS_NOTFOUND:"Testo non trovato", IDS_ROTATE:"Ruota", IDS_PRINT:"Stampa", IDS_NEWWND:"Apri in una nuova finestra", IDS_HELP:"Aiuto", IDS_BACK:"Indietro", IDS_FORWARD:"Avanti", IDS_FULLSCR:"Schermo intero", IDS_FULLSCREXIT:"Esci da schermo intero"}, ja:{IDS_DRAG:"ドラッグ", IDS_SELTEXT:"テキスト選択", IDS_ZOOM:"ズーム", IDS_FITWIDTH:"幅に合わせる", IDS_FITPAGE:"ページに合わせる", IDS_PREVPAGE:"前頁", IDS_GOTOPAGE:"ページへ", IDS_TOTPAGES:"総ページ数", IDS_NEXTPAGE:"次頁", IDS_SCHHINT:"検索する文字列を入力してください", IDS_SEARCH:"検索", IDS_NOTFOUND:"指定のものは見つかりません", IDS_ROTATE:"回転", IDS_PRINT:"印刷", IDS_NEWWND:"新しいウィンドウで開く", IDS_HELP:"ヘルプ", IDS_BACK:"前へ", IDS_FORWARD:"次へ", IDS_FULLSCR:"全画面表示", IDS_FULLSCREXIT:"全画面表示モードを閉じる", IDS_PDTITLE:"印刷オプション", IDS_PDPAGES:"ページ指定", IDS_PDFROM:"開始", IDS_PDTO:"終了", IDS_PDSCALING:"スケーリング", IDS_PDNOSCALE:"スケール無し", IDS_PDAUTOR:"自動回転とページに合わせる", IDS_OK:"印刷", IDS_CANCEL:"キャンセル"}, nl:{IDS_DRAG:"Slepen", IDS_SELTEXT:"Selecteer tekst", IDS_ZOOM:"Vergroten", IDS_FITWIDTH:"Aanpassen breedte", IDS_FITPAGE:"Aanpassen pagina", IDS_PREVPAGE:"Vorige pagina", IDS_GOTOPAGE:"Ga naar", IDS_TOTPAGES:"Totaal aantal pagina's", IDS_NEXTPAGE:"Volgende pagina", IDS_SCHHINT:"Zoekargument", IDS_SEARCH:"Zoeken", IDS_NOTFOUND:"Niet gevonden", IDS_ROTATE:"Roteren", IDS_PRINT:"Afdrukken", IDS_NEWWND:"Open in nieuw window", IDS_HELP:"Help", IDS_BACK:"Terug", IDS_FORWARD:"Vooruit", IDS_FULLSCR:"Volledig scherm", IDS_FULLSCREXIT:"Volledigschermmodus verlaten", IDS_PDTITLE:"Print Opties", IDS_PDPAGES:"Pagina’s:", IDS_PDFROM:"Van", IDS_PDTO:"Tot", IDS_PDSCALING:"Schalen:", IDS_PDNOSCALE:"Niet schalen", IDS_PDAUTOR:"Passend maken", IDS_OK:"OK", IDS_CANCEL:"Annuleer"}, pl:{IDS_DRAG:"Przeciągnij", IDS_SELTEXT:"Zaznacz tekst", IDS_ZOOM:"Zmień rozmiar", IDS_FITWIDTH:"Dopasuj szerokość", IDS_FITPAGE:"Dopasuj stronę", IDS_PREVPAGE:"Poprzednia strona", IDS_GOTOPAGE:"Przejdź do strony", IDS_TOTPAGES:"Suma stron", IDS_NEXTPAGE:"Następna strona", IDS_SCHHINT:"Wpisz tekst", IDS_SEARCH:"Szukaj", IDS_NOTFOUND:"Nie znalezionio", IDS_ROTATE:"Obróć", IDS_PRINT:"Drukuj", IDS_NEWWND:"Otwórz w nowym oknie", IDS_HELP:"Pomoc", IDS_BACK:"Do tyłu", IDS_FORWARD:"Do przodu", IDS_FULLSCR:"Tryb pełnoekranowy", IDS_FULLSCREXIT:"Opuść tryb pełnoekranowy", IDS_PDTITLE:"Opcje wydruku", IDS_PDPAGES:"Strony:", IDS_PDFROM:"Od", IDS_PDTO:"Do", IDS_PDSCALING:"Skalowanie:", IDS_PDNOSCALE:"Nie skaluj", IDS_PDAUTOR:"Autorotacja i dopasowanie", IDS_OK:"OK", IDS_CANCEL:"Anuluj"}, pt:{IDS_DRAG:"Arrastar", IDS_SELTEXT:"Selecionar Texto", IDS_ZOOM:"Zoom", IDS_FITWIDTH:"Ajustar Largura", IDS_FITPAGE:"Ajustar Página", IDS_PREVPAGE:"Página Anterior", IDS_GOTOPAGE:"Ir para Página", IDS_TOTPAGES:"Total de Páginas", IDS_NEXTPAGE:"Próxima Página", IDS_SCHHINT:"Digite aqui para Procurar", IDS_SEARCH:"Procurar", IDS_NOTFOUND:"Não Encontrado", IDS_ROTATE:"Girar", IDS_PRINT:"Imprimir", IDS_NEWWND:"Abrir em uma Nova Janela", IDS_HELP:"Ajuda", IDS_BACK:"Retroceder", IDS_FORWARD:"Avançar", IDS_FULLSCR:"Ecrã inteiro", IDS_FULLSCREXIT:"Sair de Modo de Ecrã Inteiro", IDS_PDTITLE:"Opções de Impressão", IDS_PDPAGES:"Páginas:", IDS_PDFROM:"De", IDS_PDTO:"Para", IDS_PDSCALING:"Escala:", IDS_PDNOSCALE:"Sem escala", IDS_PDAUTOR:"Rotação Automática e Ajuste", IDS_OK:"OK", IDS_CANCEL:"Cancelar"}, ru:{IDS_DRAG:"Перемещение", IDS_SELTEXT:"Выбор текста", IDS_ZOOM:"Масштаб", IDS_FITWIDTH:"По ширине страницы", IDS_FITPAGE:"Страница целиком", IDS_PREVPAGE:"Предыдущая страница", IDS_GOTOPAGE:"Перейти к странице", IDS_TOTPAGES:"Всего страниц", IDS_NEXTPAGE:"Следующая страница", IDS_SCHHINT:"Введите здесь текст для поиска", IDS_SEARCH:"Поиск", IDS_NOTFOUND:"Не найдено", IDS_ROTATE:"Поворот", IDS_PRINT:"Печать", IDS_NEWWND:"Открыть в новом окне", IDS_HELP:"Помощь", IDS_BACK:"Назад", IDS_FORWARD:"Вперёд", IDS_FULLSCR:"Полный экран", IDS_FULLSCREXIT:"Выйти из полноэкранного режима", IDS_PDTITLE:"Параметры печати", IDS_PDPAGES:"Страницы:", IDS_PDFROM:"С", IDS_PDTO:"По", IDS_PDSCALING:"Масштабирование:", IDS_PDNOSCALE:"Без масштабирования", IDS_PDAUTOR:"Повернуть и подогнать", IDS_OK:"OK", IDS_CANCEL:"Отмена"}, sr:{IDS_DRAG:"Ruka", IDS_SELTEXT:"Selektuj tekst", IDS_ZOOM:"Ublizi", IDS_FITWIDTH:"Po sirini", IDS_FITPAGE:"Po stranici", IDS_PREVPAGE:"Prethodna stranica", IDS_GOTOPAGE:"Idi na stranicu", IDS_TOTPAGES:"Svega stranica", IDS_NEXTPAGE:"Sledeca stranica", IDS_SCHHINT:"Upisi ovde za pretragu", IDS_SEARCH:"Pretraga", IDS_NOTFOUND:"Nema", IDS_ROTATE:"Zarotiraj", IDS_PRINT:"Stampa", IDS_NEWWND:"Otvori u novom prozoru", IDS_HELP:"Pomoc", IDS_BACK:"Nazad", IDS_FORWARD:"Napred", IDS_FULLSCR:"Full Screen", IDS_FULLSCREXIT:"Exit Full Screen Mode"}, sv:{IDS_DRAG:"Dra", IDS_SELTEXT:"Välj text", IDS_ZOOM:"Zooma", IDS_FITWIDTH:"Anpassa bredd", IDS_FITPAGE:"Anpassa sida", IDS_PREVPAGE:"Föregående sida", IDS_GOTOPAGE:"Gå till sidan", IDS_TOTPAGES:"Alla sidor", IDS_NEXTPAGE:"Nästa sida", IDS_SCHHINT:"Skriv in sökord här", IDS_SEARCH:"Sök", IDS_NOTFOUND:"Kan inte hittas", IDS_ROTATE:"Rotera", IDS_PRINT:"Skriv ut", IDS_NEWWND:"Öppna i nytt fönster", IDS_HELP:"Hjälp", IDS_BACK:"Tillbaka", IDS_FORWARD:"Framåt", IDS_FULLSCR:"Helskärm", IDS_FULLSCREXIT:"Avsluta helskärmsläget", IDS_PDTITLE:"Skriv ut", IDS_PDPAGES:"Sidor:", IDS_PDFROM:"Från", IDS_PDTO:"Till", IDS_PDSCALING:"Anpassningsalternativ", IDS_PDNOSCALE:"Ingen anpassning", IDS_PDAUTOR:"Auto-rotering och anpassning", IDS_OK:"OK", IDS_CANCEL:"Avbryt"}, tr:{IDS_DRAG:"Sürükle", IDS_SELTEXT:"Seç", IDS_ZOOM:"Yaklaştır", IDS_FITWIDTH:"Enine Sığdır", IDS_FITPAGE:"Sayfayı Sığdır", IDS_PREVPAGE:"Önceki Sayfa", IDS_GOTOPAGE:"Sayfaya Git", IDS_TOTPAGES:"Toplam Sayfa", IDS_NEXTPAGE:"Sonraki Sayfa", IDS_SCHHINT:"Aramak istediğiniz kelimeyi giriniz", IDS_SEARCH:"Ara", IDS_NOTFOUND:"Bulunamadı", IDS_ROTATE:"Döndür", IDS_PRINT:"Bas", IDS_NEWWND:"Yeni Pencerede Aç", IDS_HELP:"Yardım", IDS_BACK:"Geri", IDS_FORWARD:"İleri", IDS_FULLSCR:"Tam Ekran", IDS_FULLSCREXIT:"Tam Ekrandan çık", IDS_PDTITLE:"Baskı Seçenekleri", IDS_PDPAGES:"Sayfalar:", IDS_PDFROM:"", IDS_PDTO:"-", IDS_PDSCALING:"Boyutlandırma:", IDS_PDNOSCALE:"Yok", IDS_PDAUTOR:"Otomatik çevir ve sığdır", IDS_OK:"Tamam", IDS_CANCEL:"Vazgeç"}};

		public function P2FLocale(){
			var _local1:* = {IDS_DRAG:"拖曳页面", IDS_SELTEXT:"选择文本", IDS_ZOOM:"缩放", IDS_FITWIDTH:"适合宽度", IDS_FITPAGE:"适合页面", IDS_PREVPAGE:"前一页", IDS_GOTOPAGE:"前往页", IDS_TOTPAGES:"总页数", IDS_NEXTPAGE:"下一页", IDS_SCHHINT:"此处输入查询内容", IDS_SEARCH:"查询", IDS_NOTFOUND:"没有找到", IDS_ROTATE:"旋转", IDS_PRINT:"打印", IDS_NEWWND:"在新窗口打开", IDS_HELP:"帮助", IDS_BACK:"返回", IDS_FORWARD:"向前", IDS_FULLSCR:"全屏", IDS_FULLSCREXIT:"退出全屏模式", IDS_PDTITLE:"打印设置", IDS_PDPAGES:"页面:", IDS_PDFROM:"从", IDS_PDTO:"到", IDS_PDSCALING:"缩放:", IDS_PDNOSCALE:"不缩放", IDS_PDAUTOR:"自动旋转并适合页面缩放", IDS_OK:"确定", IDS_CANCEL:"取消"};
			var _local2:* = {IDS_DRAG:"拖曳頁面", IDS_SELTEXT:"選擇文字", IDS_ZOOM:"縮放", IDS_FITWIDTH:"頁面符合視窗寬度", IDS_FITPAGE:"符合完整頁面", IDS_PREVPAGE:"前一頁", IDS_GOTOPAGE:"前往頁", IDS_TOTPAGES:"總頁數", IDS_NEXTPAGE:"下一頁", IDS_SCHHINT:"輸入查詢內容", IDS_SEARCH:"查詢", IDS_NOTFOUND:"沒有找到", IDS_ROTATE:"旋轉", IDS_PRINT:"列印", IDS_NEWWND:"開啟於新視窗", IDS_HELP:"幫助", IDS_BACK:"往後", IDS_FORWARD:"往前", IDS_FULLSCR:"全螢幕", IDS_FULLSCREXIT:"離開全螢幕", IDS_PDTITLE:"列印選項", IDS_PDPAGES:"頁面:", IDS_PDFROM:"從", IDS_PDTO:"到", IDS_PDSCALING:"縮放:", IDS_PDNOSCALE:"不縮放", IDS_PDAUTOR:"自動旋轉符合頁面大小", IDS_OK:"確定", IDS_CANCEL:"取消"};
			LocaleArray["zh-CN"] = _local1;
			LocaleArray["zh-TW"] = _local2;
		}
		public function setLanguage(_arg1:String){
			if (_arg1 == "auto"){
				_arg1 = Capabilities.language;
			};
			Strings = LocaleArray[_arg1];
			if (Strings == null){
				Strings = LocaleArray[DefLanguage];
			};
		}
		public function loadString(_arg1:String):String{
			var _local2:String = Strings[_arg1];
			if (_local2 == null){
				_local2 = LocaleArray[DefLanguage][_arg1];
			};
			return (_local2);
		}

	}
}//package 
Section 63
//Page1 (Page1)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page1 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 64
//Page10 (Page10)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page10 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 65
//Page100 (Page100)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page100 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 66
//Page101 (Page101)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page101 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 67
//Page102 (Page102)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page102 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 68
//Page103 (Page103)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page103 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 69
//Page104 (Page104)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page104 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 70
//Page105 (Page105)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page105 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 71
//Page106 (Page106)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page106 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 72
//Page107 (Page107)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page107 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 73
//Page108 (Page108)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page108 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 74
//Page109 (Page109)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page109 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 75
//Page11 (Page11)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page11 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 76
//Page110 (Page110)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page110 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 77
//Page111 (Page111)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page111 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 78
//Page112 (Page112)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page112 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 79
//Page113 (Page113)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page113 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 80
//Page114 (Page114)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page114 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 81
//Page115 (Page115)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page115 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 82
//Page116 (Page116)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page116 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 83
//Page117 (Page117)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page117 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 84
//Page118 (Page118)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page118 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 85
//Page119 (Page119)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page119 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 86
//Page12 (Page12)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page12 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 87
//Page120 (Page120)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page120 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 88
//Page121 (Page121)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page121 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 89
//Page122 (Page122)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page122 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 90
//Page123 (Page123)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page123 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 91
//Page124 (Page124)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page124 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 92
//Page125 (Page125)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page125 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 93
//Page126 (Page126)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page126 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 94
//Page127 (Page127)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page127 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 95
//Page128 (Page128)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page128 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 96
//Page129 (Page129)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page129 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 97
//Page13 (Page13)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page13 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 98
//Page130 (Page130)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page130 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 99
//Page131 (Page131)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page131 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 100
//Page132 (Page132)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page132 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 101
//Page133 (Page133)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page133 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 102
//Page134 (Page134)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page134 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 103
//Page135 (Page135)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page135 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 104
//Page136 (Page136)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page136 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 105
//Page137 (Page137)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page137 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 106
//Page138 (Page138)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page138 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 107
//Page139 (Page139)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page139 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 108
//Page14 (Page14)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page14 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 109
//Page140 (Page140)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page140 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 110
//Page141 (Page141)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page141 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 111
//Page142 (Page142)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page142 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 112
//Page143 (Page143)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page143 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 113
//Page144 (Page144)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page144 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 114
//Page145 (Page145)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page145 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 115
//Page146 (Page146)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page146 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 116
//Page147 (Page147)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page147 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 117
//Page148 (Page148)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page148 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 118
//Page149 (Page149)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page149 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 119
//Page15 (Page15)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page15 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 120
//Page150 (Page150)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page150 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 121
//Page151 (Page151)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page151 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 122
//Page152 (Page152)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page152 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 123
//Page153 (Page153)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page153 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 124
//Page154 (Page154)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page154 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 125
//Page155 (Page155)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page155 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 126
//Page156 (Page156)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page156 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 127
//Page157 (Page157)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page157 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 128
//Page158 (Page158)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page158 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 129
//Page159 (Page159)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page159 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 130
//Page16 (Page16)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page16 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 131
//Page160 (Page160)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page160 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 132
//Page161 (Page161)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page161 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 133
//Page162 (Page162)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page162 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 134
//Page163 (Page163)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page163 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 135
//Page164 (Page164)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page164 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 136
//Page165 (Page165)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page165 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 137
//Page166 (Page166)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page166 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 138
//Page167 (Page167)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page167 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 139
//Page168 (Page168)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page168 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 140
//Page169 (Page169)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page169 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 141
//Page17 (Page17)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page17 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 142
//Page170 (Page170)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page170 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 143
//Page171 (Page171)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page171 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 144
//Page172 (Page172)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page172 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 145
//Page173 (Page173)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page173 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 146
//Page174 (Page174)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page174 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 147
//Page175 (Page175)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page175 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 148
//Page176 (Page176)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page176 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 149
//Page177 (Page177)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page177 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 150
//Page178 (Page178)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page178 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 151
//Page179 (Page179)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page179 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 152
//Page18 (Page18)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page18 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 153
//Page180 (Page180)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page180 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 154
//Page181 (Page181)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page181 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 155
//Page182 (Page182)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page182 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 156
//Page183 (Page183)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page183 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 157
//Page184 (Page184)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page184 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 158
//Page185 (Page185)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page185 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 159
//Page186 (Page186)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page186 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 160
//Page187 (Page187)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page187 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 161
//Page188 (Page188)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page188 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 162
//Page189 (Page189)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page189 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 163
//Page19 (Page19)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page19 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 164
//Page190 (Page190)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page190 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 165
//Page191 (Page191)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page191 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 166
//Page192 (Page192)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page192 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 167
//Page193 (Page193)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page193 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 168
//Page194 (Page194)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page194 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 169
//Page195 (Page195)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page195 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 170
//Page196 (Page196)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page196 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 171
//Page197 (Page197)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page197 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 172
//Page198 (Page198)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page198 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 173
//Page199 (Page199)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page199 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 174
//Page2 (Page2)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page2 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 175
//Page20 (Page20)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page20 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 176
//Page200 (Page200)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page200 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 177
//Page201 (Page201)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page201 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 178
//Page202 (Page202)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page202 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 179
//Page203 (Page203)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page203 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 180
//Page204 (Page204)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page204 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 181
//Page205 (Page205)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page205 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 182
//Page206 (Page206)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page206 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 183
//Page207 (Page207)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page207 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 184
//Page208 (Page208)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page208 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 185
//Page209 (Page209)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page209 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 186
//Page21 (Page21)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page21 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 187
//Page210 (Page210)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page210 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 188
//Page211 (Page211)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page211 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 189
//Page212 (Page212)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page212 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 190
//Page213 (Page213)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page213 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 191
//Page214 (Page214)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page214 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 192
//Page215 (Page215)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page215 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 193
//Page216 (Page216)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page216 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 194
//Page217 (Page217)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page217 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 195
//Page218 (Page218)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page218 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 196
//Page219 (Page219)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page219 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 197
//Page22 (Page22)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page22 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 198
//Page220 (Page220)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page220 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 199
//Page221 (Page221)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page221 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 200
//Page222 (Page222)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page222 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 201
//Page223 (Page223)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page223 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 202
//Page224 (Page224)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page224 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 203
//Page225 (Page225)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page225 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 204
//Page226 (Page226)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page226 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 205
//Page227 (Page227)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page227 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 206
//Page228 (Page228)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page228 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 207
//Page229 (Page229)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page229 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 208
//Page23 (Page23)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page23 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 209
//Page230 (Page230)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page230 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 210
//Page24 (Page24)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page24 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 211
//Page25 (Page25)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page25 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 212
//Page26 (Page26)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page26 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 213
//Page27 (Page27)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page27 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 214
//Page28 (Page28)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page28 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 215
//Page29 (Page29)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page29 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 216
//Page3 (Page3)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page3 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 217
//Page30 (Page30)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page30 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 218
//Page31 (Page31)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page31 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 219
//Page32 (Page32)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page32 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 220
//Page33 (Page33)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page33 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 221
//Page34 (Page34)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page34 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 222
//Page35 (Page35)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page35 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 223
//Page36 (Page36)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page36 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 224
//Page37 (Page37)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page37 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 225
//Page38 (Page38)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page38 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 226
//Page39 (Page39)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page39 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 227
//Page4 (Page4)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page4 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 228
//Page40 (Page40)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page40 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 229
//Page41 (Page41)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page41 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 230
//Page42 (Page42)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page42 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 231
//Page43 (Page43)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page43 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 232
//Page44 (Page44)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page44 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 233
//Page45 (Page45)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page45 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 234
//Page46 (Page46)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page46 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 235
//Page47 (Page47)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page47 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 236
//Page48 (Page48)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page48 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 237
//Page49 (Page49)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page49 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 238
//Page5 (Page5)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page5 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 239
//Page50 (Page50)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page50 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 240
//Page51 (Page51)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page51 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 241
//Page52 (Page52)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page52 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 242
//Page53 (Page53)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page53 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 243
//Page54 (Page54)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page54 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 244
//Page55 (Page55)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page55 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 245
//Page56 (Page56)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page56 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 246
//Page57 (Page57)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page57 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 247
//Page58 (Page58)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page58 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 248
//Page59 (Page59)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page59 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 249
//Page6 (Page6)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page6 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 250
//Page60 (Page60)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page60 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 251
//Page61 (Page61)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page61 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 252
//Page62 (Page62)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page62 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 253
//Page63 (Page63)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page63 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 254
//Page64 (Page64)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page64 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 255
//Page65 (Page65)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page65 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 256
//Page66 (Page66)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page66 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 257
//Page67 (Page67)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page67 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 258
//Page68 (Page68)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page68 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 259
//Page69 (Page69)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page69 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 260
//Page7 (Page7)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page7 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 261
//Page70 (Page70)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page70 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 262
//Page71 (Page71)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page71 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 263
//Page72 (Page72)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page72 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 264
//Page73 (Page73)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page73 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 265
//Page74 (Page74)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page74 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 266
//Page75 (Page75)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page75 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 267
//Page76 (Page76)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page76 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 268
//Page77 (Page77)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page77 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 269
//Page78 (Page78)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page78 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 270
//Page79 (Page79)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page79 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 271
//Page8 (Page8)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page8 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 272
//Page80 (Page80)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page80 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 273
//Page81 (Page81)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page81 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 274
//Page82 (Page82)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page82 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 275
//Page83 (Page83)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page83 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 276
//Page84 (Page84)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page84 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 277
//Page85 (Page85)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page85 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 278
//Page86 (Page86)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page86 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 279
//Page87 (Page87)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page87 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 280
//Page88 (Page88)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page88 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 281
//Page89 (Page89)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page89 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 282
//Page9 (Page9)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page9 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 283
//Page90 (Page90)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page90 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 284
//Page91 (Page91)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page91 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 285
//Page92 (Page92)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page92 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 286
//Page93 (Page93)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page93 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 287
//Page94 (Page94)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page94 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 288
//Page95 (Page95)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page95 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 289
//Page96 (Page96)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page96 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 290
//Page97 (Page97)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page97 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 291
//Page98 (Page98)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page98 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 292
//Page99 (Page99)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public class Page99 extends MovieClip {

		public var CR:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 293
//PrintRangeWnd (PrintRangeWnd)
package {
	import fl.controls.*;
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.events.*;
	import fl.managers.*;
	import flash.text.*;
	import flash.ui.*;
	import flash.accessibility.*;

	public class PrintRangeWnd extends MovieClip {

		public var cancelBtn;
		private var active:Boolean;
		public var scalingtxt:TextField;
		public var fromtxt:TextField;
		public var pagesFrom;
		public var totxt:TextField;
		public var pagestxt:TextField;
		public var closeBtn:SimpleButton;
		private var fm:FocusManager;
		private var tabArray:Array;
		public var optNoScale;
		public var title:TextField;
		public var locale:P2FLocale;
		public var optFit:RadioButton;
		public var pagesTo:TextField;
		public var OKBtn:Button;
		public var printScaleMode:String;

		public function PrintRangeWnd(){
			pagesFrom.restrict = (pagesTo.restrict = "0-9");
			tabArray = new Array(pagesFrom, pagesTo, optNoScale, optFit, OKBtn, cancelBtn);
			addEventListener(FocusEvent.KEY_FOCUS_CHANGE, OnFocusChange, false, 0, true);
			addEventListener(KeyboardEvent.KEY_DOWN, OnKeyDown, false, 0, true);
			closeBtn.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, onCloseBtnClick, false, 0, true);
			cancelBtn.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, onCloseBtnClick, false, 0, true);
			OKBtn.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, onOKBtnClick, false, 0, true);
			__setTab_title_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0();
			__setTab_pagesFrom_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0();
			__setTab_pagesTo_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0();
			__setTab_OKBtn_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0();
			__setTab_cancelBtn_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0();
			__setAcc_pagesFrom_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0();
			__setAcc_pagesTo_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0();
			__setAcc_OKBtn_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0();
			__setAcc_cancelBtn_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0();
			__setProp_OKBtn_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0();
			__setProp_cancelBtn_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0();
			__setProp_optNoScale_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0();
			__setProp_optFit_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0();
		}
		private function onCloseBtnClick(_arg1:MouseEvent){
			close();
		}
		function __setProp_cancelBtn_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0(){
			try {
				cancelBtn["componentInspectorSetting"] = true;
			} catch(e:Error) {
			};
			cancelBtn.emphasized = false;
			cancelBtn.enabled = true;
			cancelBtn.label = "";
			cancelBtn.labelPlacement = "right";
			cancelBtn.selected = false;
			cancelBtn.toggle = false;
			cancelBtn.visible = true;
			try {
				cancelBtn["componentInspectorSetting"] = false;
			} catch(e:Error) {
			};
		}
		function __setTab_pagesFrom_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0(){
			pagesFrom.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		function __setProp_optNoScale_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0(){
			try {
				optNoScale["componentInspectorSetting"] = true;
			} catch(e:Error) {
			};
			optNoScale.enabled = true;
			optNoScale.groupName = "Scaling";
			optNoScale.label = "";
			optNoScale.labelPlacement = "right";
			optNoScale.selected = false;
			optNoScale.value = "";
			optNoScale.visible = true;
			try {
				optNoScale["componentInspectorSetting"] = false;
			} catch(e:Error) {
			};
		}
		function __setAcc_OKBtn_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0(){
			OKBtn.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			OKBtn.accessibilityProperties.name = "OK";
			OKBtn.accessibilityProperties.forceSimple = true;
		}
		function __setTab_title_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0(){
			title.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		function __setTab_pagesTo_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0(){
			pagesTo.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		private function OnKeyDown(_arg1:KeyboardEvent):void{
			if (_arg1.keyCode == Keyboard.ESCAPE){
				onCloseBtnClick(null);
			};
		}
		function __setTab_cancelBtn_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0(){
			cancelBtn.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		function __setAcc_pagesFrom_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0(){
			pagesFrom.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			pagesFrom.accessibilityProperties.name = "Pages From";
		}
		private function onOKBtnClick(_arg1:MouseEvent){
			close();
			dispatchEvent(new Event("OKResult"));
		}
		private function OnFocusChange(_arg1:FocusEvent):void{
			var _local2:int;
			if (active){
				_arg1.preventDefault();
				_local2 = tabArray.indexOf(_arg1.target);
				if (_local2 != -1){
					if (_arg1.shiftKey){
						_local2--;
					} else {
						_local2++;
					};
					if (_local2 < 0){
						_local2 = (tabArray.length - 1);
					} else {
						if (_local2 >= tabArray.length){
							_local2 = 0;
						};
					};
					fm.setFocus(tabArray[_local2]);
				};
			};
		}
		function __setAcc_cancelBtn_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0(){
			cancelBtn.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			cancelBtn.accessibilityProperties.name = "Cancel";
			cancelBtn.accessibilityProperties.forceSimple = true;
		}
		function __setAcc_pagesTo_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0(){
			pagesTo.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			pagesTo.accessibilityProperties.name = "Pages To";
		}
		function __setProp_OKBtn_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0(){
			try {
				OKBtn["componentInspectorSetting"] = true;
			} catch(e:Error) {
			};
			OKBtn.emphasized = false;
			OKBtn.enabled = true;
			OKBtn.label = "";
			OKBtn.labelPlacement = "right";
			OKBtn.selected = false;
			OKBtn.toggle = false;
			OKBtn.visible = true;
			try {
				OKBtn["componentInspectorSetting"] = false;
			} catch(e:Error) {
			};
		}
		public function close(){
			printScaleMode = (optNoScale.selected) ? "noscale" : "fit";
			fm.deactivate();
			ModalScreen.close();
			active = false;
		}
		function __setProp_optFit_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0(){
			try {
				optFit["componentInspectorSetting"] = true;
			} catch(e:Error) {
			};
			optFit.enabled = true;
			optFit.groupName = "Scaling";
			optFit.label = "";
			optFit.labelPlacement = "right";
			optFit.selected = false;
			optFit.value = "";
			optFit.visible = true;
			try {
				optFit["componentInspectorSetting"] = false;
			} catch(e:Error) {
			};
		}
		public function show(_arg1:DisplayObjectContainer, _arg2:uint, _arg3:uint, _arg4:uint, _arg5:uint, _arg6:String){
			title.text = locale.loadString("IDS_PDTITLE");
			pagestxt.text = locale.loadString("IDS_PDPAGES");
			fromtxt.text = locale.loadString("IDS_PDFROM");
			totxt.text = locale.loadString("IDS_PDTO");
			scalingtxt.text = locale.loadString("IDS_PDSCALING");
			optNoScale.label = locale.loadString("IDS_PDNOSCALE");
			optFit.label = locale.loadString("IDS_PDAUTOR");
			OKBtn.label = locale.loadString("IDS_OK");
			cancelBtn.label = locale.loadString("IDS_CANCEL");
			pagesFrom.text = _arg4.toString();
			pagesTo.text = _arg5.toString();
			optNoScale.selected = (optFit.selected = false);
			if (_arg6 == "noscale"){
				optNoScale.selected = true;
			} else {
				optFit.selected = true;
			};
			ModalScreen.show(_arg1, this, _arg2, _arg3);
			if (!fm){
				fm = new FocusManager(this);
				fm.defaultButton = OKBtn;
			};
			fm.activate();
			fm.setFocus(pagesFrom);
			active = true;
		}
		function __setTab_OKBtn_PrintRangeWnd_Layer1_0(){
			OKBtn.tabIndex = 0;
		}

	}
}//package 
Section 294
//RadioButton_disabledIcon (RadioButton_disabledIcon)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class RadioButton_disabledIcon extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 295
//RadioButton_downIcon (RadioButton_downIcon)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class RadioButton_downIcon extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 296
//RadioButton_overIcon (RadioButton_overIcon)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class RadioButton_overIcon extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 297
//RadioButton_selectedDisabledIcon (RadioButton_selectedDisabledIcon)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class RadioButton_selectedDisabledIcon extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 298
//RadioButton_selectedDownIcon (RadioButton_selectedDownIcon)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class RadioButton_selectedDownIcon extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 299
//RadioButton_selectedOverIcon (RadioButton_selectedOverIcon)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class RadioButton_selectedOverIcon extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 300
//RadioButton_selectedUpIcon (RadioButton_selectedUpIcon)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class RadioButton_selectedUpIcon extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 301
//RadioButton_upIcon (RadioButton_upIcon)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class RadioButton_upIcon extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 302
//ScrollArea (ScrollArea)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class ScrollArea extends MovieClip {

		public var BottomArea:MovieClip;

	}
}//package 
Section 303
//ScrollArrowDown_disabledSkin (ScrollArrowDown_disabledSkin)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class ScrollArrowDown_disabledSkin extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 304
//ScrollArrowDown_downSkin (ScrollArrowDown_downSkin)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class ScrollArrowDown_downSkin extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 305
//ScrollArrowDown_overSkin (ScrollArrowDown_overSkin)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class ScrollArrowDown_overSkin extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 306
//ScrollArrowDown_upSkin (ScrollArrowDown_upSkin)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class ScrollArrowDown_upSkin extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 307
//ScrollArrowUp_disabledSkin (ScrollArrowUp_disabledSkin)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class ScrollArrowUp_disabledSkin extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 308
//ScrollArrowUp_downSkin (ScrollArrowUp_downSkin)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class ScrollArrowUp_downSkin extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 309
//ScrollArrowUp_overSkin (ScrollArrowUp_overSkin)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class ScrollArrowUp_overSkin extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 310
//ScrollArrowUp_upSkin (ScrollArrowUp_upSkin)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class ScrollArrowUp_upSkin extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 311
//ScrollBar_thumbIcon (ScrollBar_thumbIcon)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class ScrollBar_thumbIcon extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 312
//ScrollPain (ScrollPain)
package {
	import flash.events.*;
	import fl.containers.*;

	public class ScrollPain extends ScrollPane {

		override protected function endDrag(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			if (stage){
				stage.removeEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_MOVE, doDrag);
			};
		}

	}
}//package 
Section 313
//ScrollPane_disabledSkin (ScrollPane_disabledSkin)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class ScrollPane_disabledSkin extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 314
//ScrollPane_upSkin (ScrollPane_upSkin)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class ScrollPane_upSkin extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 315
//ScrollThumb_downSkin (ScrollThumb_downSkin)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class ScrollThumb_downSkin extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 316
//ScrollThumb_overSkin (ScrollThumb_overSkin)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class ScrollThumb_overSkin extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 317
//ScrollThumb_upSkin (ScrollThumb_upSkin)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class ScrollThumb_upSkin extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 318
//ScrollTrack_skin (ScrollTrack_skin)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public dynamic class ScrollTrack_skin extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 
Section 319
//Settings (Settings)
package {
	import flash.utils.*;

	public class Settings extends ByteArray {

	}
}//package 
Section 320
//Settings2_ (Settings2_)
package {
	import flash.utils.*;

	public class Settings2_ extends ByteArray {

	}
}//package 
Section 321
//Slider (Slider)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.events.*;
	import flash.utils.*;
	import flash.geom.*;
	import flash.accessibility.*;

	public dynamic class Slider extends MovieClip {

		private var Max;
		public var SliderHandle:MovieClip;
		private var oldValue:int;
		public var SliderHandleBtn:ImgButton;
		private var Width;
		private var DragUpdateInt;
		private var Min;
		private var HandleOffset;

		public function Slider(){
			SliderHandleBtn = SliderHandle.SliderHandleBtn;
			SliderHandleBtn.tabEnabled = false;
			addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_DOWN, onMouseDown, false, 0, true);
			SliderHandleBtn.addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_DOWN, onHandlePress, false, 0, true);
			__setAcc_SliderHandle_();
			__setTab_SliderHandle_();
		}
		public function SetValue(_arg1:int):void{
			if (_arg1 > Max){
				_arg1 = Max;
			} else {
				if (_arg1 < Min){
					_arg1 = Min;
				};
			};
			SliderHandle.x = (((_arg1 - Min) / (Max - Min)) * Width);
		}
		function __setAcc_SliderHandle_(){
			SliderHandle.accessibilityProperties = new AccessibilityProperties();
			SliderHandle.accessibilityProperties.silent = true;
		}
		public function onMouseDown(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			var _local2:int;
			if (_arg1.target == this){
				_local2 = Math.round((Min + (((_arg1.localX - (SliderHandleBtn.width / 2)) / Width) * (Max - Min))));
				if (_local2 != GetValue()){
					SetValue(_local2);
					dispatchEvent(new Event("change"));
				};
			};
		}
		public function SetRange(_arg1:int, _arg2:int):void{
			this.Min = _arg1;
			this.Max = _arg2;
		}
		function onHandlePress(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			oldValue = GetValue();
			SliderHandle.startDrag(false, new Rectangle(0, HandleOffset, Width, HandleOffset));
			DragUpdateInt = setInterval(DragUpdate, 100);
			stage.addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_UP, onHandleRelease, false, 0, true);
		}
		function onHandleRelease(_arg1:MouseEvent):void{
			stage.removeEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_UP, onHandleRelease);
			clearInterval(DragUpdateInt);
			SliderHandle.stopDrag();
			if (oldValue != GetValue()){
				dispatchEvent(new Event("change"));
			};
		}
		public function GetValue():int{
			return (Math.round((Min + ((SliderHandle.x / Width) * (Max - Min)))));
		}
		function __setTab_SliderHandle_(){
			SliderHandle.tabIndex = 0;
		}
		public function Init():void{
			SliderHandleBtn.SetImages("TBImage6", "TBImage5");
			Width = Math.floor((width - SliderHandleBtn.width));
			HandleOffset = SliderHandleBtn.y;
		}
		function DragUpdate():void{
			if (oldValue != GetValue()){
				oldValue = GetValue();
				dispatchEvent(new Event("change"));
			};
		}

	}
}//package 
Section 322
//TBImage1 (TBImage1)
package {
	import flash.display.*;

	public class TBImage1 extends MovieClip {

	}
}//package 

import flash.display.*;

class TBImage2 extends MovieClip {

	public function TBImage2(){
	}
}
class TBImage3 extends MovieClip {

	public function TBImage3(){
	}
}
class TBImage4 extends MovieClip {

	public function TBImage4(){
	}
}
class TBImage5 extends MovieClip {

	public function TBImage5(){
	}
}
class TBImage6 extends MovieClip {

	public function TBImage6(){
	}
}
class TBImage7 extends MovieClip {

	public function TBImage7(){
	}
}
class TBImage8 extends MovieClip {

	public function TBImage8(){
	}
}
class TBImage9 extends MovieClip {

	public function TBImage9(){
	}
}
class TBImage10 extends MovieClip {

	public function TBImage10(){
	}
}
class TBImage11 extends MovieClip {

	public function TBImage11(){
	}
}
class TBImage12 extends MovieClip {

	public function TBImage12(){
	}
}
class TBImage13 extends MovieClip {

	public function TBImage13(){
	}
}
class TBImage14 extends MovieClip {

	public function TBImage14(){
	}
}
class TBImage15 extends MovieClip {

	public function TBImage15(){
	}
}
class TBImage16 extends MovieClip {

	public function TBImage16(){
	}
}
class TBImage18 extends MovieClip {

	public function TBImage18(){
	}
}
class TBImage19 extends MovieClip {

	public function TBImage19(){
	}
}
class TBImage20 extends MovieClip {

	public function TBImage20(){
	}
}
class TBImage21 extends MovieClip {

	public function TBImage21(){
	}
}
class TBImage22 extends MovieClip {

	public function TBImage22(){
	}
}
Section 323
//textmsg (textmsg)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public dynamic class textmsg extends MovieClip {

		public var text:TextField;

	}
}//package 
Section 324
//waitmsg (waitmsg)
package {
	import flash.display.*;
	import flash.text.*;

	public dynamic class waitmsg extends MovieClip {

		public var msg:TextField;

	}
}//package

Library Items

Symbol 156 Bitmap	Used by:157
Symbol 157 Graphic	Uses:156	Used by:158
Symbol 158 MovieClip {TBImage1}	Uses:157
Symbol 159 Bitmap	Used by:160
Symbol 160 Graphic	Uses:159	Used by:161
Symbol 161 MovieClip {TBImage2}	Uses:160
Symbol 162 Bitmap	Used by:163
Symbol 163 Graphic	Uses:162	Used by:164
Symbol 164 MovieClip {TBImage3}	Uses:163
Symbol 165 Bitmap	Used by:166
Symbol 166 Graphic	Uses:165	Used by:167
Symbol 167 MovieClip {TBImage4}	Uses:166
Symbol 168 Bitmap	Used by:169
Symbol 169 Graphic	Uses:168	Used by:170
Symbol 170 MovieClip {TBImage5}	Uses:169
Symbol 171 Bitmap	Used by:172
Symbol 172 Graphic	Uses:171	Used by:173
Symbol 173 MovieClip {TBImage6}	Uses:172
Symbol 174 Bitmap	Used by:175
Symbol 175 Graphic	Uses:174	Used by:176
Symbol 176 MovieClip {TBImage7}	Uses:175
Symbol 177 Bitmap	Used by:178
Symbol 178 Graphic	Uses:177	Used by:179
Symbol 179 MovieClip {TBImage8}	Uses:178
Symbol 180 Bitmap	Used by:181
Symbol 181 Graphic	Uses:180	Used by:182
Symbol 182 MovieClip {TBImage9}	Uses:181
Symbol 183 Bitmap	Used by:184
Symbol 184 Graphic	Uses:183	Used by:185
Symbol 185 MovieClip {TBImage10}	Uses:184
Symbol 186 Bitmap	Used by:187
Symbol 187 Graphic	Uses:186	Used by:188
Symbol 188 MovieClip {TBImage11}	Uses:187
Symbol 189 Bitmap	Used by:190
Symbol 190 Graphic	Uses:189	Used by:191
Symbol 191 MovieClip {TBImage12}	Uses:190
Symbol 192 Bitmap	Used by:193
Symbol 193 Graphic	Uses:192	Used by:194
Symbol 194 MovieClip {TBImage13}	Uses:193
Symbol 195 Bitmap	Used by:196
Symbol 196 Graphic	Uses:195	Used by:197
Symbol 197 MovieClip {TBImage14}	Uses:196
Symbol 198 Bitmap	Used by:199
Symbol 199 Graphic	Uses:198	Used by:200
Symbol 200 MovieClip {TBImage15}	Uses:199
Symbol 201 Bitmap	Used by:202
Symbol 202 Graphic	Uses:201	Used by:203
Symbol 203 MovieClip {TBImage16}	Uses:202
Symbol 204 Bitmap	Used by:205
Symbol 205 Graphic	Uses:204	Used by:206
Symbol 206 MovieClip {TBImage18}	Uses:205
Symbol 207 Bitmap	Used by:208
Symbol 208 Graphic	Uses:207	Used by:209
Symbol 209 MovieClip {TBImage19}	Uses:208
Symbol 210 Bitmap	Used by:211
Symbol 211 Graphic	Uses:210	Used by:212
Symbol 212 MovieClip {TBImage20}	Uses:211
Symbol 213 Bitmap	Used by:214
Symbol 214 Graphic	Uses:213	Used by:215
Symbol 215 MovieClip {TBImage21}	Uses:214
Symbol 216 Bitmap	Used by:217
Symbol 217 Graphic	Uses:216	Used by:218
Symbol 218 MovieClip {TBImage22}	Uses:217
Symbol 219 BinaryData {Settings}
Symbol 220 BinaryData {Settings2_}
Symbol 1 Font	Used by:2
Symbol 2 EditableText	Uses:1	Used by:6
Symbol 3 Graphic	Used by:4
Symbol 4 MovieClip	Uses:3	Used by:5
Symbol 5 MovieClip	Uses:4	Used by:6
Symbol 6 MovieClip {waitmsg}	Uses:2 5
Symbol 7 Font	Used by:8 50 51 52 53 54 74 75 143 146 148 152
Symbol 8 EditableText	Uses:7	Used by:9
Symbol 9 MovieClip {textmsg}	Uses:8
Symbol 10 Graphic	Used by:11
Symbol 11 MovieClip	Uses:10	Used by:12
Symbol 12 MovieClip {ScrollArea}	Uses:11
Symbol 13 Graphic	Used by:14
Symbol 14 MovieClip	Uses:13	Used by:33 73 77 134
Symbol 15 MovieClip {fl.core.ComponentShim}	Used by:33 73 77 133 134
Symbol 16 Graphic	Used by:17
Symbol 17 MovieClip {RadioButton_upIcon}	Uses:16	Used by:33
Symbol 18 Graphic	Used by:19 28
Symbol 19 MovieClip {RadioButton_overIcon}	Uses:18	Used by:33
Symbol 20 Graphic	Used by:21 29
Symbol 21 MovieClip {RadioButton_downIcon}	Uses:20	Used by:33
Symbol 22 Graphic	Used by:23 30
Symbol 23 MovieClip {RadioButton_disabledIcon}	Uses:22	Used by:33
Symbol 24 Graphic	Used by:27
Symbol 25 Graphic	Used by:26
Symbol 26 MovieClip	Uses:25	Used by:27 28 29 30
Symbol 27 MovieClip {RadioButton_selectedUpIcon}	Uses:24 26	Used by:33
Symbol 28 MovieClip {RadioButton_selectedOverIcon}	Uses:18 26	Used by:33
Symbol 29 MovieClip {RadioButton_selectedDownIcon}	Uses:20 26	Used by:33
Symbol 30 MovieClip {RadioButton_selectedDisabledIcon}	Uses:22 26	Used by:33
Symbol 31 Graphic	Used by:32
Symbol 32 MovieClip {focusRectSkin}	Uses:31	Used by:33 73 133
Symbol 33 MovieClip {fl.controls.RadioButton}	Uses:14 15 17 19 21 23 27 28 29 30 32	Used by:76
Symbol 34 Graphic	Used by:35
Symbol 35 MovieClip	Uses:34	Used by:76
Symbol 36 Graphic	Used by:37
Symbol 37 MovieClip	Uses:36	Used by:42
Symbol 38 Graphic	Used by:39
Symbol 39 MovieClip	Uses:38	Used by:42
Symbol 40 Graphic	Used by:41
Symbol 41 MovieClip	Uses:40	Used by:42
Symbol 42 MovieClip	Uses:37 39 41	Used by:76
Symbol 43 Graphic	Used by:44
Symbol 44 MovieClip	Uses:43	Used by:49
Symbol 45 Graphic	Used by:46
Symbol 46 MovieClip	Uses:45	Used by:49
Symbol 47 Graphic	Used by:48 49
Symbol 48 MovieClip	Uses:47	Used by:49
Symbol 49 Button	Uses:44 46 48 47	Used by:76
Symbol 50 EditableText	Uses:7	Used by:76
Symbol 51 EditableText	Uses:7	Used by:76
Symbol 52 EditableText	Uses:7	Used by:76
Symbol 53 EditableText	Uses:7	Used by:76
Symbol 54 EditableText	Uses:7	Used by:76
Symbol 55 Graphic	Used by:56
Symbol 56 MovieClip {Button_disabledSkin}	Uses:55	Used by:73
Symbol 57 Graphic	Used by:58
Symbol 58 MovieClip {Button_downSkin}	Uses:57	Used by:73
Symbol 59 Graphic	Used by:60
Symbol 60 MovieClip {Button_emphasizedSkin}	Uses:59	Used by:73
Symbol 61 Graphic	Used by:62
Symbol 62 MovieClip {Button_overSkin}	Uses:61	Used by:73
Symbol 63 Graphic	Used by:64
Symbol 64 MovieClip {Button_selectedDisabledSkin}	Uses:63	Used by:73
Symbol 65 Graphic	Used by:66
Symbol 66 MovieClip {Button_selectedDownSkin}	Uses:65	Used by:73
Symbol 67 Graphic	Used by:68
Symbol 68 MovieClip {Button_selectedOverSkin}	Uses:67	Used by:73
Symbol 69 Graphic	Used by:70
Symbol 70 MovieClip {Button_selectedUpSkin}	Uses:69	Used by:73
Symbol 71 Graphic	Used by:72
Symbol 72 MovieClip {Button_upSkin}	Uses:71	Used by:73
Symbol 73 MovieClip {fl.controls.Button}	Uses:14 15 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 32	Used by:76
Symbol 74 EditableText	Uses:7	Used by:76
Symbol 75 EditableText	Uses:7	Used by:76
Symbol 76 MovieClip {PrintRangeWnd}	Uses:35 42 49 50 51 52 53 54 73 33 74 75
Symbol 77 MovieClip {fl.controls.Label}	Uses:14 15
Symbol 78 Graphic	Used by:79
Symbol 79 MovieClip {def_bgr}	Uses:78
Symbol 80 Graphic	Used by:81
Symbol 81 Button {button}	Uses:80
Symbol 82 Graphic	Used by:83
Symbol 83 MovieClip {manualbutton}	Uses:82	Used by:84 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 141
Symbol 84 MovieClip {def_fullscreen}	Uses:83	Used by:155
Symbol 85 Button {ImgButton}	Used by:86
Symbol 86 MovieClip {print2flash_fla.MCSlider_47}	Uses:85	Used by:87
Symbol 87 MovieClip {Slider}	Uses:86	Used by:155
Symbol 88 MovieClip {def_forward}	Uses:83	Used by:155
Symbol 89 MovieClip {def_back}	Uses:83	Used by:155
Symbol 90 MovieClip {def_nextpage}	Uses:83	Used by:155
Symbol 91 MovieClip {def_more}	Uses:83	Used by:155
Symbol 92 MovieClip {def_selMode}	Uses:83	Used by:155
Symbol 93 MovieClip {def_newwindow}	Uses:83	Used by:155
Symbol 94 MovieClip {def_help}	Uses:83	Used by:155
Symbol 95 MovieClip {def_rotate}	Uses:83	Used by:155
Symbol 96 MovieClip {def_prevpage}	Uses:83	Used by:155
Symbol 97 MovieClip {def_scalePage}	Uses:83	Used by:155
Symbol 98 MovieClip {def_scaleWidth}	Uses:83	Used by:155
Symbol 99 MovieClip {def_moveMode}	Uses:83	Used by:155
Symbol 100 MovieClip {def_print}	Uses:83	Used by:155
Symbol 101 Graphic	Used by:102
Symbol 102 MovieClip	Uses:101	Used by:105 106
Symbol 103 Graphic	Used by:104
Symbol 104 MovieClip	Uses:103	Used by:105 106
Symbol 105 MovieClip {ScrollPane_disabledSkin}	Uses:102 104	Used by:134
Symbol 106 MovieClip {ScrollPane_upSkin}	Uses:102 104	Used by:134
Symbol 107 Graphic	Used by:108
Symbol 108 MovieClip {ScrollTrack_skin}	Uses:107	Used by:133
Symbol 109 Graphic	Used by:112
Symbol 110 Graphic	Used by:111 114 118 127
Symbol 111 MovieClip	Uses:110	Used by:112 122 124
Symbol 112 MovieClip {ScrollArrowUp_downSkin}	Uses:109 111	Used by:133
Symbol 113 Graphic	Used by:114
Symbol 114 MovieClip {ScrollArrowDown_downSkin}	Uses:113 110	Used by:133
Symbol 115 Graphic	Used by:116
Symbol 116 MovieClip {ScrollThumb_downSkin}	Uses:115	Used by:133
Symbol 117 Graphic	Used by:118
Symbol 118 MovieClip {ScrollArrowDown_overSkin}	Uses:117 110	Used by:133
Symbol 119 Graphic	Used by:120
Symbol 120 MovieClip {ScrollThumb_overSkin}	Uses:119	Used by:133
Symbol 121 Graphic	Used by:122
Symbol 122 MovieClip {ScrollArrowUp_overSkin}	Uses:121 111	Used by:133
Symbol 123 Graphic	Used by:124 127
Symbol 124 MovieClip {ScrollArrowUp_upSkin}	Uses:123 111	Used by:133
Symbol 125 Graphic	Used by:126
Symbol 126 MovieClip {ScrollThumb_upSkin}	Uses:125	Used by:133
Symbol 127 MovieClip {ScrollArrowDown_upSkin}	Uses:123 110	Used by:133
Symbol 128 Graphic	Used by:129 130
Symbol 129 MovieClip {ScrollArrowDown_disabledSkin}	Uses:128	Used by:133
Symbol 130 MovieClip {ScrollArrowUp_disabledSkin}	Uses:128	Used by:133
Symbol 131 Graphic	Used by:132
Symbol 132 MovieClip {ScrollBar_thumbIcon}	Uses:131	Used by:133
Symbol 133 MovieClip {fl.controls.ScrollBar}	Uses:108 15 32 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 127 129 130 132	Used by:134
Symbol 134 MovieClip {ScrollPain}	Uses:14 15 105 106 133	Used by:Timeline
Symbol 135 MovieClip {fl.containers.ScrollPane}
Symbol 136 Graphic	Used by:137
Symbol 137 MovieClip	Uses:136	Used by:Timeline
Symbol 138 Graphic	Used by:139
Symbol 139 MovieClip	Uses:138	Used by:Timeline
Symbol 140 MovieClip	Used by:155
Symbol 141 MovieClip {print2flash_fla.def_searchbut_27}	Uses:83	Used by:155
Symbol 142 Graphic	Used by:144
Symbol 143 EditableText	Uses:7	Used by:144
Symbol 144 MovieClip {print2flash_fla.Timeline_30}	Uses:142 143	Used by:155
Symbol 145 Graphic	Used by:150
Symbol 146 EditableText	Uses:7	Used by:147
Symbol 147 MovieClip {print2flash_fla.Timeline_32}	Uses:146	Used by:150
Symbol 148 EditableText	Uses:7	Used by:149
Symbol 149 MovieClip {print2flash_fla.Timeline_33}	Uses:148	Used by:150
Symbol 150 MovieClip {print2flash_fla.Timeline_31}	Uses:145 147 149	Used by:155
Symbol 151 Graphic	Used by:153
Symbol 152 EditableText	Uses:7	Used by:153
Symbol 153 MovieClip {print2flash_fla.Timeline_50}	Uses:151 152	Used by:155
Symbol 154 MovieClip	Used by:155
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Symbol 981 Font	Used by:985
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Symbol 1057 Font	Used by:1061
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Symbol 1059 Graphic	Used by:1068
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Symbol 1072 Graphic	Used by:1084
Symbol 1073 Font	Used by:1077
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Symbol 1088 Graphic	Used by:1098
Symbol 1089 Font	Used by:1093 1097
Symbol 1090 Font	Used by:1092
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Symbol 1103 Font	Used by:1107
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Symbol 1105 Graphic	Used by:1118
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Symbol 1123 Font	Used by:1127
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Symbol 1140 Font	Used by:1144
Symbol 1141 Font	Used by:1143
Symbol 1142 Graphic	Used by:1147
Symbol 1143 EditableText	Uses:1141	Used by:1147
Symbol 1144 Text	Uses:1140 1145	Used by:1147
Symbol 1145 Font	Used by:1144 1146
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Symbol 1151 Font	Used by:1155
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Symbol 1153 Graphic	Used by:1160
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Symbol 1155 Text	Uses:1151 1156 1157	Used by:1160
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Symbol 1161 Font	Used by:1163
Symbol 1162 Graphic	Used by:1175
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Symbol 1164 Graphic	Used by:1175
Symbol 1165 Font	Used by:1169
Symbol 1166 Font	Used by:1168
Symbol 1167 Graphic	Used by:1175
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Symbol 1171 Font	Used by:1169 1174
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Symbol 1176 Font	Used by:1178
Symbol 1177 Graphic	Used by:1186
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Symbol 1179 Font	Used by:1183
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Symbol 1181 Graphic	Used by:1186
Symbol 1182 EditableText	Uses:1180	Used by:1186
Symbol 1183 Text	Uses:1179 1184 1185	Used by:1186
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Symbol 1185 Font	Used by:1183
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Symbol 1187 Font	Used by:1189
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Symbol 1190 Font	Used by:1194
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Symbol 1192 Graphic	Used by:1196
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Symbol 1197 Font	Used by:1199
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Symbol 1201 Font	Used by:1205
Symbol 1202 Font	Used by:1204
Symbol 1203 Graphic	Used by:1211
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Symbol 1215 Graphic	Used by:1225
Symbol 1216 Font	Used by:1220 1224
Symbol 1217 Font	Used by:1219
Symbol 1218 Graphic	Used by:1225
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Symbol 1220 Text	Uses:1216 1221 1222 1223	Used by:1225
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Symbol 1222 Font	Used by:1220
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Symbol 1226 Font	Used by:1228
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Symbol 1230 Font	Used by:1234
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Symbol 1232 Graphic	Used by:1241
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Symbol 1236 Font	Used by:1234
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Symbol 1242 Font	Used by:1244
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Symbol 1245 Graphic	Used by:1254
Symbol 1246 Font	Used by:1250
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Symbol 1248 Graphic	Used by:1254
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Symbol 1256 Graphic	Used by:1273
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Symbol 1258 Graphic	Uses:430 428	Used by:1273
Symbol 1259 Font	Used by:1263
Symbol 1260 Font	Used by:1262
Symbol 1261 Graphic	Used by:1273
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Symbol 1275 Graphic	Used by:1290
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Symbol 1277 Bitmap	Used by:1278
Symbol 1278 Graphic	Uses:1277	Used by:1290
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Symbol 1280 Font	Used by:1284
Symbol 1281 Font	Used by:1283
Symbol 1282 Graphic	Used by:1290
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Symbol 1286 Font	Used by:1284
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Symbol 1288 Font	Used by:1284
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Symbol 1291 Font	Used by:1293
Symbol 1292 Graphic	Used by:1306
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Symbol 1294 Font	Used by:1298 1301
Symbol 1295 Font	Used by:1297
Symbol 1296 Graphic	Used by:1306
Symbol 1297 EditableText	Uses:1295	Used by:1306
Symbol 1298 Text	Uses:1294	Used by:1306
Symbol 1299 Font	Used by:1300 1302 1305
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Symbol 1303 Font	Used by:1304
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Symbol 1306 MovieClip {Page75}	Uses:221 1292 1293 1296 1297 1298 1300 1301 1302 1304 1305
Symbol 1307 Font	Used by:1309
Symbol 1308 Graphic	Used by:1320
Symbol 1309 EditableText	Uses:1307	Used by:1320
Symbol 1310 Font	Used by:1314 1317 1319
Symbol 1311 Font	Used by:1313
Symbol 1312 Graphic	Used by:1320
Symbol 1313 EditableText	Uses:1311	Used by:1320
Symbol 1314 Text	Uses:1310	Used by:1320
Symbol 1315 Font	Used by:1316 1318
Symbol 1316 Text	Uses:1315	Used by:1320
Symbol 1317 Text	Uses:1310	Used by:1320
Symbol 1318 Text	Uses:1315	Used by:1320
Symbol 1319 Text	Uses:1310	Used by:1320
Symbol 1320 MovieClip {Page76}	Uses:221 1308 1309 1312 1313 1314 1316 1317 1318 1319
Symbol 1321 Font	Used by:1323
Symbol 1322 Graphic	Used by:1332
Symbol 1323 EditableText	Uses:1321	Used by:1332
Symbol 1324 Font	Used by:1328
Symbol 1325 Font	Used by:1327
Symbol 1326 Graphic	Used by:1332
Symbol 1327 EditableText	Uses:1325	Used by:1332
Symbol 1328 Text	Uses:1324 1329 1330	Used by:1332
Symbol 1329 Font	Used by:1328
Symbol 1330 Font	Used by:1328 1331
Symbol 1331 Text	Uses:1330	Used by:1332
Symbol 1332 MovieClip {Page77}	Uses:221 1322 1323 1326 1327 1328 1331
Symbol 1333 Font	Used by:1335
Symbol 1334 Graphic	Used by:1350
Symbol 1335 EditableText	Uses:1333	Used by:1350
Symbol 1336 Graphic	Uses:430	Used by:1350
Symbol 1337 Font	Used by:1341
Symbol 1338 Font	Used by:1340
Symbol 1339 Graphic	Used by:1350
Symbol 1340 EditableText	Uses:1338	Used by:1350
Symbol 1341 Text	Uses:1337 1342 1343 1344	Used by:1350
Symbol 1342 Font	Used by:1341
Symbol 1343 Font	Used by:1341
Symbol 1344 Font	Used by:1341
Symbol 1345 Graphic	Used by:1350
Symbol 1346 Font	Used by:1347
Symbol 1347 Text	Uses:1346	Used by:1350
Symbol 1348 Font	Used by:1349
Symbol 1349 Text	Uses:1348	Used by:1350
Symbol 1350 MovieClip {Page78}	Uses:221 1334 1335 1336 1339 1340 1341 1345 1347 1349
Symbol 1351 Font	Used by:1353
Symbol 1352 Graphic	Used by:1368
Symbol 1353 EditableText	Uses:1351	Used by:1368
Symbol 1354 Graphic	Uses:428	Used by:1368
Symbol 1355 Graphic	Used by:1368
Symbol 1356 Font	Used by:1360
Symbol 1357 Font	Used by:1359
Symbol 1358 Graphic	Used by:1368
Symbol 1359 EditableText	Uses:1357	Used by:1368
Symbol 1360 Text	Uses:1356	Used by:1368
Symbol 1361 Font	Used by:1362
Symbol 1362 Text	Uses:1361 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367	Used by:1368
Symbol 1363 Font	Used by:1362
Symbol 1364 Font	Used by:1362
Symbol 1365 Font	Used by:1362
Symbol 1366 Font	Used by:1362
Symbol 1367 Font	Used by:1362
Symbol 1368 MovieClip {Page79}	Uses:221 1352 1353 1354 1355 1358 1359 1360 1362
Symbol 1369 Font	Used by:1371
Symbol 1370 Graphic	Used by:1382
Symbol 1371 EditableText	Uses:1369	Used by:1382
Symbol 1372 Graphic	Used by:1382
Symbol 1373 Font	Used by:1377
Symbol 1374 Font	Used by:1376
Symbol 1375 Graphic	Used by:1382
Symbol 1376 EditableText	Uses:1374	Used by:1382
Symbol 1377 Text	Uses:1373 1378 1379 1380	Used by:1382
Symbol 1378 Font	Used by:1377 1381
Symbol 1379 Font	Used by:1377
Symbol 1380 Font	Used by:1377
Symbol 1381 Text	Uses:1378	Used by:1382
Symbol 1382 MovieClip {Page80}	Uses:221 1370 1371 1372 1375 1376 1377 1381
Symbol 1383 Font	Used by:1385
Symbol 1384 Graphic	Used by:1399
Symbol 1385 EditableText	Uses:1383	Used by:1399
Symbol 1386 Graphic	Used by:1399
Symbol 1387 Font	Used by:1391
Symbol 1388 Font	Used by:1390
Symbol 1389 Graphic	Used by:1399
Symbol 1390 EditableText	Uses:1388	Used by:1399
Symbol 1391 Text	Uses:1387 1392 1393 1394 1395 1396 1397	Used by:1399
Symbol 1392 Font	Used by:1391
Symbol 1393 Font	Used by:1391
Symbol 1394 Font	Used by:1391
Symbol 1395 Font	Used by:1391
Symbol 1396 Font	Used by:1391
Symbol 1397 Font	Used by:1391 1398
Symbol 1398 Text	Uses:1397	Used by:1399
Symbol 1399 MovieClip {Page81}	Uses:221 1384 1385 1386 1389 1390 1391 1398
Symbol 1400 Font	Used by:1402
Symbol 1401 Graphic	Used by:1412
Symbol 1402 EditableText	Uses:1400	Used by:1412
Symbol 1403 Font	Used by:1407
Symbol 1404 Font	Used by:1406
Symbol 1405 Graphic	Used by:1412
Symbol 1406 EditableText	Uses:1404	Used by:1412
Symbol 1407 Text	Uses:1403 1408 1409 1410	Used by:1412
Symbol 1408 Font	Used by:1407
Symbol 1409 Font	Used by:1407
Symbol 1410 Font	Used by:1407 1411
Symbol 1411 Text	Uses:1410	Used by:1412
Symbol 1412 MovieClip {Page82}	Uses:221 1401 1402 1405 1406 1407 1411
Symbol 1413 Font	Used by:1415
Symbol 1414 Graphic	Used by:1422
Symbol 1415 EditableText	Uses:1413	Used by:1422
Symbol 1416 Font	Used by:1420
Symbol 1417 Font	Used by:1419
Symbol 1418 Graphic	Used by:1422
Symbol 1419 EditableText	Uses:1417	Used by:1422
Symbol 1420 Text	Uses:1416 1421	Used by:1422
Symbol 1421 Font	Used by:1420
Symbol 1422 MovieClip {Page83}	Uses:221 1414 1415 1418 1419 1420
Symbol 1423 Font	Used by:1425
Symbol 1424 Graphic	Used by:1433
Symbol 1425 EditableText	Uses:1423	Used by:1433
Symbol 1426 Font	Used by:1430
Symbol 1427 Font	Used by:1429
Symbol 1428 Graphic	Used by:1433
Symbol 1429 EditableText	Uses:1427	Used by:1433
Symbol 1430 Text	Uses:1426 1431 1432	Used by:1433
Symbol 1431 Font	Used by:1430
Symbol 1432 Font	Used by:1430
Symbol 1433 MovieClip {Page84}	Uses:221 1424 1425 1428 1429 1430
Symbol 1434 Font	Used by:1436
Symbol 1435 Graphic	Used by:1443
Symbol 1436 EditableText	Uses:1434	Used by:1443
Symbol 1437 Font	Used by:1441
Symbol 1438 Font	Used by:1440
Symbol 1439 Graphic	Used by:1443
Symbol 1440 EditableText	Uses:1438	Used by:1443
Symbol 1441 Text	Uses:1437 1442	Used by:1443
Symbol 1442 Font	Used by:1441
Symbol 1443 MovieClip {Page85}	Uses:221 1435 1436 1439 1440 1441
Symbol 1444 Font	Used by:1446
Symbol 1445 Graphic	Used by:1457
Symbol 1446 EditableText	Uses:1444	Used by:1457
Symbol 1447 Font	Used by:1451
Symbol 1448 Font	Used by:1450
Symbol 1449 Graphic	Used by:1457
Symbol 1450 EditableText	Uses:1448	Used by:1457
Symbol 1451 Text	Uses:1447 1452 1453 1454 1455 1456	Used by:1457
Symbol 1452 Font	Used by:1451
Symbol 1453 Font	Used by:1451
Symbol 1454 Font	Used by:1451
Symbol 1455 Font	Used by:1451
Symbol 1456 Font	Used by:1451
Symbol 1457 MovieClip {Page86}	Uses:221 1445 1446 1449 1450 1451
Symbol 1458 Font	Used by:1460
Symbol 1459 Graphic	Used by:1471
Symbol 1460 EditableText	Uses:1458	Used by:1471
Symbol 1461 Font	Used by:1465
Symbol 1462 Font	Used by:1464
Symbol 1463 Graphic	Used by:1471
Symbol 1464 EditableText	Uses:1462	Used by:1471
Symbol 1465 Text	Uses:1461 1466 1467 1468 1469	Used by:1471
Symbol 1466 Font	Used by:1465
Symbol 1467 Font	Used by:1465
Symbol 1468 Font	Used by:1465
Symbol 1469 Font	Used by:1465 1470
Symbol 1470 Text	Uses:1469	Used by:1471
Symbol 1471 MovieClip {Page87}	Uses:221 1459 1460 1463 1464 1465 1470
Symbol 1472 Font	Used by:1474
Symbol 1473 Graphic	Used by:1487
Symbol 1474 EditableText	Uses:1472	Used by:1487
Symbol 1475 Graphic	Used by:1487
Symbol 1476 Font	Used by:1480
Symbol 1477 Font	Used by:1479
Symbol 1478 Graphic	Used by:1487
Symbol 1479 EditableText	Uses:1477	Used by:1487
Symbol 1480 Text	Uses:1476 1481 1482 1483 1484 1485	Used by:1487
Symbol 1481 Font	Used by:1480
Symbol 1482 Font	Used by:1480
Symbol 1483 Font	Used by:1480
Symbol 1484 Font	Used by:1480
Symbol 1485 Font	Used by:1480 1486
Symbol 1486 Text	Uses:1485	Used by:1487
Symbol 1487 MovieClip {Page88}	Uses:221 1473 1474 1475 1478 1479 1480 1486
Symbol 1488 Font	Used by:1490
Symbol 1489 Graphic	Used by:1501
Symbol 1490 EditableText	Uses:1488	Used by:1501
Symbol 1491 Graphic	Used by:1501
Symbol 1492 Font	Used by:1496
Symbol 1493 Font	Used by:1495
Symbol 1494 Graphic	Used by:1501
Symbol 1495 EditableText	Uses:1493	Used by:1501
Symbol 1496 Text	Uses:1492 1497 1498 1499	Used by:1501
Symbol 1497 Font	Used by:1496 1500
Symbol 1498 Font	Used by:1496
Symbol 1499 Font	Used by:1496
Symbol 1500 Text	Uses:1497	Used by:1501
Symbol 1501 MovieClip {Page89}	Uses:221 1489 1490 1491 1494 1495 1496 1500
Symbol 1502 Font	Used by:1504
Symbol 1503 Graphic	Used by:1512
Symbol 1504 EditableText	Uses:1502	Used by:1512
Symbol 1505 Graphic	Used by:1512
Symbol 1506 Font	Used by:1510
Symbol 1507 Font	Used by:1509
Symbol 1508 Graphic	Used by:1512
Symbol 1509 EditableText	Uses:1507	Used by:1512
Symbol 1510 Text	Uses:1506 1511	Used by:1512
Symbol 1511 Font	Used by:1510
Symbol 1512 MovieClip {Page90}	Uses:221 1503 1504 1505 1508 1509 1510
Symbol 1513 Font	Used by:1515
Symbol 1514 Graphic	Used by:1528
Symbol 1515 EditableText	Uses:1513	Used by:1528
Symbol 1516 Graphic	Used by:1528
Symbol 1517 Font	Used by:1521
Symbol 1518 Font	Used by:1520
Symbol 1519 Graphic	Used by:1528
Symbol 1520 EditableText	Uses:1518	Used by:1528
Symbol 1521 Text	Uses:1517 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527	Used by:1528
Symbol 1522 Font	Used by:1521
Symbol 1523 Font	Used by:1521
Symbol 1524 Font	Used by:1521
Symbol 1525 Font	Used by:1521
Symbol 1526 Font	Used by:1521
Symbol 1527 Font	Used by:1521
Symbol 1528 MovieClip {Page91}	Uses:221 1514 1515 1516 1519 1520 1521
Symbol 1529 Font	Used by:1531
Symbol 1530 Graphic	Used by:1545
Symbol 1531 EditableText	Uses:1529	Used by:1545
Symbol 1532 Graphic	Used by:1545
Symbol 1533 Font	Used by:1537
Symbol 1534 Font	Used by:1536
Symbol 1535 Graphic	Used by:1545
Symbol 1536 EditableText	Uses:1534	Used by:1545
Symbol 1537 Text	Uses:1533 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543	Used by:1545
Symbol 1538 Font	Used by:1537
Symbol 1539 Font	Used by:1537
Symbol 1540 Font	Used by:1537
Symbol 1541 Font	Used by:1537 1544
Symbol 1542 Font	Used by:1537
Symbol 1543 Font	Used by:1537
Symbol 1544 Text	Uses:1541	Used by:1545
Symbol 1545 MovieClip {Page92}	Uses:221 1530 1531 1532 1535 1536 1537 1544
Symbol 1546 Font	Used by:1548
Symbol 1547 Graphic	Used by:1556
Symbol 1548 EditableText	Uses:1546	Used by:1556
Symbol 1549 Graphic	Used by:1556
Symbol 1550 Font	Used by:1554
Symbol 1551 Font	Used by:1553
Symbol 1552 Graphic	Used by:1556
Symbol 1553 EditableText	Uses:1551	Used by:1556
Symbol 1554 Text	Uses:1550 1555	Used by:1556
Symbol 1555 Font	Used by:1554
Symbol 1556 MovieClip {Page93}	Uses:221 1547 1548 1549 1552 1553 1554
Symbol 1557 Font	Used by:1559
Symbol 1558 Graphic	Used by:1572
Symbol 1559 EditableText	Uses:1557	Used by:1572
Symbol 1560 Graphic	Used by:1572
Symbol 1561 Graphic	Used by:1572
Symbol 1562 Font	Used by:1566 1568
Symbol 1563 Font	Used by:1565
Symbol 1564 Graphic	Used by:1572
Symbol 1565 EditableText	Uses:1563	Used by:1572
Symbol 1566 Text	Uses:1562	Used by:1572
Symbol 1567 Font	Used by:1568
Symbol 1568 Text	Uses:1567 1562 1569 1570	Used by:1572
Symbol 1569 Font	Used by:1568 1571
Symbol 1570 Font	Used by:1568
Symbol 1571 Text	Uses:1569	Used by:1572
Symbol 1572 MovieClip {Page94}	Uses:221 1558 1559 1560 1561 1564 1565 1566 1568 1571
Symbol 1573 Font	Used by:1575
Symbol 1574 Graphic	Used by:1587
Symbol 1575 EditableText	Uses:1573	Used by:1587
Symbol 1576 Graphic	Used by:1587
Symbol 1577 Font	Used by:1581
Symbol 1578 Font	Used by:1580
Symbol 1579 Graphic	Used by:1587
Symbol 1580 EditableText	Uses:1578	Used by:1587
Symbol 1581 Text	Uses:1577 1582 1583 1584 1585	Used by:1587
Symbol 1582 Font	Used by:1581
Symbol 1583 Font	Used by:1581 1586
Symbol 1584 Font	Used by:1581
Symbol 1585 Font	Used by:1581
Symbol 1586 Text	Uses:1583	Used by:1587
Symbol 1587 MovieClip {Page95}	Uses:221 1574 1575 1576 1579 1580 1581 1586
Symbol 1588 Font	Used by:1590
Symbol 1589 Graphic	Used by:1598
Symbol 1590 EditableText	Uses:1588	Used by:1598
Symbol 1591 Graphic	Used by:1598
Symbol 1592 Font	Used by:1596
Symbol 1593 Font	Used by:1595
Symbol 1594 Graphic	Used by:1598
Symbol 1595 EditableText	Uses:1593	Used by:1598
Symbol 1596 Text	Uses:1592 1597	Used by:1598
Symbol 1597 Font	Used by:1596
Symbol 1598 MovieClip {Page96}	Uses:221 1589 1590 1591 1594 1595 1596
Symbol 1599 Font	Used by:1601
Symbol 1600 Graphic	Used by:1611
Symbol 1601 EditableText	Uses:1599	Used by:1611
Symbol 1602 Font	Used by:1606
Symbol 1603 Font	Used by:1605
Symbol 1604 Graphic	Used by:1611
Symbol 1605 EditableText	Uses:1603	Used by:1611
Symbol 1606 Text	Uses:1602 1607 1608 1609 1610	Used by:1611
Symbol 1607 Font	Used by:1606
Symbol 1608 Font	Used by:1606
Symbol 1609 Font	Used by:1606
Symbol 1610 Font	Used by:1606
Symbol 1611 MovieClip {Page97}	Uses:221 1600 1601 1604 1605 1606
Symbol 1612 Font	Used by:1614
Symbol 1613 Graphic	Used by:1624
Symbol 1614 EditableText	Uses:1612	Used by:1624
Symbol 1615 Graphic	Used by:1624
Symbol 1616 Font	Used by:1620
Symbol 1617 Font	Used by:1619
Symbol 1618 Graphic	Used by:1624
Symbol 1619 EditableText	Uses:1617	Used by:1624
Symbol 1620 Text	Uses:1616 1621 1622 1623	Used by:1624
Symbol 1621 Font	Used by:1620
Symbol 1622 Font	Used by:1620
Symbol 1623 Font	Used by:1620
Symbol 1624 MovieClip {Page98}	Uses:221 1613 1614 1615 1618 1619 1620
Symbol 1625 Font	Used by:1627
Symbol 1626 Graphic	Used by:1638
Symbol 1627 EditableText	Uses:1625	Used by:1638
Symbol 1628 Font	Used by:1632
Symbol 1629 Font	Used by:1631
Symbol 1630 Graphic	Used by:1638
Symbol 1631 EditableText	Uses:1629	Used by:1638
Symbol 1632 Text	Uses:1628 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637	Used by:1638
Symbol 1633 Font	Used by:1632
Symbol 1634 Font	Used by:1632
Symbol 1635 Font	Used by:1632
Symbol 1636 Font	Used by:1632
Symbol 1637 Font	Used by:1632
Symbol 1638 MovieClip {Page99}	Uses:221 1626 1627 1630 1631 1632
Symbol 1639 Font	Used by:1641
Symbol 1640 Graphic	Used by:1652
Symbol 1641 EditableText	Uses:1639	Used by:1652
Symbol 1642 Bitmap	Used by:1643
Symbol 1643 Graphic	Uses:428 1642	Used by:1652
Symbol 1644 Font	Used by:1648
Symbol 1645 Font	Used by:1647
Symbol 1646 Graphic	Used by:1652
Symbol 1647 EditableText	Uses:1645	Used by:1652
Symbol 1648 Text	Uses:1644 1649 1650	Used by:1652
Symbol 1649 Font	Used by:1648
Symbol 1650 Font	Used by:1648 1651
Symbol 1651 Text	Uses:1650	Used by:1652
Symbol 1652 MovieClip {Page100}	Uses:221 1640 1641 1643 1646 1647 1648 1651
Symbol 1653 Font	Used by:1655
Symbol 1654 Graphic	Used by:1664
Symbol 1655 EditableText	Uses:1653	Used by:1664
Symbol 1656 Graphic	Uses:428	Used by:1664
Symbol 1657 Font	Used by:1661
Symbol 1658 Font	Used by:1660
Symbol 1659 Graphic	Used by:1664
Symbol 1660 EditableText	Uses:1658	Used by:1664
Symbol 1661 Text	Uses:1657 1662 1663	Used by:1664
Symbol 1662 Font	Used by:1661
Symbol 1663 Font	Used by:1661
Symbol 1664 MovieClip {Page101}	Uses:221 1654 1655 1656 1659 1660 1661
Symbol 1665 Font	Used by:1667
Symbol 1666 Graphic	Used by:1678
Symbol 1667 EditableText	Uses:1665	Used by:1678
Symbol 1668 Bitmap	Used by:1669
Symbol 1669 Graphic	Uses:1668 430	Used by:1678
Symbol 1670 Graphic	Uses:428	Used by:1678
Symbol 1671 Font	Used by:1675
Symbol 1672 Font	Used by:1674
Symbol 1673 Graphic	Used by:1678
Symbol 1674 EditableText	Uses:1672	Used by:1678
Symbol 1675 Text	Uses:1671 1676 1677	Used by:1678
Symbol 1676 Font	Used by:1675
Symbol 1677 Font	Used by:1675
Symbol 1678 MovieClip {Page102}	Uses:221 1666 1667 1669 1670 1673 1674 1675
Symbol 1679 Font	Used by:1681
Symbol 1680 Graphic	Used by:1692
Symbol 1681 EditableText	Uses:1679	Used by:1692
Symbol 1682 Bitmap	Used by:1683
Symbol 1683 Graphic	Uses:1682	Used by:1692
Symbol 1684 Graphic	Uses:430	Used by:1692
Symbol 1685 Font	Used by:1689
Symbol 1686 Font	Used by:1688
Symbol 1687 Graphic	Used by:1692
Symbol 1688 EditableText	Uses:1686	Used by:1692
Symbol 1689 Text	Uses:1685 1690 1691	Used by:1692
Symbol 1690 Font	Used by:1689
Symbol 1691 Font	Used by:1689
Symbol 1692 MovieClip {Page103}	Uses:221 1680 1681 1683 1684 1687 1688 1689
Symbol 1693 Font	Used by:1695
Symbol 1694 Graphic	Used by:1707
Symbol 1695 EditableText	Uses:1693	Used by:1707
Symbol 1696 Graphic	Used by:1707
Symbol 1697 Font	Used by:1701 1706
Symbol 1698 Font	Used by:1700
Symbol 1699 Graphic	Used by:1707
Symbol 1700 EditableText	Uses:1698	Used by:1707
Symbol 1701 Text	Uses:1697 1702 1703 1704 1705	Used by:1707
Symbol 1702 Font	Used by:1701
Symbol 1703 Font	Used by:1701
Symbol 1704 Font	Used by:1701
Symbol 1705 Font	Used by:1701
Symbol 1706 Text	Uses:1697	Used by:1707
Symbol 1707 MovieClip {Page104}	Uses:221 1694 1695 1696 1699 1700 1701 1706
Symbol 1708 Font	Used by:1710
Symbol 1709 Graphic	Used by:1721
Symbol 1710 EditableText	Uses:1708	Used by:1721
Symbol 1711 Graphic	Used by:1721
Symbol 1712 Font	Used by:1716
Symbol 1713 Font	Used by:1715
Symbol 1714 Graphic	Used by:1721
Symbol 1715 EditableText	Uses:1713	Used by:1721
Symbol 1716 Text	Uses:1712 1717 1718 1719 1720	Used by:1721
Symbol 1717 Font	Used by:1716
Symbol 1718 Font	Used by:1716
Symbol 1719 Font	Used by:1716
Symbol 1720 Font	Used by:1716
Symbol 1721 MovieClip {Page105}	Uses:221 1709 1710 1711 1714 1715 1716
Symbol 1722 Font	Used by:1724
Symbol 1723 Graphic	Used by:1736
Symbol 1724 EditableText	Uses:1722	Used by:1736
Symbol 1725 Graphic	Used by:1736
Symbol 1726 Font	Used by:1730
Symbol 1727 Font	Used by:1729
Symbol 1728 Graphic	Used by:1736
Symbol 1729 EditableText	Uses:1727	Used by:1736
Symbol 1730 Text	Uses:1726 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735	Used by:1736
Symbol 1731 Font	Used by:1730
Symbol 1732 Font	Used by:1730
Symbol 1733 Font	Used by:1730
Symbol 1734 Font	Used by:1730
Symbol 1735 Font	Used by:1730
Symbol 1736 MovieClip {Page106}	Uses:221 1723 1724 1725 1728 1729 1730
Symbol 1737 Font	Used by:1739
Symbol 1738 Graphic	Used by:1754
Symbol 1739 EditableText	Uses:1737	Used by:1754
Symbol 1740 Graphic	Used by:1754
Symbol 1741 Font	Used by:1745
Symbol 1742 Font	Used by:1744
Symbol 1743 Graphic	Used by:1754
Symbol 1744 EditableText	Uses:1742	Used by:1754
Symbol 1745 Text	Uses:1741 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752	Used by:1754
Symbol 1746 Font	Used by:1745
Symbol 1747 Font	Used by:1745
Symbol 1748 Font	Used by:1745
Symbol 1749 Font	Used by:1745
Symbol 1750 Font	Used by:1745
Symbol 1751 Font	Used by:1745 1753
Symbol 1752 Font	Used by:1745
Symbol 1753 Text	Uses:1751	Used by:1754
Symbol 1754 MovieClip {Page107}	Uses:221 1738 1739 1740 1743 1744 1745 1753
Symbol 1755 Font	Used by:1757
Symbol 1756 Graphic	Used by:1764
Symbol 1757 EditableText	Uses:1755	Used by:1764
Symbol 1758 Font	Used by:1762
Symbol 1759 Font	Used by:1761
Symbol 1760 Graphic	Used by:1764
Symbol 1761 EditableText	Uses:1759	Used by:1764
Symbol 1762 Text	Uses:1758 1763	Used by:1764
Symbol 1763 Font	Used by:1762
Symbol 1764 MovieClip {Page108}	Uses:221 1756 1757 1760 1761 1762
Symbol 1765 Font	Used by:1767
Symbol 1766 Graphic	Used by:1780
Symbol 1767 EditableText	Uses:1765	Used by:1780
Symbol 1768 Graphic	Used by:1780
Symbol 1769 Font	Used by:1773
Symbol 1770 Font	Used by:1772
Symbol 1771 Graphic	Used by:1780
Symbol 1772 EditableText	Uses:1770	Used by:1780
Symbol 1773 Text	Uses:1769 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779	Used by:1780
Symbol 1774 Font	Used by:1773
Symbol 1775 Font	Used by:1773
Symbol 1776 Font	Used by:1773
Symbol 1777 Font	Used by:1773
Symbol 1778 Font	Used by:1773
Symbol 1779 Font	Used by:1773
Symbol 1780 MovieClip {Page109}	Uses:221 1766 1767 1768 1771 1772 1773
Symbol 1781 Font	Used by:1783
Symbol 1782 Graphic	Used by:1795
Symbol 1783 EditableText	Uses:1781	Used by:1795
Symbol 1784 Graphic	Used by:1795
Symbol 1785 Font	Used by:1789
Symbol 1786 Font	Used by:1788
Symbol 1787 Graphic	Used by:1795
Symbol 1788 EditableText	Uses:1786	Used by:1795
Symbol 1789 Text	Uses:1785 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794	Used by:1795
Symbol 1790 Font	Used by:1789
Symbol 1791 Font	Used by:1789
Symbol 1792 Font	Used by:1789
Symbol 1793 Font	Used by:1789
Symbol 1794 Font	Used by:1789
Symbol 1795 MovieClip {Page110}	Uses:221 1782 1783 1784 1787 1788 1789
Symbol 1796 Font	Used by:1798
Symbol 1797 Graphic	Used by:1810
Symbol 1798 EditableText	Uses:1796	Used by:1810
Symbol 1799 Graphic	Used by:1810
Symbol 1800 Font	Used by:1804
Symbol 1801 Font	Used by:1803
Symbol 1802 Graphic	Used by:1810
Symbol 1803 EditableText	Uses:1801	Used by:1810
Symbol 1804 Text	Uses:1800 1805 1806 1807 1808	Used by:1810
Symbol 1805 Font	Used by:1804 1809
Symbol 1806 Font	Used by:1804
Symbol 1807 Font	Used by:1804
Symbol 1808 Font	Used by:1804
Symbol 1809 Text	Uses:1805	Used by:1810
Symbol 1810 MovieClip {Page111}	Uses:221 1797 1798 1799 1802 1803 1804 1809
Symbol 1811 Font	Used by:1813
Symbol 1812 Graphic	Used by:1822
Symbol 1813 EditableText	Uses:1811	Used by:1822
Symbol 1814 Font	Used by:1818
Symbol 1815 Font	Used by:1817
Symbol 1816 Graphic	Used by:1822
Symbol 1817 EditableText	Uses:1815	Used by:1822
Symbol 1818 Text	Uses:1814 1819 1820	Used by:1822
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Symbol 1820 Font	Used by:1818
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Symbol 2765 Graphic	Used by:2771
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Symbol 2786 Font	Used by:2790
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Symbol 2842 Font	Used by:2846
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Symbol 2857 Font	Used by:2861
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Symbol 3366 Font	Used by:3370
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Symbol 3368 Graphic	Used by:3375
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Instance Names

"DocArea"	Frame 2	Symbol 134 MovieClip {ScrollPain}
"HandCursor"	Frame 2	Symbol 137 MovieClip
"TextCursor"	Frame 2	Symbol 139 MovieClip
"toolbar"	Frame 2	Symbol 155 MovieClip {print2flash_fla._toolbar_25}
"msg"	Symbol 6 MovieClip {waitmsg} Frame 1	Symbol 2 EditableText
"text"	Symbol 9 MovieClip {textmsg} Frame 1	Symbol 8 EditableText
"BottomArea"	Symbol 12 MovieClip {ScrollArea} Frame 1	Symbol 11 MovieClip
"l_mc"	Symbol 42 MovieClip Frame 1	Symbol 37 MovieClip
"m_mc"	Symbol 42 MovieClip Frame 1	Symbol 39 MovieClip
"r_mc"	Symbol 42 MovieClip Frame 1	Symbol 41 MovieClip
"closeBtn"	Symbol 76 MovieClip {PrintRangeWnd} Frame 1	Symbol 49 Button
"title"	Symbol 76 MovieClip {PrintRangeWnd} Frame 1	Symbol 50 EditableText
"pagestxt"	Symbol 76 MovieClip {PrintRangeWnd} Frame 1	Symbol 51 EditableText
"pagesFrom"	Symbol 76 MovieClip {PrintRangeWnd} Frame 1	Symbol 52 EditableText
"totxt"	Symbol 76 MovieClip {PrintRangeWnd} Frame 1	Symbol 53 EditableText
"pagesTo"	Symbol 76 MovieClip {PrintRangeWnd} Frame 1	Symbol 54 EditableText
"OKBtn"	Symbol 76 MovieClip {PrintRangeWnd} Frame 1	Symbol 73 MovieClip {fl.controls.Button}
"cancelBtn"	Symbol 76 MovieClip {PrintRangeWnd} Frame 1	Symbol 73 MovieClip {fl.controls.Button}
"optNoScale"	Symbol 76 MovieClip {PrintRangeWnd} Frame 1	Symbol 33 MovieClip {fl.controls.RadioButton}
"optFit"	Symbol 76 MovieClip {PrintRangeWnd} Frame 1	Symbol 33 MovieClip {fl.controls.RadioButton}
"scalingtxt"	Symbol 76 MovieClip {PrintRangeWnd} Frame 1	Symbol 74 EditableText
"fromtxt"	Symbol 76 MovieClip {PrintRangeWnd} Frame 1	Symbol 75 EditableText
"but"	Symbol 84 MovieClip {def_fullscreen} Frame 1	Symbol 83 MovieClip {manualbutton}
"SliderHandleBtn"	Symbol 86 MovieClip {print2flash_fla.MCSlider_47} Frame 1	Symbol 85 Button {ImgButton}
"SliderHandle"	Symbol 87 MovieClip {Slider} Frame 1	Symbol 86 MovieClip {print2flash_fla.MCSlider_47}
"but"	Symbol 88 MovieClip {def_forward} Frame 1	Symbol 83 MovieClip {manualbutton}
"but"	Symbol 89 MovieClip {def_back} Frame 1	Symbol 83 MovieClip {manualbutton}
"but"	Symbol 90 MovieClip {def_nextpage} Frame 1	Symbol 83 MovieClip {manualbutton}
"but"	Symbol 91 MovieClip {def_more} Frame 1	Symbol 83 MovieClip {manualbutton}
"but"	Symbol 92 MovieClip {def_selMode} Frame 1	Symbol 83 MovieClip {manualbutton}
"but"	Symbol 93 MovieClip {def_newwindow} Frame 1	Symbol 83 MovieClip {manualbutton}
"but"	Symbol 94 MovieClip {def_help} Frame 1	Symbol 83 MovieClip {manualbutton}
"but"	Symbol 95 MovieClip {def_rotate} Frame 1	Symbol 83 MovieClip {manualbutton}
"but"	Symbol 96 MovieClip {def_prevpage} Frame 1	Symbol 83 MovieClip {manualbutton}
"but"	Symbol 97 MovieClip {def_scalePage} Frame 1	Symbol 83 MovieClip {manualbutton}
"but"	Symbol 98 MovieClip {def_scaleWidth} Frame 1	Symbol 83 MovieClip {manualbutton}
"but"	Symbol 99 MovieClip {def_moveMode} Frame 1	Symbol 83 MovieClip {manualbutton}
"but"	Symbol 100 MovieClip {def_print} Frame 1	Symbol 83 MovieClip {manualbutton}
"but"	Symbol 141 MovieClip {print2flash_fla.def_searchbut_27} Frame 1	Symbol 83 MovieClip {manualbutton}
"ScaleTextField"	Symbol 144 MovieClip {print2flash_fla.Timeline_30} Frame 1	Symbol 143 EditableText
"TotalPages"	Symbol 147 MovieClip {print2flash_fla.Timeline_32} Frame 1	Symbol 146 EditableText
"PageNoField"	Symbol 149 MovieClip {print2flash_fla.Timeline_33} Frame 1	Symbol 148 EditableText
"TotalPagesMC"	Symbol 150 MovieClip {print2flash_fla.Timeline_31} Frame 1	Symbol 147 MovieClip {print2flash_fla.Timeline_32}
"PageNoFieldMC"	Symbol 150 MovieClip {print2flash_fla.Timeline_31} Frame 1	Symbol 149 MovieClip {print2flash_fla.Timeline_33}
"searchPattern"	Symbol 153 MovieClip {print2flash_fla.Timeline_50} Frame 1	Symbol 152 EditableText
"toolbarbgr"	Symbol 155 MovieClip {print2flash_fla._toolbar_25} Frame 1	Symbol 140 MovieClip
"searchbut"	Symbol 155 MovieClip {print2flash_fla._toolbar_25} Frame 1	Symbol 141 MovieClip {print2flash_fla.def_searchbut_27}
"print"	Symbol 155 MovieClip {print2flash_fla._toolbar_25} Frame 1	Symbol 100 MovieClip {def_print}
"ScaleTextMovie"	Symbol 155 MovieClip {print2flash_fla._toolbar_25} Frame 1	Symbol 144 MovieClip {print2flash_fla.Timeline_30}
"PageNoMovie"	Symbol 155 MovieClip {print2flash_fla._toolbar_25} Frame 1	Symbol 150 MovieClip {print2flash_fla.Timeline_31}
"moveMode"	Symbol 155 MovieClip {print2flash_fla._toolbar_25} Frame 1	Symbol 99 MovieClip {def_moveMode}
"scaleWidth"	Symbol 155 MovieClip {print2flash_fla._toolbar_25} Frame 1	Symbol 98 MovieClip {def_scaleWidth}
"scalePage"	Symbol 155 MovieClip {print2flash_fla._toolbar_25} Frame 1	Symbol 97 MovieClip {def_scalePage}
"prevpage"	Symbol 155 MovieClip {print2flash_fla._toolbar_25} Frame 1	Symbol 96 MovieClip {def_prevpage}
"rotate"	Symbol 155 MovieClip {print2flash_fla._toolbar_25} Frame 1	Symbol 95 MovieClip {def_rotate}
"help"	Symbol 155 MovieClip {print2flash_fla._toolbar_25} Frame 1	Symbol 94 MovieClip {def_help}
"newwindow"	Symbol 155 MovieClip {print2flash_fla._toolbar_25} Frame 1	Symbol 93 MovieClip {def_newwindow}
"selMode"	Symbol 155 MovieClip {print2flash_fla._toolbar_25} Frame 1	Symbol 92 MovieClip {def_selMode}
"more"	Symbol 155 MovieClip {print2flash_fla._toolbar_25} Frame 1	Symbol 91 MovieClip {def_more}
"nextpage"	Symbol 155 MovieClip {print2flash_fla._toolbar_25} Frame 1	Symbol 90 MovieClip {def_nextpage}
"back"	Symbol 155 MovieClip {print2flash_fla._toolbar_25} Frame 1	Symbol 89 MovieClip {def_back}
"forward"	Symbol 155 MovieClip {print2flash_fla._toolbar_25} Frame 1	Symbol 88 MovieClip {def_forward}
"ZoomSlider"	Symbol 155 MovieClip {print2flash_fla._toolbar_25} Frame 1	Symbol 87 MovieClip {Slider}
"fullscreen"	Symbol 155 MovieClip {print2flash_fla._toolbar_25} Frame 1	Symbol 84 MovieClip {def_fullscreen}
"searchPatternmc"	Symbol 155 MovieClip {print2flash_fla._toolbar_25} Frame 1	Symbol 153 MovieClip {print2flash_fla.Timeline_50}
"logo"	Symbol 155 MovieClip {print2flash_fla._toolbar_25} Frame 1	Symbol 154 MovieClip
"CR"	Symbol 227 MovieClip {Page1} Frame 1	Symbol 224 EditableText
"CR"	Symbol 244 MovieClip {Page2} Frame 1	Symbol 230 EditableText
"CR"	Symbol 244 MovieClip {Page2} Frame 1	Symbol 235 EditableText
"CR"	Symbol 254 MovieClip {Page3} Frame 1	Symbol 247 EditableText
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